The BG measurement system for hazardous substances (BGMG) and the exposure database of hazardous substances (MEGA).

German employers' liability insurance associations or Berufsgenossenschaften (BGs)--institutions for statutory accident insurance--maintain a measurement system for hazardous substances, the so-called BGMG. The aim of the BGMG is to determine and document valid results of measurements of exposure primarily for prevention purposes. The data are collected systematically, in parallel to the sampling in a company. Parameters which are supposed to have a visible effect on exposure levels are documented. The MEGA database (documentation of measurement data relating to workplace exposure to hazardous substances) holds 1,629 million measurement values, which have been compiled in since 1972. The database offers a host of selection possibilities for assessments depending on the evaluation strategy.     

重大事故危害阈值的探讨

给出重大事故危害阈值的定义和主要类型。通过对国内外相关文献的分析,确定出火灾、爆炸伤害准则,并对各种常见毒物紧急暴露阈值进行比较。在此基础上,给出各种事故场景下不同人员伤害程度下的伤害阈值。该伤害阈值标准按对人员伤害程度的不同,分为高致死、致死出现、不可逆效应和可逆效应4种。给出的伤害阈值可应用于重大危险源或工业园区的安全评价、安全规划以及应急规划等工作。     

危废焚烧工程火灾危险性分析及消防系统的选择

为更好地指导危废焚烧工程的消防设计,分析了《危险废物集中焚烧处置工程建设技术规范》(HJ/T 176—2005)、《建筑设计防火规范(2018年版)》(GB 50016—2014)、《石油化工企业设计防火标准(2018年版)》(GB 50160—2008)、《火力发电厂与变电站设计防火标准》(GB 50229—2019)、《钢铁冶金企业设计防火标准》(GB 50414—2018)和《火灾自动报警系统设计规范》(GB 50116—2013)的相关条文,明确了危废焚烧工程重点区域的火灾危险性,对各种火灾报警及灭火系统的适用性进行了对比,并对消防系统的选择提出了建议。     

根据循证医学理论和方法研制我国的《非常规工作制条件下职业接触限值调整指南》

对我国现行的职业接触限值及其制订依据进行梳理,系统研究美国、加拿大等国家职业接触限值调整的原理及方法,根据循证医学的理论和方法,确定我国《非常规工作制条件下职业接触限值调整指南》的制定依据、基本框架,梳理重要术语以及核心技术参数等,并对722种化学有害因素进行分类,包括修改魁北克模型第三版中73种物质的分类,比较核对我国现行职业接触限值标准（GBZ2.1-2007）,依据GBZ2.1的编制说明以及其他相关资料,补充魁北克模型中尚未涵盖的36种物质及其分类,在此基础上,进一步讨论《指南》解决的核心问题及需进一步配套进行的科学研究。     

健康风险暴露评价研究进展

综述了国内外健康风险暴露评价的最新研究进展,重点讨论了对人体进行直接监测的生物监测技术和对环境中污染因子进行间接监测并利用数学模型进行暴露剂量计算的间接方法。生物监测方法通过测定人体生理介质(如血液、尿液)中的污染物质及其代谢产物含量确定人体对环境污染物的暴露情况,监测结果反映了风险因子通过所有暴露途径进入人体的总暴露剂量。为了利用生物监测结果评价人体暴露安全性,近几年建立了生物监测等效值的概念,推导确定化学物质的生物监测等效值发展迅速。环境监测和数学模型间接方法通过对不同暴露媒介中风险因子的浓度监测和特定暴露途径的量化研究,同时利用精确的暴露计算模型(如空气分散模型、地下水扩散模型)计算人体对污染物的暴露剂量。生物监测和环境监测技术及数学模型的发展使健康风险评价和管理的暴露参数更加精确,降低了风险评价的不确定性。还介绍了利用数学模拟和剂量重建等方法插补历史空白暴露数据的方法。     

基于ARIMA-LOESS模型的危化品道路运输事故起数预测

文章针对危化品道路运输事故预测问题,运用差分自回归移动平均模型(Autoregressive Integrat-ed Moving Average,ARIMA)与局部加权回归模型(Locally Estimated Scatterplot Smoothing,LOESS)的组合模型,对我国危化品道路运输事故发生起数进行...     

