应急封井装置与深水井喷喷流井口对接模拟研究

为研究井喷高速喷流对应急封井装置与井口对接时的冲击影响规律,应用CFD数值模拟方法研究应急封井装置下放距离、对接偏距、井喷喷速对流场分布、冲击力的影响规律.结果表明:装置下放对接过程中短轴方向所受冲击力增加幅度较大;水平方向对接时,随着偏距的减小,装置所受冲击力降低,且降低速率增加;应急封井装置处于相同高度时井喷流体的...     

射流泵式切割装置的理论及试验研究

提出了射流泵式切割装置及其设计理论。该装置能较好地诱发气蚀。在非淹没条件下,对该装置与普通单喷嘴装置进行了对比试验。试验结果表明,在相同的工作条件下,射流泵式切割装置比普通单喷嘴切割装置能耗低,切割深度大。据此试验结果,提出了射流泵式切割装置的最佳工作参数     

Evaluation of the effectiveness of toe board energy-absorbing material for foot,ankle, and lower leg injury reduction

Objective: Since 2000, numerous improvements have been made to the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing, Incorporated (NASCAR®) driver restraint system, resulting in improved crash protection for motorsports drivers. Advancements have included seats, head and neck restraints (HNRs), seat belt restraint systems, driver helmets, and others. These enhancements have increased protection for drivers from severe crash loading. Extending protection to the driver's extremities remains challenging. Though the drivers’ legs are well contained for lateral and vertical crashes, they remain largely unrestrained in frontal and frontal oblique crashes.

Method: Sled testing was conducted for the evaluation of an energy-absorbing (EA) toe board material to be used as a countermeasure for leg and foot injuries. Testing included baseline rigid toe boards, tests with EA material–covered toe boards, and pretest positioning of the 50th percentile male frontal Hybrid III anthropomorphic test device (ATD) lower extremities. ATD leg and foot instrumentation included foot acceleration and tibia forces and moments.

Results: The sled test data were evaluated using established injury criteria for tibial plateau fractures, leg shaft fractures, and calcaneus, talus, ankle, and midfoot fractures.

Conclusion: A polyurethane EA foam was found to be effective in limiting axial tibia force and foot accelerations when subjected to frontal impacts using the NASCAR motorsport restraint system.     

电源频率对大气压氦气射流等离子体放电特性的影响

为探究大气压射流等离子体放电特性,利用同轴双环电极结构等离子体射流装置,研究电源频率、外加电压对氦气射流放电电流、起始电压、消耗功率、放电平均功率、射流长度等参数的影响规律。结果表明:放电图像在f=7.88,8.40,8.90 kHz电源频率下,随着电压增加,等离子体射流长度先增长后稳定;电压-电流关系符合辉光放电特征;同一电源频率下,随外加电压升高,放电电流脉冲个数增多、幅值增大、脉冲曲线产生畸变,装置消耗功率和放电功率所受影响不大。     

An integrated information technology assisted driving system to improve mine trucks-related safety

This paper presents the conceptual model and framework of a novel information technology assisted driving system (ADS) to help improve mine trucks-related safety. The main components of the system include a real-time Google Earth (GE) graphics, GPS, a wireless communication network, a truck driver’s fatigue detection system, and an enhanced visibility display to restore degraded images when operating under severe visibility conditions. Mine trucks are traced and proximity warning is provided using GPS, IP addressable radios for wireless data transmission, and the GE graphic interface. Driver’s fatigue levels are detected and assessed using face tracing, extraction of eye features, and fatigue recognition algorithms. Development of such integrated information technology assisted driving system has a potential to be applied in coal, metal and non-metal surface mining operations.     

