阻燃抗热防护服装材料及其检测手段的现状及发展趋势

阻燃抗热防护服装在劳动保护领域起着重要的作用。本文分别详细介绍了阻燃抗热防护服装所经常使用的各种功能性纤维材料的性能及发展现状，以及针对非阻燃常规纺织纤维的阻燃改性技术和针对常规纤维纺织品的阻燃整理技术。文章同时介绍了现行国家标准中推荐的阻燃抗热防护服装的阻燃性能检测技术，对国际上先进的TPP检测系统和热人仪检测系统也作了简要的描述。本文对于了解阻燃抗热服装及其阻燃抗热性能检测技术的现状和发展具有一定的指导意义。     

中子辐射防护服的设计、结构与效果

系统地阐述了中子辐射防护服的设计依据、结构、式样及使用效果。表明这是一种能有效地屏蔽热中子和中能中子的防护器具,可用于许多场所。     

The Effects of Local Cooling on Thermophysiological Response in Participants Wearing Dust-Free Garments

This study was designed to find the effects of two kinds of dust-free garments with (A) and without (B) frozen gel strip (FGS), and half-naked clothing (brassiere and shorts; C) on thermophysiological parameters and on temperature and humidity within clothing. The heart rate, rectal, and skin temperatures as well as sweat rate and clothing microclimate were measured during 140 min in 9 healthy females. Inquiries were also made into the subjective rating of thermal, humidity, and comfort sensations. The main findings in our experiments are as follows: (a) Physiological parameters such as rectal and skin temperatures (chest and forehead), heart rate, and sweat rate were clearly lowest in garb C, intermediate in garb A, and highest in garb B throughout the experiment; (b) Temperature and humidity within clothing were lower in garb A than in garb B; (c) More than half of the 9 participants decreased thermal sensation by wearing garb A. These results suggest that the usage of FGS could improve the heat load in lightly working participants wearing dust-free garments.     

The roles of garment design and scene complexity in the daytime conspicuity of high-visibility safety apparel

INTRODUCTION: This study examines the effects of high-visibility garment design on daytime pedestrian conspicuity in work zones. Factors assessed were garment color, amount of background material, pedestrian arm motion, scene complexity, and driver age. METHOD: The study was conducted in naturalistic conditions on public roads in real traffic. Drivers drove two passes on a 31-km route and indicated when they detected pedestrians outfitted in the fluorescent garments. The locations of the vehicle and the pedestrian were recorded. RESULTS: Detection distances between fluorescent yellow-green and fluorescent red-orange garments were not significantly different, nor were there any significant two-way interactions involving garment color. Pedestrians were detected at longer distances in lower complexity scenes. Arm motion significantly increased detection distances for pedestrians wearing a Class 2 vest, but had little added benefit on detection distances for pedestrians wearing a Class 2 jacket. DISCUSSION: Daytime detection distances for pedestrians wearing Class 2 or Class 3 garments are longest when the complexity of the surround is low. The more background information a driver has to search through, the longer it is likely to take the driver to locate a pedestrian--even when wearing a high-visibility garment. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: These findings will provide information to safety garment manufacturers about characteristics of high-visibility safety garments which make them effective for daytime use.     

Protection provided by clothing and textiles against potential hazards in the operating theatre.

The typical hospital and operating theatre present multiple potential hazards to both workers and patients, and protection against some of these is provided through use of various forms of clothing and textiles. While many standards exist for determining the performance of fabrics, most tests are conducted under laboratory conditions and against a single hazard. This paper provides an overview of selected developments in the principal properties of fabrics and garments for use in these workplaces, identifies the key standards, and suggests topics for further investigation.     

