化学强化SBR工艺生物脱氮除磷试验研究

本文以脱氮为优势条件进行了SBR工艺生物脱氮试验,确定了脱氮模式的运行工艺参数,即瞬时进水-曝气3h-缺氧2h-沉淀闲置1h-出水。SBR在此模式下运行,COD、NH3-N、TN的去除率分别为90％、95％、60％以上。系统对TP的去除也比较稳定,进水TP为6．57—10．4mg／L时,出水为1．68—4．23mg／L。对SBR脱氮后出水投加AlCl3进行化学除磷,试验发现,投加量为20mg／L时出水,TP均能达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918—2002）一级标准的B标准。     

SBBR处理垃圾渗滤液初探

本文初步研究了用SBBR法处理垃圾渗滤液的处理效果。在驯养结束后的20个连续运行周期里,控制曝气量为250 L/h,温度为27℃,有机负荷为0.4 Kg(BOD5)/m3.d。当系统进水CODCr,NH3-N分别为810 mg/L和93 mg/L时,系统出水CODCr,NH3-N分别为160 mg/L和28 mg/L,运行结果表明:该系统在此条件下可以稳定运行。在此基础上,维持有机负荷和温度不变,在曝气量为150 L/h,200 L/h,250 L/h时分别测定不同进水水质时CODCr,氨氮的去除率。实验结果表明:当气量为250 L/h时,CODCr的去除率随进水CODCr浓度的升高而升高;当进水CODCr为790 mg/L时,CODCr的去除率随气量的升高而升高,去除率为65.78%~79.68%,并且在1小时以后有较高的去除率。稳定运行8小时之后,去除率较接近各自的最高去除率。当气量为250 L/h时,氨氮的去除率随进水氨氮浓度的升高而降低;当进水氨氮较低时(低于50 mg/L),氨氮的去除率随曝气量的升高而升高,去除率为62.07%~97.69%。     

生物促生剂修复受污水体净化效能研究

对生物促生剂（Bio-energizer，BE）净化受污水体的效果进行了试验研究。结果表明：生物促生剂在低浓度时（小于1 ml／m^3），水体修复效果不明显；当浓度在3ml／m^3以上时，可以有效的加快水体中N、P类营养物的降解，可使NH4^＋ -N和TN分别由3．6—4．4mg／L和4．4—4．9mg／L降低至0．13-0．18 mg／L和0．39—1．06 mg／L，PO4^3- -P和TP分别由0．03-0．04mg／L和0．11—0．12mg／L降低至0．004-0．008mg／L和0．025-0．04mg／L。COD在试验过程中有上升的趋势。     

内循环三相生物流化床处理生活污水的试验研究

对内循环三相生物流化床处理生活污水进行了试验研究,探讨了生物膜的形成和水力停留时间及曝气量对处理效果的影响。结果表明：在HRT为6h,曝气量为0.6m3/h,进水COD和NH4＋-N分别为240.2~298.7mg/L和29.1~68.9mg/L条件下,平均COD去除率为83%,NH4＋-N去除率为95.1%。     

基于响应面法的微生物除磷剂复配研究

目前微生物菌剂与表面活性剂、絮凝剂等的复配研究已取得初步进展,且复配效果良好,但微生物菌剂与化学除磷剂的复配研究较少。以微生物菌剂和除磷剂为研究对象,采用响应面法(RSM)中的Box-Behnken设计实验,研究两种试剂的投加量和水体pH对黑臭废水的氨氮(NH₃-N)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD)的去除效果,以优化其复配比例。实验结果表明,当清水一号微生物用量为44.77 mg/L、除磷剂用量为100.29 mg/L、pH为7.72时,黑臭水体中NH₃-N,TP,COD去除效果最佳,此时,NH₃-N去除率为57.96%,TP去除率为98.88%,COD去除率为91.89%。此研究可为复合微生物除磷剂这一新型水处理产品的研制提供相应的实验数据和理论支撑。     

化学生物絮凝-悬浮填料移动床组合工艺处理城市污水研究

采用化学生物絮凝和悬浮填料移动床组合工艺处理城市污水。通过改变化学生物絮凝工艺中投加的混凝剂种类和投加量、改变悬浮填料移动床工艺中水力停留时间和气水比取得不同工况条件下各类污染指标的去除效果。采用该组合工艺,当进水COD(89～319)mg/L,TP(1.24～4.26)mg/L,SS(44～240)mg/L,NH4 -N(14.7～36.3)mg/L时,出水可达到COD<50mg/L,TP<0.5mg/L,SS<20mg/L,NH4 -N<5mg/L。     

铁屑微电解法处理光致抗蚀剂废水的初步研究

初步研究了铁屑微电解法处理先致抗蚀剂废水；对废水pH值、曝气、铁屑和活性炭的用量等作了单因素影响试验。正交试验结果表明：当铁屑投加量50．0g／L，活性碳投加量5．0g／L，废水pH值2．0，反应时间60min时，CODCr去除率达42％。     

纳米二氧化钛光催化氧化降解苯酚废水实验

开展实验室模拟苯酚废水的二氧化钛光催化氧化实验。结果表明：在苯酚废水曝气量为0～3L/min的条件下,随着曝气量的增大,COD去除率先增大后减小;初始浓度不变,光照时间为1h的条件下, 调节pH值在3～11,苯酚废水COD去除率随着pH值的增大而减小,当pH值为11时, COD去除率又开始增 大,酸性条件比碱性条件下COD去除率高;随着二氧化钛投加量的增加,COD去除率增大,当二氧化钛投加量 为10g/L时,COD去除率反而降低,二氧化钛最佳投加量为3g/L;随着苯酚废水初始浓度由75mg/L增加至300mg/L,COD去除率由78.2％降低到58.1％;反应温度的改变对COD和TOC的去除率没有影响。     

煤层气采出水达标排放处理工艺试验

文章探讨了一些常规的及新兴煤层气采出水处理方法,并在鄂东区块某公司开展了曝气生物滤池处理方法试验。结果表明:处理后满足GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类标准,DB 61/224—2011《黄河流域(陕西段)污水综合排放标准》(一级标准),CODCr去除率为50%～60%,NH3-N可降低到检出限0.04mg/L以下;最佳水力停留时间为6.7h(流量23L/h),处理成本可降到3元/m3以下。建议场站建设应早期规划集水设施敷设,以保证后续采出水集中处理,降低处理成本。     

煤层气采出水达标排放处理技术研究

以鄂东区块采出水为研究对象,在对其水质特征充分分析的基础上,研究提出了“固定化微生物”曝气生物滤池的采出水COD和NH3-N的去除工艺,开展了3个阶段的现场试验进行COD和NH3-N去除效果的验证,同时采用GC-MS分析方法探究采出水中有机物氧化降解情况。试验数据显示：最终出水的COD、NH3-N均低于40,2mg/L排放指标要求,难降解有机物种类和数量大幅减少。其中,COD去除率从70％逐步提升至880％,且随水力停留时间（HRT）增加而不断提升;NH3-N去除率可稳定达到99％以上,远低于标准设定值2mg/L,且对HRT的调整不敏感。研究结果表明,以“固定化微生物-曝气生物滤池＋活性炭吸附”为主体的工艺的处理技术,对鄂东区块采出水中的COD,NH3-N和难降解有机物均具有明显的去除效果,将HRT调整至8h左右时,出水仍可稳定达标,此时的直接运行费用将降至1.40元/m3以下,较化学处理工艺处理费用低70％以上,实现了鄂东区块煤层气采出水的“低成本、 稳定达标排放”处理。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.