共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
在温度333K、常压条件下,在羟乙基乙二胺(AEE)总量一定的溶液中,研究了不同浓度AEE对CO2的吸收性能;在总胺质量分数为40%的溶液中,研究了不同配比的AEE N-甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)对CO2的吸收性能.考察了吸收过程中吸收速率、吸收量、吸收时间、AEE浓度以及吸收液温度的相互关系.控制解吸过程温度为393K,考察了CO2解吸量与解吸时间的关系.实验表明,适当降低AEE浓度有利于充分发挥AEE溶液的CO2吸收性能;在MDEA溶液中加入适量AEE,可以明显提高CO2的吸收与解吸性能;其中质量分数为20?E 20%MDEA的复合溶液在CO2吸收与解吸过程中表现出良好的实际操作性. 相似文献
2.
ABSTRACT This paper presents a sensitivity analysis of a microscale emission factor model (MicroFacCO) for predicting realtime site-specific motor vehicle CO emissions to input variables, as well as a limited field study evaluation of the model. The sensitivity analysis has shown that MicroFacCO emission estimates are very sensitive to vehicle fleet composition, speed, and ambient temperature. For the present U.S. traffic fleet, the CO emission rate (g/mi) is increased by more than 500% at 5 mph in comparison with a speed greater than 40 mph and by ~67% at ambient temperatures of 45 °F and ≥95 °F in comparison with an ambient temperature of 75 °F. 相似文献
3.
A new approach for state- and utility-level analysis of the cost and regional economic impacts of strategies for reducing utility SO 2 emissions is summarized and applied to Ohio. The methodology is based upon probabilistic production costing and economic input-output analysis. It is an improvement over previous approaches because it: (1) accurately models random outages of generating units, “must-run” constraints on unit output, and the distribution of power demands; and (2) runs quickly on a microcomputer and yet considers the entire range of potential control strategies from a systems perspective. The input-output analysis considers not only the economic effects of utility fuel use and capital investment, but also those of increased electric rates. Two distinct strategies are found to be most attractive for Ohio. The first, more flexible one, consists of emissions dispatching (ED) alone to meet short run emissions reduction targets. A 75 percent reduction can then be achieved by the turn of the century by combining ED and fuel switching (FS) with flue gas desulfiirization, limestone Injection multistage burners, and physical coal cleaning at selected plants. The second is a scrubber-based strategy which includes ED. By the year 2000, energy conservation becomes a cost effective component of these strategies. In order to minimize compliance costs, acid rain legislation which facilitates emissions trading and places regional tonnage limits on emissions is desirable. 相似文献
4.
ABSTRACT This paper presents a technique for the complete, simultaneous decomposition of CO 2, SO 2, and NO x, as well as the simultaneous removal of fly ash by ultra-high voltage pulse activation. Ultra-high voltage narrow pulse is used to make the gases in the reactor become active molecules, which are then dissociated into nonpoisonous gas molecules and solid particles under the control of a directional reaction model. By using a sufficient charge and a strong electric field, the fly ash can be removed. It becomes the carrier of C and S, and its efficiency is 99.5%. Owing to the action of catalyst B (using Ni as the mother's body), the activation energy of CO 2, SO 2, and NO x gases is reduced in great magnitude, and their removal efficiency can reach 75~90% at normal pressure and 180 °C. 相似文献
6.
为了脱除CO2温室气体,提出了利用氨水土壤混合物去除CO2的新方法。分别考察了土壤颗粒粒径、CO2初始流量、氨水浓度(质量比)和温度对CO2脱除量和脱除率的影响。实验结果表明,该方法去除CO2的量较土壤物理吸附量和氨水化学吸收量的总和提高了大约15%;随着氨水浓度的增大,CO2的脱除率和脱除量都增大;随着土壤颗粒粒径和CO2初始流量的增大,CO2的脱除率和脱除量都减小;当温度由22℃升高到31℃,CO2的脱除率随着温度的升高而增大,但是继续升高温度到40℃,CO2的脱除率反而下降。 相似文献
7.