High visibility safety apparel and nighttime conspicuity of pedestrians in work zones

PROBLEM: Every year numerous occupational fatalities result from pedestrians being struck by motor vehicles intruding into work zones. METHOD: Attributes of retroreflective personal safety garments on pedestrian conspicuity at night were assessed in a field study. Using instrumented vehicles on a closed track, participants drove through simulated work zones attempting to detect pedestrians located in the work zones. RESULTS: Configuration of the retroreflective trim, trim color, placement in the work zone, and driver age significantly affected pedestrian conspicuity. Intensity and the amount of retroreflective trim did not. DISCUSSION: Personal safety garments incorporating retroreflective trim significantly improve pedestrian conspicuity in work zones. SUMMARY: The results emphasize the importance of retroreflective trim on personal safety garments, particularly if the trim is located on garment sleeves. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: We examine the design attributes that contribute to making a personal safety garment conspicuous. The results have implications regarding preferred garment designs, industry standards, and service life of personal safety garments.     

Protective clothing for pesticide operators: part II – data analysis of fabric characteristics

Development of objective measurements is an important requirement for establishing performance-based standards for protective clothing used while handling pesticide. This study, the second in a two-part series, reports on the work completed to evaluate the performance of approximately 100 fabrics that are either used or have the potential to be used for garments worn by operators while applying pesticides. Part I, published separately, provides an overview of these issues and describes research undertaken to select a test chemical for use in subsequent studies. The goals of this study were first to develop a comprehensive approach to evaluate the performance of garments currently being used by pesticide operators, and second, to use the laboratory and field data in the development of performance specifications.     

Degradation of fluorescent high-visibility colors used in safety garments for the Australian railway industry

IntroductionThis study investigated the compliance of four fluorescent orange high-visibility garment substrates that are predominantly used in the Australian railway industry. While Special Purpose Orange (SPO), a shade of the Fluorescent orange (Fl-orange) is recommended by most Australian states as the high-visibility background color of a safety garment, there appear to be variations in the background color of clothing used by line-workers and rail contractors. The color of the garment was assessed for compliance with the Australian Standard AS/NZS 1906.2.2010 for high-visibility materials for safety garments. The results were also compared with ANSI Z535.2011 and BS EN ISO 20471.2013 Standards.MethodPhotometric and colorimetric assessments of the background color of the garment substrates were performed using a spectrophotometer and were evaluated for compliance with the Standards after washing and exposure to UV.ResultsThe spectrophotometry measurements showed that Fl-orange background color for all samples except one complied with the AS/NZS 1906.2 Standard for daytime high-visibility garments after 20 washes but failed to comply after exposure to UV. It was also found that the chromaticity coordinates of the corners of the Fl-orange color space, specified in the AS/NZS 1906.4.2010 Standard are much wider and yellower when compared with the ANSI Z535.1.2011 and BS EN ISO 20471.2013 Standards. The sample that failed to comply with the Australian and American Standards however complied with the ISO Standard.Practical ApplicationsIrrespective of the Standard used, the research has shown the degrading effect of washing and light exposure and raises the questions as to how regularly, and under what conditions high-visibility garments need to be replaced. These findings will provide information for safety garment manufacturers about the characteristics and performance of high-visibility safety garments which make them conspicuous during daytime use. This research recommends that colors for railway workers should be chosen based on the conspicuity, commercial viability, reproducibility and durability rather than simply adopting standards from other industry domains or other countries.     

Heat Gain From Thermal Radiation Through Protective Clothing With Different Insulation,Reflectivity and Vapour Permeability

The heat transferred through protective clothing under long wave radiation compared to a reference condition without radiant stress was determined in thermal manikin experiments. The influence of clothing insulation and reflectivity, and the interaction with wind and wet underclothing were considered. Garments with different outer materials and colours and additionally an aluminised reflective suit were combined with different number and types of dry and pre-wetted underwear layers. Under radiant stress, whole body heat loss decreased, i.e., heat gain occurred compared to the reference. This heat gain increased with radiation intensity, and decreased with air velocity and clothing insulation. Except for the reflective outer layer that showed only minimal heat gain over the whole range of radiation intensities, the influence of the outer garments’ material and colour was small with dry clothing. Wetting the underclothing for simulating sweat accumulation, however, caused differing effects with higher heat gain in less permeable garments.     

