Mineralization of p-nitrophenol by a new isolate Arthrobacter sp. Y1

Arthrobacter sp. Y1, capable of metabolizing p-nitrophenol (PNP) as the sole carbon, nitrogen and energy source was isolated from activated sludge. The bacterium could tolerate concentrations of PNP up to 600 mg L^{? 1}, and degradation of PNP was achieved within 120 h of incubation. PNP and its metabolites were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The metabolite formed indicated that the organism followed the 4-nitrocathechol (4-NC) pathway for metabolism of this compound. The relevant degrading-enzyme was extracellular. Addition of other carbon source (glucose 0～ 30 g L^{? 1}) led to accelerated degradation. If the glucose concentration exceeded 30 g L^{? 1}, however, degradation was repressed. Spectrophotometry assay of the nitrite and genotoxic study showed that strain Y1 could detoxify PNP. Therefore, the present study may provide a basis for the development of the bioremediation strategies to remedy the pollutants in the environment.     

偶氮染料脱色菌Lysinibacillus sp. FS1的脱色性能

从佛山某工业园印染废水处理厂曝气池中,经梯度驯化筛选出一株对多种染料具有较强脱色能力的菌株FS1,通过16S rDNA基因序列分析初步鉴定为Lysinibacillus sp.,研究了该菌株在不同营养条件(氮源、碳源、碳源浓度),不同培养条件(pH、温度、供氧条件),不同染料(甲基橙、亚甲基蓝、中性红、酸性红B)和染料浓度下的脱色性能。结果表明,该菌株的最佳脱色条件:温度30~40℃,pH 7~9,氯化铵1 g/L, 葡萄糖2 g/L的厌氧条件下培养脱色效果最好,10 h时对酸性红B脱色率可达98.73%左右,且脱色过程符合一级反应动力学方程:-ln(At/A0)=0.0588t-0.0448。该菌株可降解多种染料,脱色率均随污染强度的升高先增大后减小,对高浓度染料和混合染料也表现出很好的脱色效果,是一株高效广谱的染料降解菌,具有处理印染废水的开发应用价值。     

不同碳源下缺氧/好氧连续流系统生物除磷效果及其机理

为了考察前期发现的以淀粉为唯一碳源、缺氧好氧生物脱氮系统对含多种有机物的废水中磷的脱除,在以淀粉为唯一碳源、已能稳定生物除磷(除磷率达72%)的缺氧好氧连续流生物脱氮系统中,改变进水碳源组成及浓度,测定了系统对磷去除的变化、分析了系统除磷与进水碳源的关系。结果表明,在进水中淀粉浓度保持为400 mg·L⁻¹(以COD计,下同)、添加入葡萄糖或者蛋白胨与全脂奶粉混合物使得进水的COD分别提高至500 mg·L⁻¹和600 mg·L⁻¹,当投加葡萄糖后,缺氧段污泥中糖原含量由282.9 mg·g⁻¹增加至312.3 mg·g⁻¹,而液相中乳酸量减少,最终系统除磷率降低;投加蛋白胨与全脂奶粉混合物后,缺氧段液相中乳酸量和污泥对磷的摄取量与改变前均相差不大;在淀粉量不变、增加进水COD的条件下,无论投加的是葡萄糖还是蛋白胨-奶粉混合物都不能够再提高系统的除磷能力。在保持进水总COD不变(400 mg·L⁻¹)时,减少进水中淀粉量至300、200和100 mg·L⁻¹,并相应增加葡萄糖或蛋白胨与全脂奶粉混合物(1∶1),随着进水淀粉浓度的降低,6种碳源对应系统的除磷率均有所降低;相对地,当进水葡萄糖100 mg·L⁻¹、淀粉为300 mg·L⁻¹时,系统除磷效果最高,摄磷量为2.9 mg·L⁻¹,吸磷速率为0.95 mg·(g·h)⁻¹。以上结果表明,该系统是依靠缺氧段对淀粉碳源发酵产生的乳酸来进行超量摄磷,但蛋白类碳源不能被发酵产乳酸,因而无助于系统除磷;在淀粉碳源充足(400 mg·L⁻¹ COD)下,增加葡萄糖碳源,不利于除磷。而在淀粉不足时,增加葡萄糖可补充碳源有利于除磷。     

