插板对正庚烷油池火燃烧行为的影响研究

海上石油泄漏常规的处理方法是原位燃烧,加速其燃烧并使其燃尽是降低其对生态环境影响的重要措施之一。以正庚烷为燃料,在油池内插入竖直铝板,研究不同高度铝板对池火燃烧行为的影响。结果表明,插板对池火燃烧速率以及火焰高度具有明显的增强作用,随着板的高度的增加,增强作用先增大后减小,当H_p/D(板高与油池直径之比)为3.5时,增强作用最大。火焰高度、板的温度、热通量以及燃烧速率的变化趋势一致,它们的临界点均在H_p/D=3.5附近。插板后燃烧速率增大主要是因为插板自身的热传导导致了燃料的核态沸腾,使燃料接受的热反馈增大,从而加快了燃料的蒸发,增大了燃烧速率。     

高原与平原地区油池火燃烧特性对比试验研究

为研究高原环境液体燃烧时火焰特性参数与平原地区的差异,在拉萨和合肥进行了汽油油池火燃烧试验.结果表明,在燃料类型和油盘尺寸相同的条件下,两地汽油和柴油的质量燃烧速率之比等于大气压力之比,且高原地区的汽油火火焰比平原地区细长. 随着高度的增加,高原地区羽流中心温升的下降幅度减小,且幅度小于平原地区. 相同燃烧速率下,高原地区小尺寸油盘的油池火高度和中心温度大于平原地区,McCaffrey羽流温升公式不适用于计算低压环境下小功率火源.研究表明,由于氧气含量和压力的不同,高原地区燃料的燃烧特性与平原呈现不一样的规律.进一步研究环境压力对燃料燃烧特性的影响规律,可为研究高原火灾发展规律及火灾防治技术提供理论指导.     

高原乙醇油池火燃烧特性实验研究

为研究低压条件下油品燃烧特性,以乙醇油池火为研究对象,搭建高原油池火实验平台,研究不同油盘直径下乙醇油池火燃烧规律,分析燃烧速率、火焰高度和火焰脉动等参数随时间的变化规律。研究结果表明：低压条件下的乙醇油池火,燃烧速率小于同等尺度常压条件下的油池火燃烧速率;乙醇油池火的燃烧速率随油盘直径增加变化不明显;火焰高度随油池直径增加呈现显著上升趋势,并拟合推导出适用于低压乙醇池火的火焰高度公式;火焰脉动频率随油池直径增大而减小,并给出火焰脉动与油池直径的经验公式。研究结果可丰富低压乙醇燃烧的油池火实验数据,为低压乙醇油池火的风险评估提供参考。     

改变垫水层沸点的薄层扬沸实验研究

扬沸是油池火灾的一种特殊现象,燃料和垫水层交界面的过热温度和沸腾状态是决定扬沸是否发生以及发生时间的最主要因素,过热温度由沸点决定。在垫水层中添加氯化钠能够改变垫水层的沸点,从而改变交界面的过热温度。在垫水层添加氯化钠使其成为饱和氯化钠水溶液,对此条件下的油池火燃烧进行实验探究,以验证前人关于扬沸临界条件的研究结果,并为扬沸防治提供思路。垫水层改变为饱和氯化钠溶液后,柴油实验组均没有发生扬沸,且观察到火焰温度和热辐射强度的下降。表明此方法可以有效抑制扬沸的发生。     

改变垫水层沸点的薄层睛扬沸实验研究

扬沸是油池火灾的一种特殊现象,燃料和垫水层交界面的过热温度和沸腾状态是决定扬沸是否发生以及发生时间的最主要因素,过热温度由沸点决定.在垫水层中添加氯化钠能够改变垫水层的沸点,从而改变交界面的过热温度.在垫水层添加氯化钠使其成为饱和氯化钠水溶液,对此条件下的油池火燃烧进行实验探究,以验证前人关于扬沸临界条件的研究结果,并...     