高压水射流系统动态特性试验研究

阐述了建立ＧＹＳ—３００系统的原理图及其主要装置特性。还阐述了高压容器对水射流系统动态压力特性影响的试验及其结果分析。试验结果表明合理地选配高压容器，可使往复式增压器高压水射流系统获得良好的动态工作特性，并使所研制的水射流系统具有工业应用前景。     

增压器式超高压水射流切割机产品化体会及展望

作为我国高压水射流切割机的第一个产品即“大地水刀”,已进入市场两年多了。笔者以此为背景,介绍增压器式水切割机的超高压发生器及切割部分;讨论其主要部件、零件结构设计及关键技术。尤其在产业化中,对高压缸体疲劳寿命和高压动密封可靠性等问题解决方案作深入探讨;给出在相关技术方面近期的发展。最后,结合我国水切割机技术的提高和推广,提出初步的看法和建议。     

用射流装置消除大型泵机组的汽蚀振动

一大型石化工程中乙烯乙二醇装置用碳酸盐泵投料运行后,泵机组和进出口管线就发生异常的噪声与振动现象,严重影响到生产安全和作业环境。笔者分析了异常噪声、振动的原因,认为是由于泵发生汽蚀所致;提出了在泵进口管线增设射流装置的措施,将泵自身出口的一部分高压液体引入到射流装置,并与来自储罐的液体混合,增加液体压头后提供给泵进口,以提高装置的有效汽蚀余量,消除大型泵机组由于汽蚀引起的噪声、振动;研讨了射流装置的设计参数和结构设计。通过增设射流装置的技术的措施,有效地解决了泵机组及进出口管线的异常噪声、振动问题,消除了化工系统的安全生产隐患。该技术措施还可以用于电厂等有类似问题的其他装置,有广泛的实用价值。     

基于生理指标的建筑工人攀登作业疲劳实验研究

为研究攀登作业建筑工人生理疲劳状态的评测指标,提出1种基于生理指标的建筑工人攀登作业疲劳测度实验方法。首先,设计实验测量建筑工人的心率、皮肤温度、舒张压、收缩压4项生理指标,结合Brog’s RPE主观疲劳程度量表研究建筑工人生理疲劳的变化;其次,提取上述4项指标的平均值和标准差作为生理指标特征值,利用静息状态下生理指标特征值和疲劳状态下生理指标特征值进行方差分析、球形检验、T检验筛选出与疲劳相关的特征值;最后,利用支持向量机构建疲劳检测模型。研究结果表明：上述8项生理指标特征值与攀登作业工人疲劳具有显著相关性,疲劳检测模型的准确率为96.875%,研究结果可对攀登作业人员疲劳评估和疲劳预警具有实践性意义。     

Development of an algorithm for an EEG-based driver fatigue countermeasure

PROBLEM: Fatigue affects a driver's ability to proceed safely. Driver-related fatigue and/or sleepiness are a significant cause of traffic accidents, which makes this an area of great socioeconomic concern. Monitoring physiological signals while driving provides the possibility of detecting and warning of fatigue. The aim of this paper is to describe an EEG-based fatigue countermeasure algorithm and to report its reliability. METHOD: Changes in all major EEG bands during fatigue were used to develop the algorithm for detecting different levels of fatigue. RESULTS: The software was shown to be capable of detecting fatigue accurately in 10 subjects tested. The percentage of time the subjects were detected to be in a fatigue state was significantly different than the alert phase (P<.01). DISCUSSION: This is the first countermeasure software described that has shown to detect fatigue based on EEG changes in all frequency bands. Field research is required to evaluate the fatigue software in order to produce a robust and reliable fatigue countermeasure system. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The development of the fatigue countermeasure algorithm forms the basis of a future fatigue countermeasure device. Implementation of electronic devices for fatigue detection is crucial for reducing fatigue-related road accidents and their associated costs.     

Driver Fatigue and Road Safety on Poland’s National Roads

This paper presents an overview of factors causing driver fatigue as described in the literature. Next, a traffic crash database for 2003–2007 is used to identify the causes, circumstances and consequences of accidents caused by driver fatigue on Poland’s national roads. The results of the study were used to build a model showing the relationship between the concentration of road accidents and casualties, and the time of day. Finally, the level of relative accident risk at night-time versus daytime is defined. A map shows the risk of death and severe injury on the network of Poland’s national roads. The paper suggests to road authorities steps to reduce fatigue-related road accidents in Poland.     