铜绿假单胞菌NY3及突变株代谢油污泥同步产胞外聚合物的特性

油污泥属危险性固体废弃物,大量排放已成为石化企业可持续发展的障碍。利用铜绿假单胞菌NY3及突变株,将油污泥转化为生物质,并研究了其特性。研究表明,NY3、NB1D、 NB2D及NB12DD均能降解油污泥中烷烃,但NY3、NB1D和NB2D菌对分子量较高烷烃(从C17~C32)的降解率比双突变菌NB12DD分别平均提高19.68%、28.76%和24.04%。铜绿假单胞菌NY3及突变株能直接将油污泥中烃类转化为胞外聚合物。与未加共代谢碳源相比,葡萄糖作为共代谢碳源时(培养液中表观油浓度达15 g·L-1),培养120 h后,NY3 、NB1D、NB2D、NB12DD菌胞外聚合物产量分别提高83.3%、79.8%、20.6%和62.9%,且碱性条件有利于各菌株高效降解油转化为生物质,pH为8~9时,其胞外聚合物产量均最高,分别达到8.1、4.34、4.94和7.15 g·L-1,野生菌NY3转化碳源为生物质转化率最高,为52.75%。结构和组成分析表明,胞外聚合物主要为糖蛋白,蛋白4.4%,总糖44.1%,蛋白与糖的连接方式为O-糖苷键链接,91.1%大分子粒径分布在33.0~716.9 μm范围。     

The role of activated carbon on the removal of p-nitrophenol in an integrated three-phase electrochemical reactor

Three-phase electrochemical reactor is still far from concerned in wastewater treatment in order to improve electrochemical treatment efficiency especially when the concentrations of organic pollutants are relatively low. This paper presents a novel process integrated electrocatalysis and activated carbon (AC) adsorption in a fluidization mode for p-nitrophenol (PNP) abatement, with special attention on probing the role of AC. Sparged by external gas (e.g., O(2)), the electrochemical reactor is actually a three-phase (gas, liquid, solid) reactor. By this one-step integrated process, the treatment efficiency was significantly promoted where PNP of initial concentration 150 mg l(-1) could be completely removed in no more than 30 min and it kept good performance for five consecutive runs, showing potential application for environmental remediation. In the integrated process, AC is in a dynamic state of adsorption and in situ electrochemical regeneration by the attack of electrogenerated hydroxyl radical on organic pollutants. When oxygen is sparged into the process, hydrogen peroxide can be formed by cathodic reduction and then decomposed by catalytic reaction on AC, which further promotes organic pollutants degradation.     

石油降解菌XD-1产表面活性剂的性能

从含油废水中筛选分离到1株原油降解菌XD-1,鉴定为假单胞菌(Pseuomonas sp.).初步实验表明菌XD-1具有较强的产表面活性剂乳化原油的作用,对该菌的产表面活性剂性能进行了研究.实验证明,菌XD-1所产表面活性剂为脂肽类物质,菌在生长对数期产表面活性剂,表面活性剂的产生为生长相关型;充足的碳源是产表面活性剂的必需条件,菌利用原油为碳源时能持续大量地产表面活性剂;原油和尿素为产表面活性剂的最适碳源和氮源,菌XD-1产表面活性剂的最佳营养培养基组成为葡萄糖10 g,尿素4 g,磷酸二氢钾1 g,微量元素液4 mL,水1 L,pH 8.0.     