ABSTRACT The decoupling of fossil-fueled electricity production from atmospheric CO 2 emissions via CO 2 capture and sequestration (CCS) is increasingly regarded as an important means of mitigating climate change at a reasonable cost. Engineering analyses of CO 2 mitigation typically compare the cost of electricity for a base generation technology to that for a similar plant with CO 2 capture and then compute the carbon emissions mitigated per unit of cost. It can be hard to interpret mitigation cost estimates from this plant-level approach when a consistent base technology cannot be identified. In addition, neither engineering analyses nor general equilibrium models can capture the economics of plant dispatch. A realistic assessment of the costs of carbon sequestration as an emissions abatement strategy in the electric sector therefore requires a systems-level analysis. We discuss various frameworks for computing mitigation costs and introduce a simplified model of electric sector planning. Results from a “bottom-up” engineering-economic analysis for a representative U.S. North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) region illustrate how the penetration of CCS technologies and the dispatch of generating units vary with the price of carbon emissions and thereby determine the relationship between mitigation cost and emissions reduction. 相似文献
8.
对钙基CO2吸收剂的循环活性改善进行了研究,分析了水蒸气处理对吸收剂的最大转化率、比表面积及孔分布等微观结构变化的影响。结果表明,经水蒸气处理后,钙基CO2吸收剂的循环活性得到了改善,最大转化率比未经水蒸气处理可提高约50百分点;水蒸气处理可大大提高钙基CO2吸收剂的比表面积,并有效改善其孔径分布状态,可使其稳定保持较高的转化率;含碳能源直接制氢过程可在不需要任何添加剂或辅助手段的条件下,有效保持钙基CO2吸收剂的循环活性。 相似文献
9.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study estimated unbalanced panel data analysis to investigate the relationship among CO2 emissions, GDP, renewable and non-renewable energy... 相似文献
10.
Abstract A study design was developed and demonstrated for deployment of a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) for excavators. Excavators are among the most commonly used vehicles in construction activities. The PEMS measured nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, and opacity-based particulate matter. Data collection, screening, processing, and analysis protocols were developed to assure data quality and to quantify variability in vehicle fuel consumption and emissions rates. The development of data collection procedures was based on securing the PEMS while avoiding disruption to normal vehicle operations. As a result of quality assurance, approximately 90% of the attempted measurements resulted in valid data. On the basis of field data collected for three excavators, an average of 50% of the total nitric oxide emissions was associated with 29% of the time of operation, during which the average engine speed and manifold absolute pressure were significantly higher than corresponding averages for all data. Mass per time emission rates during non-idle modes (i.e., moving and using bucket) were on average 7 times greater than for the idle mode. Differences in normalized average rates were influenced more by intercycle differences than intervehicle differences. This study demonstrates the importance of accounting for intercycle variability in real-world in-use emissions to develop more accurate emission inventories. The data collection and analysis methodology demonstrated here is recommended for application to more vehicles to better characterize real-world vehicle activity, fuel use, and emissions for nonroad construction equipment. 相似文献
11.
We analyzed the management, resource use and conservation of the Ankarafantsika National Park (Madagascar) to develop a management plan, which provides a sustainable development strategy of the area while empowering the local residents. Using qualitative methodology we performed interviews with villagers and local organizations to assess the park’s successes and failures from local stakeholders’ perspectives. People living in a village with a permanent Madagascar National Parks (MNP) agent are more favorable to and supportive of the park conservation. People living in the park are supportive but are more divided. On the other hand, people living on the periphery of the park see conservation as more of a burden. Strategies like more equitable distribution of wealth, environment improvement and decentralization of power are discussed to achieve a more sustainable management plan based on community natural resources management. Short-term, medium, and long-term interventions from park authorities are needed to ensure the cooperation of local people in conservation endeavors. 相似文献
12.