Occupational deaths and injuries by the types of street cleaning process

This study aims to obtain an overall picture of occupational injuries by the types of street cleaning process. Three hundred and fifty-four injured persons were analyzed in terms of the company size and details of the injured persons and accidents. Results show that ‘roadway cleaning’ was the most common type of cleaning process for injuries, followed by ‘sidewalk cleaning,’ ‘going/returning to work by bike’ and ‘lifting/carrying.’ The findings also show that most accidents which occur when ‘going/returning to work by bike’ are in the form of traffic accidents, while in other processes they happen most often in the form of slips. Most of the accidents related to ‘lifting/carrying’ affected workers in their 50s or younger while other processes had a large portion of injured persons in their 50s or older. The findings of this study can be used as baseline data for preventative policies.     

淹没条件对连续射流破碎含瓦斯煤效率影响研究

为研究淹没条件对射流破煤效率的削弱程度,基于ALE算法,借助Ansys/Ls dyna模拟软件,建立围压状态下非淹没及淹没射流破碎含瓦斯煤体流固耦合模型,通过动态追踪破碎坑体单元失效演化过程及内部应力分布等瞬时信息,探讨2种射流状态下破煤成坑过程及破煤效率的差异。研究结果表明:淹没射流与非淹没射流两者破煤坑体形态差异显著,非淹没射流条件下射流破煤坑体断面较窄,深度较深,破煤效率前后阶段差别不大;淹没射流条件下射流破煤坑体断面较宽,深度较浅,在初始阶段形成漏斗状的破碎坑体,而后逐渐向下延伸,在0～100 μs内破煤效率最高;相同工况、同一时间内,淹没射流平均破煤深度是非淹没射流平均破煤深度的41.46%。研究结果可为水射流技术的现场应用提供参考依据。     

旋转风幕流场的数值模拟及实验研究

基于流体力学中空气射流理论,建立气幕旋风排风罩流场的三维数学模型。影响气幕旋风排风罩效果的因素很多,主要包括:射流气动参数、吹吸气动参数以及流动空间的边界条件和装置结构等。针对不同送风速度、不同送风角度下两种情况进行分析,并利用FLUENT计算动力学软件对这两种情况下气幕旋风排风罩的流场进行了数值模拟,经过比较确定出最佳效果时的参数,并利用示综烟雾进行了实验。结果表明:所建立的气幕旋风排风罩流场的数学模型完全正确,所确定的最佳效果时的参数和实际情况基本一致,可用于工程实际。     

基于空气幕与排烟系统的隧道火灾烟气控制研究*

为研究隧道火灾时空气幕与排烟系统复合模式下的烟气蔓延规律,优化选择防排烟方式,以某越江隧道为研究对象,运用FDS数值模拟方法探究射流速度、排烟量和空气幕与排烟口间距对防排烟效果的影响。结果表明:空气幕与排烟口间距对射流特性与烟气蔓延有较强影响,间距为30 m的控烟效果最佳;空气幕与机械排烟复合作用的控烟效果远优于每个独立系统,可实现可靠挡烟和有效排烟;当火源功率20 MW时,随空气幕射流速度的增加挡烟效果有所增加,但射流速度不宜过大,取20~30 m/s;机械排烟对温度与可见度影响比空气幕作用效果显著,一定程度上增加排烟量可降低所需气幕射流速度;综合考虑防排烟的有效性和经济性,取射流速度为20 m/s、排烟量为100 m3/s为最优防排烟组合方式。     

Implications of turnover and trust for safety attitudes and behaviour in work teams

Turnover potentially leads to a new individual being selected into a work team. This study investigated the safety-specific trust which team members place in their organisation’s selection and induction processes, and related this to the perceived risk from new employees. The research was conducted with teams working in forest harvesting, an occupation which has high-turnover, high risk and a high accident rate. Results indicate that trust in induction processes was negatively correlated with perceived risk from a new employee. Team members also engaged in a number of safety ensuring behaviours when a new individual joined the team, and these were related to the level of perceived risk, and how much they cared about their team members’ safety. It is argued that trust in the safety-specific characteristics of an organisation’s selection and induction process may have negative consequences for safety.     