不同垫水层厚度下薄层扬沸现象燃烧特性研究

利用自行研发的小尺寸薄层扬沸燃烧特性测量平台,开展了不同垫水层厚度下薄层扬沸燃烧特性的实验研究。测试油料的品种为:柴油(0)和航空煤油(Jet A);油盆尺寸为15cm,18cm,30cm和40cm;实验工况中油层厚度为1.0cm,水层厚度选取了与油层厚度数量级相同的三种厚度:1.0cm,1.5cm和2.0cm。结果表明:随着油盆尺寸增大或垫水层厚度上升,扬沸阶段特性从突变型向持续型转变,首次扬沸发生时间缩短,扬沸强度降低。     

变压器油池火燃烧规律的实验研究*

为对变压器油池火灾进行准确有效的灭火,研究不同尺寸和不同厚度下变压器油的火灾动力学特征和基本燃烧特性,具体分析变压器油的燃烧过程和变压器油燃烧速率、火焰温度以及辐射热流随油池直径以及厚度的变化规律。结果表明:整个油品的燃烧过程分为预热燃烧阶段、稳定燃烧阶段和火焰熄灭阶段。对于厚度大于10 mm的油池燃烧,稳定阶段的燃烧速率与油层厚度无关,稳定阶段的燃烧速率随着油池直径的增加而增加。同时,变压器油火灾连续火焰区温度接近750 ℃。对于稳定燃烧阶段下的变压器油燃烧,基于辐射通量可得出在燃烧过程中,辐射热量占总燃烧热的占比约为1/3。研究结果可丰富变压器油燃烧的基础数据,为变压器火灾的灭火提供参考。     

热气溶胶灭火剂抑制开放空间内油池火的试验研究

为研究热气溶胶灭火剂在开放空间内抑制油池火的作用规律,找到最佳施放条件,以硝酸钾+双氰胺+酚醛树脂体系的热气溶胶灭火剂为试样,采用灭火棒喷射的施放方式,控制施放角度、施放距离、火焰作用位置及风速等条件,进行油池火的局部灭火试验,并用摄像机记录热气溶胶灭火剂与火焰作用的过程。结果表明:热气溶胶灭火剂与火焰作用的瞬间会加剧火焰的燃烧,且只有当灭火剂作用于火焰根部时才能有效地抑制油池火;灭火时间随施放角度增大先缓慢变小后明显变大,随施放距离增大先变小后变大;在顺风、侧风和逆风条件下,风缩短了灭火剂的有效施放距离,且风速越大,有效施放距离越短。由试验结果得出,热气溶胶灭火剂抑制油池火的最佳施放条件为施放角度等于45°,施放距离等于50 cm,且灭火剂对准火焰根部喷射。     

不同边沿高度油池火燃烧行为的实验和数值模拟研究

采用实验和FDS数值模拟相结合的方法,探讨了边沿高度对油池火燃烧特性的影响。在实验部分,研究了燃烧速率和表观火焰高度随边沿高度的变化趋势,并分别分析了各个阶段的热反馈机制。在实验获得不同尺度、边沿高度正庚烷油池火燃烧速率的前提下,建立相应尺度的不同边沿高度油池火的Fire Dynamics Simulator(FDS)计算模型以针对火焰高度进行了数值模拟研究,分析了实际火焰高度、火焰下探高度随边沿高度的变化趋势,并提出了相关的无量纲拟合式。     

开放空间蒸汽熄灭油池火灭火机理研究

对蒸汽熄灭油池火进行了模拟试验研究,通过设置对比试验,研究了全淹没保护方式和局部保护方式下的不同灭火效果,分析了开放空间中蒸汽熄灭油池火的主导灭火机理.结果表明,局部保护条件下,蒸汽能快速熄灭油池火;全淹没保护条件下,利用同样的蒸汽供给强度及更小的火源,蒸汽灭火效率则相对较低.基于对比试验、灭火过程及火焰结构的分析表明,蒸汽的动力学作用为开放空间内蒸汽熄灭油池火的主导灭火机理.最后从理论基础上对蒸汽的动力学作用进行了验证和初步分析.     

Decomposition effects on the mass burning rate of organic peroxide pool fires

The mass burning rate of pool fires of organic peroxides do not vary appreciably with the pool size as have been observed for the hydrocarbons. Instead the decomposition temperature largely controls the same. The dependence of mass burning rate on the decomposition temperatures namely self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) and extrapolated onset temperature measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for organic peroxide pool fires are identified and correlations are developed.     