Validation of the abrasion resistance test protocols and performance criteria of EN13595: The probability of soft tissue injury to motorcycle riders by abrasion resistance of their clothing

IntroductionMotorcyclists represent an increasing proportion of road users globally and are increasingly represented in crash statistics. Soft tissue injuries are the most common type of injuries to crashed motorcyclists. These injuries can be prevented through the use of protective clothing designed for motorcycle use. However, the quality of such clothing is not controlled in many countries around the world. A European Standard was developed to assess the performance of clothing but as this is not mandatory, clothing certified to this Standard is difficult to obtain. Given the importance of this Standard, and that it has been validated only once, further validation work is required.MethodsIn-depth crash investigation data were used to investigate the relationship between the abrasion resistance performance of clothing and real-world injury outcome. Clothing was collected from riders who crashed on public roads in Sydney and Newcastle, Australia. This clothing was tested according to the EU Standard and the time to hole was recorded. Hospital medical records were reviewed and the association between a rider suffering a soft tissue injury and the time-to-hole for the garment was examined.ResultsThe probability of soft tissue injury for Level 1 Standard garments was between 40–60%, but more than 60% of garments tested failed to meet the minimum requirement.ConclusionsThe findings of this study provide qualified support for the Standard, with a marginal association between time-to-hole and injury being found.Practical ImplicationsThis work supports the need for improved safety performance and an increased number of high performing garments being available to motorcyclists.     

The conspicuity of first-responder safety garments

Introduction

This study compared the conspicuity of three types of first-responder safety garments (NFPA 1971-2007 turnout gear coats, and ANSI/ISEA 107 and 207 safety vests).

Method

Participants drove instrumented vehicles on a closed track during both daytime and nighttime, indicating when they could first detect pedestrians in a simulated emergency response scene. Pedestrians wore one of the safety garments and stood on either side of the emergency scene, facing or perpendicular to oncoming traffic, and either stationary or walking in place.

Results

All three garment standards provided equal levels of conspicuity, in that the distances at which the pedestrians were detected were equivalent. Time of day was a significant factor, with longer mean detection distances being observed in daytime. Pedestrian orientation was significant, with mean detection distances being longest when facing traffic. Pedestrian motion did not result in significant differences in detection distance.

Discussion

The results suggest that all three garment types studied are equivalent in making first responders conspicuous as pedestrians when working an emergency response scene in close proximity to traffic.

Impact on Industry

Whether an NFPA or ANSI/ISEA compliant is worn, first responders are equally likely to be detected by passing motorists, and as such these garments should be considered to be equivalent.     

电磁屏蔽针织服装屏蔽作用的影响因素及机理

本文简述了电磁辐射的危害,论述了电磁屏蔽服装的一般原理。结合前人的研究,针对针织服装特点详细分析了织物厚度、线圈长度、针织组织、服装结构设计等对屏蔽作用的影响规律及机理。最后,提出织物组织结构参数与屏蔽纤维含量、屏蔽纤维之间孔隙的关系,屏蔽纤维含量与屏蔽纤维之间孔隙的合理配置是针织物电磁屏蔽效能研究的关键。同时,进行电磁屏蔽针织服装研究时可以结合人体模型并增加服装结构研究的切入点。     

A suggested approach to the selection of chemical and biological protective clothing--meeting industry and emergency response needs for protection against a variety of hazards.

The paper describes the development of a comprehensive decision logic for selection and use of biological and chemical protective clothing (BCPC). The decision logic recognizes the separate areas of BCPC use among emergency, biological, and chemical hazards. The proposed decision logic provides a system for type classifying BCPC in terms of its compliance with existing standards (for emergency applications), the overall clothing integrity, and the material barrier performance. Type classification is offered for garments, gloves, footwear, and eye/face protection devices. On the basis of multiple, but simply designed flowcharts, the type of BCPC appropriate for specific biological and chemical hazards can be selected. The decision logic also provides supplemental considerations for choosing appropriate BCPC features.     