Although there have been many studies, focusing on basic determinants of carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), the effect of higher education, which has the potential to be an important determinant of CO2, has been neglected. The paper aims to display the potential mechanisms between higher education and CO2 and expand the environmental economics literature. In the paper, the trade-off between higher education and CO2 is tested by autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) during the period 1983–2017 in Turkey. Results denote that cointegration exists and an increase in higher education negatively affects CO2. We also find that economic growth and energy consumption positively affect CO2 both in the long run and short run. Vector error correction model (VECM) reveals that higher education, economic growth, energy consumption, trade openness, and exchange rates are the causes of CO2 in the long run. Also, energy consumption and economic growth are the causes of CO2 in the short run. Therefore, higher education can be used to overcome environmental problems. 相似文献
13.
As part of a major field study to understand the causes of persistent, elevated carbon monoxide pollution episodes in Los Angeles, we performed a project to understand the emissions of vehicles in use. In this experiment, we assessed the accuracy of a remote sensing instrument designed to measure CO concentrations from vehicles as they were driven on the road. The remote sensor was shown to be accurate within ten percent of the directly measured tailpipe value. We performed a roadside inspection on 60 vehicles and demonstrated that the remote sensor could be used as an effective surveillance tool to identify high CO-emitting vehicles. We also compared the roadside data set to the biennial Smog Check (I/M) tests for the same vehicles, and observed that carbon monoxide and exhaust hydrocarbons from high emitters were much higher than when the vehicles received their routine inspection. Furthermore, for the high-emitting vehicles in this data set, the length of time since the biennial Smog Check had little influence on the cars’ emissions in the roadside inspection. 相似文献
14.
In the present work, struvite precipitation was provoked by the dissolved CO(2) degasification technique where precipitation occurred following the degassing of the CO(2) by atmospheric air. The impact of the airflow rate and initial solution pH on struvite precipitation were assessed. For initial solution pH<6.5, no precipitation was observed. For initial solution pH>6.5, the phosphorus removal through struvite precipitation could be improved by increasing the airflow rate up to 25 L min(-1), or by increasing the initial pH for higher airflow rates. Compared to traditional techniques of struvite precipitation such as stirring and aeration, the dissolved CO(2) degasification technique is promising since a high amount of phosphorus (approximately 78%) could be removed at relatively short experiment time. 相似文献
16.
Atmospheric PM pollution from traffic comprises not only direct emissions but also non-exhaust emissions because resuspension of road dust that can produce high human exposure to heavy metals, metalloids, and mineral matter. A key task for establishing mitigation or preventive measures is estimating the contribution of road dust resuspension to the atmospheric PM mixture. Several source apportionment studies, applying receptor modeling at urban background sites, have shown the difficulty in identifying a road dust source separately from other mineral sources or vehicular exhausts. The Multilinear Engine (ME-2) is a computer program that can solve the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) problem. ME-2 uses a programming language permitting the solution to be guided toward some possible targets that can be derived from a priori knowledge of sources (chemical profile, ratios, etc.). This feature makes it especially suitable for source apportionment studies where partial knowledge of the sources is available.In the present study ME-2 was applied to data from an urban background site of Barcelona (Spain) to quantify the contribution of road dust resuspension to PM 10 and PM 2.5 concentrations. Given that recently the emission profile of local resuspended road dust was obtained (Amato, F., Pandolfi, M., Viana, M., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Moreno, T., 2009. Spatial and chemical patterns of PM 10 in road dust deposited in urban environment. Atmospheric Environment 43 (9), 1650–1659), such a priori information was introduced in the model as auxiliary terms of the object function to be minimized by the implementation of the so-called “pulling equations”.ME-2 permitted to enhance the basic PMF solution (obtained by PMF2) identifying, beside the seven sources of PMF2, the road dust source which accounted for 6.9 μg m ?3 (17%) in PM 10, 2.2 μg m ?3 (8%) of PM 2.5 and 0.3 μg m ?3 (2%) of PM 1. This reveals that resuspension was responsible of the 37%, 15% and 3% of total traffic emissions respectively in PM 10, PM 2.5 and PM 1. Therefore the overall traffic contribution resulted in 18 μg m ?3 (46%) in PM 10, 14 μg m ?3 (51%) in PM 2.5 and 8 μg m ?3 (48%) in PM 1. In PMF2 this mass explained by road dust resuspension was redistributed among the rest of sources, increasing mostly the mineral, secondary nitrate and aged sea salt contributions. 相似文献
17.