The study of burning behaviors and quantitative risk assessment for 0# diesel oil pool fires

The liquid fuel safety issues on fuel storage, transportation and processing have gained most attention because of the high fire risk. In this paper, some 0# diesel pool fire experiments with different diameters (0.2–1 m) were conducted with initial fuel thicknesses of 2 cm and 4 cm, respectively, to obtain liquid fuel combustion characteristics. Some key parameters including mass burning rate, flame height and the flame radiative heat flux, associated with fire risk, were investigated and determined. Subsequently, a detail quantitative risk assessment framework for 0# diesel pool fire is proposed based on the 0# diesel burning characteristics. In the framework, the probability of personal dead and the facility failure are calculated by the vulnerability models, respectively. In the end, 10 special tank fire scenarios were selected to show the whole risk calculation process. The tank diameter and the distance to pool fires were paid more attention in the cases. The safety distances in the cases are provided for the persons and nearby facilities, respectively. The paper enriches the basic experimental data and the provided framework is useful to the management of 0# diesel tank areas.     

多因素下小尺度油罐火燃烧速率的研究

以正庚烷为研究对象,开展了不同因素耦合作用下小尺度油罐火燃烧特性的实验研究。结果表明:在不改变其他工况条件下,开口因子直接影响燃料燃烧速率,发现不同开口因子下燃烧速率与全开口下燃烧速率之比始终正比于对应的开口面积之比,且之间存在着相应的关系式。在实验所测两种液位6cm和8cm下,其燃烧速率变化不大,由此可发现,在该实验液位下油罐火液位高度不是影响燃烧速率的主要因素。在不同的风速下,随着风速的增加燃烧速率逐渐增加并趋于一定值,且不同开口因子下风速对燃烧速率的影响程度不同。风速对开口因子大的油罐燃烧速率的影响小于开口因子较小的油罐。     

Characteristics of large cooking oil pool fires and their extinguishment by water mist

Large cooking oil pool fires, occurring in industrial oil cookers, present a severe hazard to food processing plants due to their size and the large amount of hot oil involved. This paper reports a series of full-scale fire experiments conducted in a large industrial oil cooker mock-up. The characteristics of large cooking oil pool fires and the effect of oil depth and hood position in the oil cooker on fire growth were studied. The use of water mist for extinguishing large oil pool fires and their extinguishing performance under different discharge pressure and with different types of water mist systems were investigated. Experimental results showed that the cooking oil underwent a substantial expansion in volume during heating. The fires developed quickly once the oil auto-ignited. The fire growth rate was affected by the oil depth in the pan and the hood position in the oil cooker. The water mist fire suppression systems effectively extinguished large cooking oil fires and prevented them from re-igniting. Their extinguishing performance was determined by the type of water mist system, discharge pressure and hood position in the oil cooker.     

水平风对不同液位深度酒精池火火焰长度的影响

通过改变风速、液位深度的大小,研究边界条件变化对酒精池火火焰长度的影响。研究结果表明：在无量纲液位深度小于一定值时,酒精池火的火焰长度会随着风速的增加而增大,当无量纲液位深度较大时,油盘外部酒精池火的火焰长度基本为0。风速相同而液位深度不同时,酒精池火的火焰长度会随着液位深度的增大首先增大,而后逐渐减小。这主要是因为,液位深度较大时,燃料表面的供氧量降低导致燃烧效率降低,最终导致火焰长度的减小。     

障碍物遮挡条件下细水雾与油池火相互作用的实验研究

障碍物影响下细水雾灭火有效性的研究具有重要的意义。研究了障碍物与火焰的相对位置、细水雾工作压力、喷头距离火焰垂直距离及水平距离等因素对灭火有效性的影响,以及细水雾作用下火灾烟气中一氧化碳、二氧化碳及氧气浓度的变化规律等。结果表明:高压细水雾可以有效扑救部分有障碍物遮挡的油池火,同时喷头距离火焰的水平距离和垂直距离也显著影响着细水雾的灭火速度;高压细水雾在灭火过程中火场的氧气浓度明显升高,二氧化碳和一氧化碳浓度明显降低;细水雾工作压力较低时,一氧化碳浓度反而有所增加。     