井下支护作业人员颈部肌肉疲劳特性研究*

为探究井下支护作业人员颈部肌肉疲劳受伸张和屈曲角度变化的影响,采用表面肌电法（sEMG）实验模拟测量7种点位角度下,颈部夹肌、斜方肌以及胸锁乳突肌在不同作业频率时的疲劳情况,以积分肌电值(iEMG)及中值频率（MF）评价各肌肉疲劳程度。研究结果表明:低频实验中随点位角度的增大,颈部屈曲活动时,胸锁乳突肌疲劳变化明显,iEMG疲劳前后差值最大为1.55,MF下降率最大为0.60;颈部伸展活动时,夹肌疲劳变化明显,iEMG疲劳前后差值最大为1.59,MF下降率最大为0.59;斜方肌未表现出明显疲劳变化规律。高频实验相较低频实验疲劳发生速度加快,疲劳积累程度显著提升,颈部活动主要肌肉疲劳发生时间由16~19 min提前至13~17 min,各肌肉MF下降速度为低频实验的1~1.55倍。     

基于数值模拟的槽边射流吹吸罩控制面与控制风速研究

槽边射流吹吸罩已广泛应用,但以射流理论为基础的计算方法多通过经验确定关键控制参数,并进行设计和应用,忽略了一些因素对吹吸流场的影响,难以准确确定槽边射流吹吸罩控制面板位置和控制污染物所需最小风速的要求。因此,以苏联巴杜林的射流末端速度法为例,利用计算机流体力学计算技术,对不同送排风速情况下三维槽边射流吹吸罩的流场分布和毒物控制效果进行模拟分析,确定槽边射流吹吸罩控制面位于0.6～0.8 L的位置,一般取0.65 L的位置,为防止污染物扩散,控制面的风速不宜小于1.28 m/s。     

基于正交分析的防烟缓冲区参数设置研究

为了研究典型长廊型高层建筑中走廊-前室缓冲区不同参数设置对烟气控制的影响,利用FDS软件建立长廊型高建筑火灾烟气运动模型。利用空气幕配合正压送风在前室门前形成防烟缓冲区,运用正交设计的方法分析流量比、空气幕射流速度以及空气幕射流角度对缓冲区防烟能力的影响,得出防烟缓冲区最佳模式为空气幕送风量与前室加压送风量之比为2∶1,空气幕射流速度为8 m/s,空气幕射流角度为30°。与传统正压送风防烟模式相比,防烟缓冲区最佳模式下,前室的平均CO浓度降低了99.99%,平均温度降低了98.47%,防烟缓冲最佳模式使前室加压送风量减少了1/3,楼梯间加压风量减少22.56%,节约了送竖井的地面积,减少了进入走廊和火场区的送风量,使排烟效率提高了8.76%。     

Visual Strain and Lighting Preferences of VDT Users Under Different Lighting Systems

Lighting influences users’ visual strain and well-being. Therefore creating lighting that ensures visual work conditions do not result in visual fatigue is a preventive activity. The aim of the study was to model different lighting systems for visual display terminal (VDT) work and to determine their influence on users’ visual strain and preferences. The results of the study showed that visual fatigue was lowest for indirect and compound lighting systems. On the other hand, in general, direct lighting realized by “dark-light” luminaires was the most preferred lighting system. Some interesting differences related to age, gender, and VDT work experience were found. On the basis of the obtained results lighting designers can be provided with some guidance.