Biodegradation of nicotine by a novel Strain Shinella sp. HZN1 isolated from activated sludge

The nicotine-degrading bacterium HZN1 was isolated from activated sludge and identified as Shinella sp. based on its physiological characteristics and analysis of 16S rDNA gene. Strain HZN1 is capable of using nicotine as the sole carbon source in the mineral salts medium. The optimum temperature and pH for strain HZN1 growth and nicotine degradation were 30°C and 7.0, respectively. It could degrade approximately 100 % of 0.5 g L(-1) of nicotine within 9 h. Three intermediate metabolites were produced by the strain HZN1 and identified as cotinine, myosmine and nicotyrine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This is the first report of nicotine-degrading strain from the genus of Shinella. The results showed that strain HZN1 could be potentially employed in bioremediation of nicotine. Our findings would provide a new insight into the biodegradation of nicotine.     

微波辅助Pb/ZrOx光催化降解水中的对硝基苯酚

采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）辅助水热法制备了适用于微波辅助光催化体系的高效Pb/ZrOx催化剂,并对其进行了XRD、XPS、BET和SEM等表征,其XPS结果显示在Pb/ZrOx表面,Zr以+2、+3和+4三种价态共存。考察了微波辅助光催化氧化（MW/PC）对硝基苯酚（PNP）过程中,微波辐照功率、催化剂投加量、溶液初始pH和PNP初始浓度对PNP去除效果的影响,得到最优操作条件为,PNP初始pH值为5,催化剂投加量为1.0 g·L-1,微波辐照功率为200 W。此条件下,初始浓度为50 mg·L-1的PNP溶液反应12min后,PNP转化率达95%,TOC去除约70%。并且,Pb/ZrOx能够在重复使用5次的情况下仍保持较好的活性。比较了MW、PC和MW/PC 3种体系,得到MW/PC体系将PNP去除率从单独PC体系的48%提高至95%。微波与紫外光存在良好的协同作用,MW/PC能够快速、高效去除水中PNP,为微波辅助光催化氧化去除污染物提供理论基础。     

不同水力停留时间条件下PCL为碳源去除水产养殖水体硝酸盐的效率及微生物群落分析

以可生物降解聚合为碳源的固相反硝化可以避免水产养殖用水硝酸盐处理过程中碳源反复添加、碳源不足或过量等问题。水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time, HRT)是生物反应器运行管理的主要参数之一, 用固定膜反应器固相反硝化的方法研究了HRT对以聚己内酯(polycaprolactone,PCL)为碳源的反应器去除循环水养殖系统硝酸氮(浓度为170～197 mg·L-1)的效率的影响。 研究结果表明不同水力停留时间对硝酸盐去除效率差异显著。在HRT 为6 h和8 h时,硝酸盐速率分别为(0.55±0.32) g·(L·d)-1和(1.05±0.33) g·(L·d)-1,且出水亚硝氮浓度和氨氮浓度均明显低于进水浓度;在HRT为4 h和2 h时,进出水硝酸盐浓度差异不明显。电子扫描显微镜观察显示PCL表面生物膜主要为杆状菌,应用傅里叶红外扫描观察发现使用前后PCL的化学结构没有发生明显改变。应用高通量方法测定的微生物群落结构表明,62%的细菌为Proteobacteria(62%),在鉴定出的细菌中,食酸菌属(Acidovorax), 固氮螺菌属(Azospira),丛毛单胞菌属(Comamonas), 代尔夫特菌属(Diaphorobacter), 懒小杆属(Ignavibacterium), 弗拉特氏菌属(Frateuria)可以同时降解PCL和进行反硝化。     

类产碱假单胞菌JS45的硝基苯降解动力学

类产碱假单胞菌（Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes）JS45能以硝基苯作为唯一碳源、氮源和能源生长。在本研究中,设置了硝基苯起始浓度分别为50、100、150、200、250和300 mg·L-1。结果表明：菌株JS45虽然在降解高浓度硝基苯过程中出现迟滞现象,但仍可完全降解。盐度能抑制硝基苯的降解。JS45在温度30℃、pH 7.0~9.0时降解效果较好。硝基苯降解动力学符合修饰Gompertz模型,当硝基苯浓度升高时,模型参数迟滞时间（λ）逐渐增加,最大降解速率（Rm）先增大后减小;当硝基苯浓度为214.61 mg·L-1时,λ和Rm分别为57.0 mg·（L·h）-1和4.31 h。     