Issues with using police citations to assign responsibility in quasi-induced exposure

Crash fault determination is one of the most critical issues in applications of quasi-induced exposure. Traditionally, the driver citation issued by the investigating police officer is the primary source to assign responsibility for motor vehicle crashes. Such citations are based on the “evidence” or observation of a moving violation (such as engaged hazardous actions) in combination with non-moving violations (such as suspended driver license) prior to the crash. The objective here is to identify the contributing factors that may lead to driver citations in two-vehicle crashes in addition to the hazardous action. Multivariate binary logistic regression modeling is employed to explore the behavior of the investigating police officer in terms of issuing citation at the crash scene. A series of explanatory parameters including roadway characteristics, environmental factors, and driver and vehicle attributes is assessed. The results show that whether the crash type was a hit-and-run, alcohol and illegal drug use, driver gender, driver age, and injury severity all appear to have significant impacts on the investigating officer’s decision-making. Specific examples are given to demonstrate how two factors hit-and-run and drinking status can skew the exposure estimates in the context of quasi-induced exposure. The findings will help to serve as a basis to select appropriate parameters in assigning crash responsibility in quasi-induced exposure applications; and we make recommendations to modify existing crash database for better safety research in the future.     

Changes in the peripheral blood flow in legs in response to the cold: own studies using plethysmography

The thermal environment in the workplace is an important factor which affects workers’ health. During 2011 in Poland, 14,781 workers were exposed to a cold working environment, i.e., 3.8% of persons employed in hazardous work conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the cardiovascular response to continuous (4 °C for 60 min) and intermittent (10 min at 4 °C and 10 min at room temperature alternately) exposure to the cold in 30 healthy men aged 20–27 years. Peripheral blood flow was assessed with impedance plethysmography. Heart rate and arterial blood pressure were monitored with the Holter system. Having assessed the results, it is difficult to say which kind of exposure has a more severe impact on the cardiovascular system. Longer observation and a more detailed analysis would be necessary (e.g., Doppler echocardiography).     

危险品运输实时监控及应急救援服务平台构建

针对我国危险品运输监管及应急救援现状,提出构建"危险品运输实时监控及应急救援服务平台"的技术方案。设计了平台系统的技术框架,介绍装载于危险品运输车辆之上的"监控终端"以及应急救援车辆之上的"智能终端"的基本功能,并以环保部门为例阐述了服务平台与危险废物监管政务平台之间的数据交换及功能耦合,以及利用服务平台开展危险品运输事故应急救援联动流程。该平台可望解决"危险品运输多部门监管数据不一致以及多部门联动应急救援调度困难"这一实际问题。     

甲撑二苯基二异氰酸酯(MDI)生产过程中危险有害因素及对策措施

甲撑二苯基二异氰酸酯 (MDI)生产过程中涉及到了多种危险有害因素。笔者通过对国内现役MDI生产装置进行调研 ,同时结合国内外其他涉及光气生产厂家的情况 ,分析并指出了生产过程中可能出现的危险有害因素 ,从而提出了相应的对策措施     

中小企业作业场所有毒有害物质危险评价方法

针对中小企业职业卫生管理中专业人员、技术及资源缺乏的特点建立了一种作业场所有毒有害物质危险评价分级的简便方法。该方法建立在物质的毒性评估和暴露评估基础之上,能对有毒有害物质的危害性进行科学、客观的评价,而且该方法实用性很强,无需太多的专业知识和技术的要求,很好满足了中小企业在有毒有害物质危险评价方面的需求。此外,在危险评价分级基础上,对不同的危害等级提出了相应的控制策略,为中小企业制定作业场所有毒有害物质的控制措施提供有价值的参考。     

Calculation of Fire and Explosion Index (F&EI) value for the Dow Guide taking credit for the loss control measures

The Dow Fire and Explosion Index (F&EI) is universally used in evaluating the hazard category of a process plant, area of exposure, expected losses in case of fire and explosion, etc. In the current procedure, the effects of the loss control measures (LCMs) on the F&EI value are not taken into account. This makes the plant look more hazardous, makes it more spread out, requires more elaborate emergency measures and alarms the public and the civil administration more than is necessary. It also affects the insurance premium.We suggest taking the effects of the LCMs into account in the F&EI value. We call this the ‘Offset F&EI’ value. It favorably affects all the above items, and other related ones. To do this, we have developed the relevant equations and have proved the efficacy of the Offset F&EI by means of an example.     