含湿量对混凝土结构抗火性能试验影响的探讨

较大含湿量是试验用混凝土结构的一个主要特点。根据火灾试验的特点,在大量调研的基础上,结合作者在试验中的经验教训,对含湿量对混凝土结构抗火性能试验的影响做了阐述,这些影响有关于材料性能的,有关于温度场分布的,有关于混凝土爆裂的,有关于结构变形的,有关于结构耐火极限的。重点分析了含湿量对结构变形的影响,讨论了一些有价值的建议和研究方向,对今后混凝土结构抗火性能试验有较大的借鉴意义。     

钢筋混凝土结构抗火性能试验研究现状及存在的问题

在大量调研的基础上,从材料、结构和构件三个层次分析了目前混凝土结构抗火性能试验现状、存在的问题及解决方法。这些问题有的是关于试验标准和方法认识上存在一定争议的,有些是实验室和真实情况的不一致造成的,有些是目前技术水平限制所产生的,有些是目前试验领域缺乏研究或还没有认识到需要研究的问题,讨论了一些有价值的建议和研究方向,对今后混凝土结构抗火性能试验有借鉴意义。     

A numerical model for the prediction of the minimum ignition temperature of dust clouds

This paper presents a numerical model for the prediction of the minimum ignition temperature (MIT) of dust clouds. First, a physical model is developed for the dust cloud ignition in the Godbert-Greenwald furnace. A numerical approach is then applied for the MIT prediction based on the physical model. The model considers heat transfer between the air and dust particles, the dust particle reaction kinetics, and the residence times of dust clouds in the furnace. In general, for the 13 dusts studied, the calculated MIT data are in agreement with the experimental values. There is also great accordance between the experimental and numerical MIT variation trends against particle size. Two different ignition modes are discovered. The first one consists in ignition near the furnace wall for bigger particles characterized by rather short residence times. In the second mode, the ignition starts from the center of the furnace by self-heating of the dust cloud for smaller particles with longer residence times. For magnesium, as dust concentration increases, the lowest ignition temperature of the dust cloud IT(conc) decreases first, then transits to increase at a certain point. The transition happens at different dust concentrations for different particle sizes. Moreover, the MIT of the magnesium dust cloud generally increases as particle size increases, but the increasing trend stagnates within a certain medium particle size range.     

防护服设计中时尚与功能性的协调作用

本文探讨了防护服的产品开发设计过程,重点考虑了怎样将时尚和功能这两个元素和谐地融入到防护服的产品开发中去。本文还列举了一些目前最新的防护服开发案例,也阐明了未来的纺织技术对防护服产生的影响。通过大量的防护服开发案例分析,文章传递着这样一个信息：在不久的将来,防护服会变得更具有保护功能,同时更适应人们的需求,这些需求包括了感官的、情感的、生态的和美观的等;与此同时,防护服的款式和设计也决定了它被接受的程度。     

长大公路隧道性能化安全疏散设计

将性能化安全疏散设计概念引入公路隧道,初步探讨了长大公路隧道性能化安全疏散的设计方法和准则,包括安全疏散的设计要求、步骤、目标和指标等,并以广州增从高速公路凤凰山特长隧道为例,给出其性能化安全疏散设计方案。     

桥式起重机门的安全问题

介绍了桥式起重机上门的开启方向、联锁保护装置的作用、要求等安全问题。     

ISO14000与中国企业

介绍了ISO14000与GB24000,并对企业如何实施ISO14000认证以及中国加入WTO后它对企业的作用和影响进行了论述.为在我国推行国际环境管理体系标准系列提出了建议.