麦芽糖假丝酵母降解苯酚和4-氯酚的特性

考察麦芽糖假丝酵母对单底物4-氯酚的降解特性,研究苯酚与4-氯酚在双底物降解体系中的相互作用,并对比分析该菌株对苯酚和4-氯酚的降解能力。研究发现,麦芽糖假丝酵母能以4-氯酚为唯一碳源和能源,可在93 h内降解350 mg/L 4-氯酚,其降解4-氯酚的能力低于苯酚。酶活分析表明,4-氯酚降解遵循邻位裂解途径。细胞生长动力学过程符合Haldane方程,动力学参数为:μmax=0.252 h-1,Ks=33.58 mg/L,Ki=147.44 mg/L,相关系数R2=0.99。在苯酚/4-氯酚双底物降解体系中,较低浓度苯酚(200~400 mg/L)可以促进4-氯酚的降解,而较高浓度苯酚会产生抑制作用,当苯酚初始浓度为300 mg/L时,4-氯酚降解速率最大;4-氯酚的存在会抑制苯酚的降解。采用Abuhamed等人提出的动力学方程可以准确描述苯酚/4-氯酚双底物降解体系中细胞生长过程,得到两物质之间的相互抑制参数: I1,2=1.71,I2,1=3.25,相关系数R2=0.93。     

以两种酚类有机物为基质的微生物燃料电池产电特性

以城市污水处理厂的厌氧污泥为接种微生物,在外电阻为1900Ω下,采用双室微生物燃料电池(MFC)分别对以难降解的有毒有机物2,4-二氯苯酚(DCP),对硝基苯酚(PNP),对硝基苯酚和2,4-二氯苯酚为基质时进行有机物降解和产电性能的研究。实验结果表明以DCP(50 mg/L)为单一基质时,MFC的运行周期长达225 h左右,负载两端的最大电压值达393.7 mV,库仑效率为13.73%;而以PNP和DCP为混合基质时,PNP明显促进DCP的降解,使得DCP的去除率高达64.52%,同时PNP的去除率也达到94.47%。实验最终表明,MFC能够以2,4-二氯苯酚和对硝基苯酚为基质,在实现DCP和PNP降解的同时可稳定高效地向外输出电能。     

培养基对菌产微生物絮凝剂的影响研究

研究了培养基成分种类及其用量对菌产微生物絮凝剂的影响。结果表明,较高的C/N比对菌产絮凝剂有利,碳源中的蔗糖是菌株Aeromonassp.N11产絮凝剂的良好碳源,氮源以采用复合氮源为佳。培养基中加入酵母膏有利于絮凝剂的产生。NaCl能够促进所产絮凝剂的絮凝活性,碳源蔗糖和氮源脲对菌产絮凝剂的影响最大。利用正交实验得出产絮凝剂培养基的最佳配比为蔗糖20g/L,酵母膏08g/L,脲05g/L,硫酸胺05g/L,NaCl7g/L。     

碳源种类对原位生物解偶联污泥减量系统效能影响

研究以SBBR为对象,考察碳源种类对原位生物解偶联污泥减量系统污泥产率和污水处理效能的影响。研究结果表明,在水温为25℃,挂膜密度为45%,负荷为4.0 kg COD/(m3填料·d),供气量为150 L/h,采用间歇曝气30 min/停曝30 min的方波供氧条件下,碳源种类对原位生物解偶联污泥减量系统效能影响显著。当进水有机质为葡萄糖时,系统污泥产率最小,为0.0292 kg MLSS/kg COD,分别比进水碳源为粪水、乙酸钠、淀粉时减少19.4%、64.8%和99.9%。碳源为葡萄糖时,系统出水COD、NH4+-N、TN分别为41、6.4和17.3 mg/L,可达标排放。     