危险废物多目标规划模型研究

根据危险废物系统管理的原则,采用全过程管理理念,运用最优化理论和系统分析方法,充分考虑各种因素,建立了危险废物多目标规划模型,并提出模型的求解方法。考虑废物间的相容性和复合效用函数,将所建立的危险废物多目标规划模型应用于重庆市主城区危险废物系统管理规划。结果表明,在设计的案例和场景下,分别以环境影响、经济因素、综合考虑环境因素和经济因素为首要因素考虑时,得到不同的优化方案。该模型的应用为环境管理者对危险废物系统管理提供了决策支持。     

危险废物风险评价与管理

从危险废物风险评价的基本含义人手,在讨论了危险废物风险评价应遵循的原则和评价依据基础上,就危险废物风险评价方法、评价内容和评价程序等内容进行了探讨。在参考相关参数和模型的基础上重点论述了危险废物风险评价参数的选择和模型。最后提到了危险废物风险评价的管理,提出了一种风险管理体系。     

对危险化学品经营单位安全评价的探讨

安全评价作为现代先进安全生产管理模式内容之一,它的推广应用必将对提高危险化学品经营单位安全管理科学化和规范化水平产生积极的影响.本文结合笔者从事危险化学品经营单位安全评价工作的经验,就目前评价工作的现状、存在的主要问题及解决的方法进行探讨.     

车用汽油铅损害及其对策研究

针对车用汽油的抗爆性能要求,探讨四乙基铅（Ｐｂ（Ｃ２Ｈ５）４）抗爆添加剂的作用机理,并着重分析研究了由此而引起的发动机铅排放对人类造成的损害及给大气环境等带来的污染。还探讨了车用汽油铅损害的对策及其最新进展     

基于3S技术的危险废物污染事故预警系统

运用卫星遥感(RS)技术、地理信息系统(GIS)和全球定位系统(GPS),按国家、省、市、县4级模式,建立突发性危险废物污染事故预警系统.国家级预警系统主要对跨省界及跨国突发性污染事故进行应急处置,对省级应急事故处置进行指导;省级预警系统主要对跨市界突发性污染事故进行应急处置,并指导市级污染事故应急处置;市级预警系统主要负责跨县界突发性污染事故的应急处置并指导县级污染事故应急处置;县级预警系统主要负责本行政区内的突发性污染事故的应急处置.建立4级预警系统的主要目的是使各级政府突出重点,集中解决本行政区域内突发性环境污染事故的应急处置,从管理层面上在全国建立一个能对突发性污染事故实施统一指挥协调、现场快速监测和应急处理,又能对污染隐患进行监控和警告的应急响应系统.以辽宁省辽河为案例,通过3S技术的综合运用,构建省级流域突发性危险废物污染事故预警系统方案,为政府应急决策提供快速服务.     

Classification of the Substances on the Basis of the Acute-Toxic-Class Method (ATC)

The acute-toxic-class method (ATC) is an alternative to the classical LD₅₀ test. Four substances were tested with an ATC testing procedure. The results were compared with LD₅₀ data obtained from the literature. Great importance was attached to the observations of toxic signs following administration. The results of this study have shown that the ATC method allows allocation to toxicity classes in the same manner as on the basis of the classical LD₅₀ tests. The ATC method uses fewer animals and yields the same information on toxic signs. Introducing the ATC method into the quality system allows estimating the acute oral toxicity of chemicals according to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD; OECD, 1992, 1996).     

危险化学品仓储事故演化规律及消防力量需求研究

危险化学品仓储火灾事故复杂,处置难度大,易引发事故多米诺效应,对人民的生命和财产造成严重威胁。本文分析了危化品仓储火灾爆炸事故的演化规律和事故风险,结合事故案例剖析危化品仓储火灾爆炸事故后果及对周边区域的影响。针对危险化学品仓储火灾爆炸事故,建立危化品仓储火灾扑救泡沫需求评价二级指标体系,采用模糊层次分析法建立了泡沫灭火剂用量评价数学模型,并根据救援力量类别需求、各种应急救援装备与作战人员需求建立危化品火灾消防力量需求预测模型,准确预测危化品仓储事故消防力量需求。     

危险化学品的信息化、智能化监管

为提升危险化学品行业的整体安全水平,减少运输装卸、储存保管和使用等环节的安全隐患,利用物联网、地理信息化、云计算、大数据等先进技术,建设危险化学品监管信息化平台,采用智能化、信息化的监管模式,有助于危险化学品管理,减少事故发生。这种主动式、精细化、智能化的安全监管,是危险化学品监管的发展方向。