庚烷池火多火源燃烧特性的实验研究

多火源燃烧是森林火灾和城市群发性火灾中重要而又特殊的火灾现象,相关研究很少。通过恒定控制液面高度的实验系统,对直径0.1m、0.2m和0.4m的庚烷池火在单个火源、两火源燃烧和三火源线性排列时的火焰高度、火焰体积和燃烧速率等特性进行了实验研究。研究发现,三火源燃烧时中间火源的火焰高度、火焰体积和燃烧速率明显高于两火源燃烧和单火源燃烧,三火源燃烧时边上火源与两火源的燃烧状况难以区分。这些燃烧特性随着火源间距的减小,呈现增大趋势。热量反馈增强和空气卷吸受限这两种火源相互作用机制相互耦合,且随着火源间距的减小而增强,在S/D（S为火源间距,D为油池直径）为2～4时,两种机制强烈竞争,在其他参数范围内热量反馈增强效应占主导作用。研究还发现火焰体积与热释放速率有较好的线性相关关系,单位火焰体积的热释放速率约为1614kW/m3。     

Numerical simulation of small-scale pool fires of LNG

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) has been largely indicated as a promising alternative solution for the transportation and storage of natural gas. In the case of accidental release on the ground, a pool fire scenario may occur. Despite the relevance of this accident, due to its likelihood and potential to trigger domino effects, accurate analyses addressing the characterization of pool fires of LNG are still missing.In this work, the fire dynamic simulator (FDS) has been adopted for the evaluation of the effects of the released amount of fuel and its composition (methane, ethane, and propane), on the thermal and chemical properties of small-scale LNG pool fire. More specifically, the heat release rate, the burning rate, the flame height, and thermal radiation, at different initial conditions, have been evaluated for pool having diameter smaller than 10 m. Safety distances have been calculated for all the investigated conditions, as well.Results have also been compared with data and correlations retrieved from the current literature. The equation of Thomas seems to work properly for the definition of the height over diameter ratio of the LNG pool fire for all the mixture and the investigated diameters.The addition of ethane and propane significantly affects the obtained results, especially in terms of radiative thermal radiation peaks, thus indicating the inadequacy of the commonly adopted assumption of pure methane as single, surrogate species for the LNG mixture.     

狭长空间内通风对航空煤油池火燃烧速率的影响

在风速0～2.3 m/s、5.6 m×0.8 m×0.8 m的低湍流狭长风洞内对边长3～9 cm的正方形航空煤油池火进行燃烧试验,结合FDS数值模拟,研究了狭长空间内通风和油盘尺寸对正方形航空煤油池火燃烧速率的影响,并做出相应的分析.结果表明,数值模拟结果和试验结果吻合得较好.航空煤油的燃烧速率随风速的增大而升高,且油盘下风侧壁面对燃料的导热加强是促进燃烧的主要因素.随着油盘尺寸的增大,油池获得的热反馈增强,航空煤油燃烧加剧.     

Application of fire suppression materials on suppression of LNG pool fires

An LNG pool fire is considered one of the main hazards of LNG, together with LNG vapor dispersion. Suppression methods are designed to reduce the hazard exclusion zones, distance to reach radiant heat of 5 kW/m², when an LNG pool fire is considered. For LNG vapor dispersion, the hazard exclusion zone is the distance travelled by the LNG vapor to reach a concentration of 2.5% v/v (half of the LNG lower flammability limit).Warming the LNG vapor to reach positive buoyancy faster is one way to suppress LNG vapor dispersion and reduce evaporation rate (thus fire size and its associated radiant heat) and that is the main objective in LNG pool fire suppression. Based on previous research, the use of high expansion foam has been regarded as the primary method in suppressing LNG pool fires. However, in 1980, another method was introduced as an alternative pool fire suppression system, Foamglas^®. The research concluded that 90% of the radiant heat was successfully reduced. Currently-called Foamglas^® pool fire suppression (Foamglas^® PFS) is a passive mitigation system and is deployed after the leak occurs. Foamglas^® PFS is non-flammable, and has a density one-third of the density of LNG, thus floats when an LNG pool is formed.This paper describes the study and confirmation of Foamglas^®PFS effectiveness in suppressing LNG pool fires. In addition, while Foamglas^® PFS is not expected to suppress LNG vapor dispersion, further investigation was conducted to study the effect of Foamglas^®PFS on LNG vapor dispersion. An LNG field experiment was conducted at Brayton Fire Field. The experimental development, procedures, results and findings are detailed in this paper.