我国钛白粉工业发展现状与环境政策研究

针对我国钛白粉工业发展的现状与存在的问题,深入分析造成钛白粉上业现状的原因,并从环保角度提出对策与建议.     

利用钛白生产中的副产物制备聚合硫酸铁

以化工厂钛白副产物七水硫酸亚铁为原料，用过氧化氢作氧化剂，合成了絮凝剂聚合硫酸铁。研究结果表明：硫酸亚铁与过氧化氢的摩尔比达到1：0．6时，硫酸亚铁可完全被氧化；硫酸亚铁与浓硫酸的摩尔比为1:0.4时，制取的聚合硫酸铁可获得较高的碱化度。通过对产品絮凝性能的研究发现，自制聚合硫酸铁对人工模拟水样有较高的除浊率，与阳 离子高分子CPF－110絮凝剂配合使用，可达到相同的除浊效果，且投药量显著减少。     

负载型纳米TiO2光催化剂的制备及其光催化活性

采用悬浮聚合法制备粉煤灰-聚苯乙烯微珠载体,通过矿化接枝技术将水热法制备的纳米TiO2负载在粉煤灰-聚苯乙烯微珠载体上,制成负载型纳米TiO2光催化剂。用x射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜对负载型纳米TiO2光催化剂进行了表征;通过光催化降解甲醛实验评价了负载型纳米TiO2光催化剂的活性。实验结果表明,纳米TiO2在载体上分散良好,平均粒径为36．4nm;该催化剂活性较高,明显优于粉体纳米TiO2光催化剂,重复使用10次左右,该催化剂的活性无明显下降。     

二氧化钛光催化降解甲醛反应动力学研究

以钛酸丁酯为前驱体，应用溶胶一凝胶法制备TiO2粉体和负载TiO2薄膜，考察了不同活化温度和活化时间对TiO2光催化降解甲醛性能的影响，并对TiO2薄膜光催化降解甲醛的反应动力学进行了研究。试验结果表明，在活化温度450℃、活化时间5h条件下，所得TiO2粉体及薄膜的光催化活性较好。不同初始浓度下甲醛光催化降解率与时间关系的动力学研究表明，一级反应动力学模型与试验数据拟合较好，方差R^2大于或等于0．99。     

钛白废酸制取高白度石膏

以石灰为中和剂、乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA - 2Na)为络合剂、连二亚硫酸钠为还原剂,采用络合—还原法对钛白废酸进行处理,制取高白度石膏.实验结果表明,处理100 mL H2SO4质量浓度为213 g/L的钛白废酸,在中和反应液pH为0.75、EDTA - 2Na加入量为2.67g/L、络合反应时间为20 min、连...     

钛白废酸固液分离与综合利用

介绍了湖南株洲化工集团有限责任公司钛白废酸固液分离与综合利用工艺。将钛白废酸固液分离后得到的清废酸用作磷肥生产用硫酸稀释液、钛白酸解工序硫酸稀释液和板框浸取液,取得了较好的经济效益和环境效益。     

二氧化钛纳米材料的合成及其在环保领域的应用研究进展

综述了近年来纳米TiO2光催化剂在制备方法、表面改性、光催化氧化机理及应用方面的研究进展，提出了半导体催化剂的研究发展的方向。     

二氧化钛的改性及其对降解水中有机污染物的促进作用

综述了TiO2光催化剂的改性方法及其对光催化降解水中有机污染物的促进作用,介绍了复合物、煅烧温度、掺杂量、掺杂金属离子的种类和浓度对TiO2光催化性能的影响。     

以清洁生产理念促进我国钛白粉产业的发展

介绍了我国钛白粉产业的现状,阐述了钛白粉产业清洁生产的重要性,分析了影响我国钛白粉产业可持续发展的问题及原因.指出施行清洁生产对钛白粉产业加快技术进步、调整产业结构、促进产业升级具有重要意义.     