CQDs-rGO/GF阴极电芬顿体系中过氧化氢的生成和对硝基苯酚的降解

对二维材料石墨烯进行表面修饰以提高其催化性能为目前较为重要的研究方向。利用水热法合成了直径5 nm的零维材料碳量子点(carbon quantum dots, CQDs),将其与还原石墨烯(reduced graphene oxide,rGO)进行结合,并载于石墨片(graphite flake,GF)表面制备了CQDs-rGO/GF复合电极。将该电极作为电芬顿体系的阴极,考察了CQDs对氧的二电子电化学还原生成过氧化氢的阴极反应的影响;以对硝基苯酚(p-nitrophenol,PNP)为目标污染物,考察了在Fe²⁺存在时该电芬顿体系对PNP的降解性能。结果表明：CQDs显著提高了阴极的活性,CQDs-rGO/GF阴极体系中过氧化氢的生成量是rGO/GF电极的1.9倍,是GF电极的2.4倍;在Fe²⁺存在时,该电芬顿体系对PNP的降解率达到90.6%,COD去除率为64.3%;羟基自由基是使PNP降解的主要活性物种。降解过程中PNP的UV-Vis谱图和COD去除率的变化均显示绝大部分PNP已被矿化,少量转化为小分子羧酸。以上研究结果表明,零维CQDs可用于提高二维材料rGO电极的催化性能。     

Assessing chlorinated ethene degradation in a large scale contaminant plume by dual carbon-chlorine isotope analysis and quantitative PCR

The fate of chlorinated ethenes in a large contaminant plume originating from a tetrachloroethene (PCE) source in a sandy aquifer in Denmark was investigated using novel methods including compound-specific carbon and chlorine isotope analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) methods targeting Dehaloccocoides sp. and vcrA genes. Redox conditions were characterized as well based on concentrations of dissolved redox sensitive compounds and sulfur isotopes in SO(4)(2-). In the first 400 m downgradient of the source, the plume was confined to the upper 20 m of the aquifer. Further downgradient it widened in vertical direction due to diverging groundwater flow reaching a depth of up to 50 m. As the plume dipped downward and moved away from the source, O(2) and NO(3)(-) decreased to below detection levels, while dissolved Fe(2+) and SO(4)(2-) increased above detectable concentrations, likely due to pyrite oxidation as confirmed by the depleted sulfur isotope signature of SO(4)(2-). In the same zone, PCE and trichloroethene (TCE) disappeared and cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cDCE) became the dominant chlorinated ethene. PCE and TCE were likely transformed by reductive dechlorination rather than abiotic reduction by pyrite as indicated by the formation of cDCE and stable carbon isotope data. TCE and cDCE showed carbon isotope trends typical for reductive dechlorination with an initial depletion of (13)C in the daughter products followed by an enrichment of (13)C as degradation proceeded. At 1000 m downgradient of the source, cDCE was the dominant chlorinated ethene and had reached the source δ(13)C value confirming that cDCE was not affected by abiotic or biotic degradation. Further downgradient (up to 1900 m), cDCE became enriched in (13)C by up to 8 ‰ demonstrating its further transformation while vinylchloride (VC) concentrations remained low (<1 μg/L) and ethene was not observed. The correlated shift of carbon and chlorine isotope ratios of cDCE by 8 and 3.9 ‰, respectively, the detection of Dehaloccocides sp genes, and strongly reducing conditions in this zone provide strong evidence for reductive dechlorination of cDCE. The significant enrichment of (13)C in VC indicates that VC was transformed further, although the mechanism could not be determined. The transformation of cDCE was the rate limiting step as no accumulation of VC occurred. In summary, the study demonstrates that carbon-chlorine isotope analysis and qPCR combined with traditional approaches can be used to gain detailed insight into the processes that control the fate of chlorinated ethenes in large scale plumes.     