用钛白废酸制备氯化铁和硫酸

采用溶剂萃取与蒸发浓缩相结合的方法综合利用钛白废酸。实验结果表明:向钛白废酸中加入一定量的盐酸,用磷酸三丁酯(TBP)萃取Fe3 ,得到萃合物为HFeCl4.2TBP;在萃取相比(有机相与水相的体积比)与反萃取相比(水相与有机相的体积比)均为1的条件下,用2.53mol/L的TBP对c(Fe3 )=1.023mol/L、c(HCl)=4.53mol/L的试样进行连续5级逆流萃取与反萃取后,得到纯度高达99.88%、总产率达99.4%的氯化铁;萃余液经一次性蒸发浓缩,可得到质量分数80%以上的硫酸。     

萃取法回收钛白水解废酸中的硫酸

提出了以三异辛胺作萃取剂、H2O作反萃取剂从钛白水解废酸中萃取回收硫酸的新工艺。考察了萃取剂浓度、相调节剂浓度、相比及温度对萃取和反萃取的影响，并进行了模拟试验。在以40％三异辛胺、25％仲辛醇和35％航空煤油(均为质量分数)为萃取有机相，相比为2，以H2O为反萃剂，相比为1．5的条件下，质量浓度为146．02g/L的废酸经8级萃取和6级反萃取，硫酸回收率达到91．81％，产品酸质量浓度达119．73g/L。     

硫酸法制二氧化钛生产中废酸浓缩技术的述评

介绍和评价了国内外硫酸法制二氧化钛生产中废酸的浓缩技术,从工艺、设备及材质3方面分析了国内在二氧化钛废酸处理中存在的问题,指出最有效的解决措施是：以防为主,改善工艺条件;使硫完全参与反应,减少硫的损失和对环境的破坏;完善配套设施,提高设备质量;综合考虑废酸、新酸和钛铁矿的物料配比;选择耐腐蚀性较好的复合材料作为设备材质;最终使废酸少产生或无产生。     

TiO2光催化氧化处理偶氮染料废水的研究进展

二氧化钛具有较高的光稳定性和反应活性,可用于处理偶氮染料废水,对二氧化二钛光催化氧化的影响因素、提高二氧化钛光能化氰化处理偶氮染料废水效率的途径和比催化氧化联用处理技术进行了综述,提出今后研究重点是扩展二氧化钛对可见光的光谱响应、提高太阳光的利用率以及加强气-质联用、液-质联用技术在处理偶氮染料废水中的应用。     

二氧化钛对活性艳红X-3B的光催化降解研究

以TiO2作为光催化剂,研究了TiO2对活性艳红X-3B的光催化氧化降解行为。结果表明,以锐钛矿为主的混晶型Ti02的催化活性最好;X-3B的光催化降解动力学符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学模式,并求出其动力学参数女(表观反应速率常数)为0．5921,KA(吸附平衡常数)为0．1725;温度对X-3B的降解影响很小,其活化能仅为6．04kJ／mol;溶液中盐度的增加会不断降低TiO2对X-3B的光催化降解速率。     

膜生物反应器中膜孔堵塞的影响因素及控制方法

介绍了膜生物反应器（MBR）中膜污染形成的机理,分析了膜材质、膜孔大小、膜表面粗糙度、过膜溶质性质、处理液性质、过膜操作方式等因素对膜孔堵塞的影响,阐述了控制膜孔堵塞的重点和主要方法,指出了今后解决膜孔堵塞问题的研究重点。     

超临界二氧化碳在环境保护中的应用

超临界CO2具有气体的低粘度、高扩散系数和液体的高密度特性，且具有化学惰性，无毒、无腐蚀性，临界状态容易实现，是一种性能优良的环境友好溶剂。文章概述了超临界CO2在去除环境污染物、取代传统工艺助剂或溶剂以减少有机物和废水排放以及分析测试等方面的应用。     