碳源类型及进水量分配对CMICAO工艺脱氮除磷的影响

研究了分别以葡萄糖和乙酸钠为碳源时多点交替进水阶式A2/O(CMICAO)工艺氮磷的去除效果,以及在不同进水C/N比时各进水量分配对脱氮除磷效果的影响。结果表明,在相同的进水COD浓度下,乙酸钠比葡萄糖更适合作为碳源,更能提高脱氮除磷效率。以葡萄糖为碳源时,COD为200mg/L、C/N比为5、缺氧池与厌氧池进水配比为1:2时,出水COD、TN、氨氮和TP浓度分别为28.5、10.8、2.1和0.5mg/L,均达到国家一级A排放标准。若采用葡萄糖作为碳源,投加量以使进水C/N比为5~7.5为宜,外加碳源时缺氧池与厌氧池进水分配比可统一采用1:1。     

一株耐盐柴油降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解性能

从某油田附近受石油污染土壤中分离出一株以柴油为惟一碳源的耐盐菌株LS1。通过对菌株的生理生化特性、菌体的形态观察及16S rDNA基因序列分析鉴定菌株LS1为假单胞菌属(pseudomonas)。该菌株可耐受的最高盐度(NaCl)和柴油浓度分别为6%~8%和12 000 mg/L。菌株生长的适宜pH和温度条件分别为6.0~8.0和28~36℃。在盐度为6%、pH为7.0、温度为32℃、菌种投加量为10%的条件下,初始浓度为3 000 mg/L的柴油经6 d降解后,去除率可达78.3%,加入适量外加碳源葡萄糖和蔗糖,可使降解率分别提高至92%和90%左右。菌株LS1的耐盐机理可能是通过在细胞内积累甜菜碱以调节菌株细胞内外渗透压平衡。投加甜菜碱可提高耐盐菌LS1在高盐环境下对柴油的降解效率。     

基于碳源条件的燃料乙醇生产废水脱氮工艺优化

某厂稻谷燃料乙醇DDG废水处理工艺因好氧进水碳氮比失调,导致出水TN难以达标。通过对反硝化系统碳源种类的筛选,寻找适宜的碳源并对废水处理系统工艺进行调整,以提升反硝化脱氮效率。碳源筛选实验在葡萄糖、乙醇和清液(原废水),3种碳源条件下进行。通过考察实验系统pH和TN浓度的变化,对反硝化系统投加不同碳源时TN去除速率,以及相应碳源条件下的运行成本进行对比。结果表明：乙醇作为碳源时系统的TN去除速率最大,为8.33 mg·(L·h)⁻¹,是清液为碳源时的1.1倍、葡萄糖为碳源时的1.18倍;而清液作为碳源的运行成本是乙醇为碳源的9%、葡萄糖为碳源的37%。综合对比反硝化投加不同碳源情况下的脱氮反应速率和运行成本,以清液作为碳源来调整脱氮工艺是最佳方案。经现场工艺验证,当A/O系统进水TN为300~600 mg·L⁻¹、投加清液量使废水中COD/TN达到12.1以上时,可确保该厂废水处理系统经处理外排废水TN稳定在50 mg·L⁻¹以下。上述研究结果可为DDG废水的处理提供经济合理的碳源补充方案,并能为可生化性较好的发酵行业废水处理提供参考。     

An improved UV/Fe3+ process by combination with electrocatalysis for p-nitrophenol degradation

p-nitrophenol (PNP) was investigated as a model pollutant under the improved UV/Fe3+ process by combination with electrocatalysis. In the individual UV/Fe3+ process, PNP degradation rate was dependent on Fe(III) concentration and decreased during degradation due to the depletion of ferric ion and thus it was very difficult to reach the quick mineralization of organics. These drawbacks could be significantly overcome in the modified UV/Fe3+ process, and synergetic effects for PNP and COD removal were observed at two investigated Fe(III) concentrations. The enhancements on the degree of conversion for PNP and COD in presence of 0.5 mM Fe(III) were 184% and 242%, respectively, and PNP of initial concentration of 1.0 mM could be completely removed within 1 h. Thus such a process would be very attractive to the rapid mineralization of the biorefractory compounds for wastewater treatment. The possible reasons for the synergetic effects were the electrochemical regeneration of ferric ion and the role of the oxygen that formed on the anode. Based on degradation intermediates identification and synergetic effect probe, a general reaction pathway for PNP degradation in the improved process was proposed.