Neutralisation of Sulphur Dioxide Deposition in a Coniferous Canopy

Previously, it has been observed that the internal circulation (ion leakage) of calcium from a coniferous forest is caused by uptake of sulphur dioxide (SO₂). Here we show that this correlation was not changed when the forest floor is covered with a roof. The reaction takes place in the canopy and is not influenced by deposition and root uptake of calcium and sulphate. The ion leakage of calcium is linked to the loss of acidity in throughfall. The process can, for one of the catchments, schematically be written: SO₂ + H₂O + 0.5 O₂ + 0.58 CaA₂→ SO₄ ^2- + 0.94 H⁺ + 0.58 Ca²⁺ + 1.16 HA, in which A denotes the anion to a weak acid. This reaction also takes place today when the SO₂ concentration is very low, but when the precipitation is still acidic. The ion leakage of manganese also is caused by the uptake of SO₂, but only 0.12 manganese ions are released per SO₂ molecule.     

Oxygen and Water Barrier Properties of Coated Whey Protein and Chitosan Films

Films of whey protein and chitosan acetic acid salt have lower oxygen permeability than, for example, ethylene-co-vinylalcohol under dry conditions, but water and water vapor seriously impair the gas barrier properties. To reduce the oxygen permeability at 90% relative humidity and the water-vapor transmission rate at 100% relative humidity, the films were coated with an alkyd, a beeswax compound, or a nitrocellulose lacquer. Permeability and transmission rate measurements were performed in accordance with standard methods and showed that the beeswax compound and the nitrocellulose were appropriate as water-vapor barriers. Overall migration to water was measured after 10 days exposure time, with the coated surface exposed to the water, showing that the alkyd-coated and the nitrocellulose-coated films were both below the safety limit for food contact. Water absorbency tests, performed by the Cobb method, showed that the films coated with the beeswax compound or with nitrocellulose lacquer exhibit lower absorbency than the alkyd-coated films.     

Comparison of Surface Organic Compound Mass Spectrum Patterns by LD-TOFMS for Megalopolis Atmospheric Particles and Diesel Exhaust Particles (DEP)

PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ samples for megalopolis atmospheric particles were collected at Shinjuku, Tokyo in December 1998–January 1999 and August 1999, for two weeks both in winter and summer, with a 24 hr sampling interval. Sampling of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in diesel exhaust particles (DEP) was carried out using an automobile exhaust testing system, with a diesel truck placed on a chassis dynamometer. Sampling conditions included idling, constant speed of 40 km hr^-1, M-15 test pattern and 60%-revolution/40%-load of maximum power. Mass spectrums of organic compounds adhering to the surface of the PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ samples were analyzed by laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LD-TOFMS, analytical mass range: m/z 1–m/z 380 000). LD-TOFMS analysis of those samples revealed consistently the detection of low-mass organic compounds up to m/z 800. For the megalopolis atmospheric particles, the mass spectrum pattern of wintertime samples was almost the same as that of the summertime samples for both PM_2.5 and PM₁₀. The major peak was m/z 177, and the minor peaks were m/z 84, 94, 101, 163, 189 and 235. The mass spectrum pattern of DEP was the same for all samples under all test conditions. The major peak was m/z 101, and other detected peaks were small.     

Suspension Polymerization of Poly(l-lactide-co-p-dioxanone) in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Biodegradable copolymers of l-lactide(l-LA) and p-dioxanone(PDO) were synthesized in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) with stannous octoate as the ring-opening catalyst and a fluorocarbon polymer surfactant as an stabilizer. Fine powderous products were achieved when more than 90% (w/w) l-LA was fed. Scanning electron micrographic images and laser diffraction particle size analysis of the products showed the mean diameter of particles greatly increased as the content of PDO increased. The obtained polymers had the number-average molecular weights ranging from 15,000 to 26,000 g mol⁻¹ (polydispersity index ranging from 1.3 to 2.1) according to the gel permeation chromatography measurements. The polymer structure was characterized by NMR spectroscopy, indicating the formation of copolymers. Thermal properties of the obtained polymers investigated using differential scanning calorimetry showed that the morphology of products was directly relevant to the crystallinity of the copolymers. The polymerization of l-LA and PDO copolymers in scCO₂ is also proposed as a novel production technique for high-purity, biodegradable polymers.