The capacity of two soil fungi , Trichoderma koningii and Penicillium janthinellum, to oxidize n-C 10:0 and n-C 11:0 fatty acids to CO 2 and store intracellular lipids during growth is unknown. This article reports for the first time the metabolism of decanoic acid (DA, C 10:0), undecanoic acid (UDA, n-C 11:0), a mixture of the acids (UDA+DA) and a mixture of UDA+ potato dextrose broth (PDB) by T. koningii and P. janthinellum and their mixed culture. A control PDB complex substrate was used as a substrate control treatment. The fungal cultures were assayed for their capacity to: (1) oxidize n-C 10:0 and n-C 11:0 fatty acids to CO 2 and (2) store lipids intracellularly during growth. On all four fatty acid substrates, the mixed T. koningii and P. janthinellum culture produced more biomass and CO 2 than the individual fungal cultures. Per 150 mL culture, the mixed species culture grown on UDA+PDB and on PDB alone produced the most biomass (7,567 mg and 11,425 mg, respectively). When grown in DA, the mixed species culture produced the least amount of biomass (6,400 mg), a quantity that was lower than those obtained in UDA (7,550 mg) or UDA+DA (7,270 mg). Amounts of CO 2 produced ranged from 210 mg under DA to 618 mg under PDB, and these amounts were highly correlated with biomass ( r2 = 0.99). Fluorescence microscopy of stained lipids in the mixed fungal cell cultures growing during the exponential phase demonstrated larger fungal cells and higher accumulation of lipids in membranes and storage bodies than those observed during the lag and stationary phases. T. koningii and P. janthinellum grown on n-C 10:0 and n-C 11:0 fatty acids produced lower amounts of biomass and CO 2, but stored higher amounts of intracellular lipids, than when grown on PDB alone. 相似文献
18.
The removal of SO 2 with atomization of a slaked lime slurry and supplemental injection of gaseous NH 3 were tested in a conventional spray dryer/baghouse system for SO 2 concentrations of 2000 ppm and 3000 ppm and a 30° F approach to saturation. Results at 3000 ppm of SO 2 showed an average SO 2 removal efficiency of 90.3 percent at a combined stoichiometric ratio of 0.95-1.10 and an average overall sorbent utilization of 91.6 percent. The overall molal ratio of NH 3/SO 2 reaction was found to be 2:1 under the test conditions Particle size analyses, and EP toxicity tests were conducted on the products of the reactions. 相似文献
19.
Photocatalytic degradation of the herbicide, pendimethalin (PM) was investigated with BaTiO 3/TiO 2 UV light system in the presence of peroxide and persulphate species in aqueous medium. The nanoparticles of BaTiO 3 and TiO 2 were obtained by gel to crystallite conversion method. These photo catalysts are characterized by energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX), scanning electron microscope (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) adsorption isotherm and reflectance spectral studies. The quantum yields for TiO 2 and BaTiO 3 for the degradation reactions are 3.166 Einstein m ?2 s ?1 and 2.729 Einstein m ?2 s ?1 and catalytic efficiencies are 6.0444 × 10 ?7 mg ?2h ?1L 2 and 5.403 × 10 ?7 mg ?2h ?1L 2, respectively as calculated from experimental results. BaTiO 3 exhibited comparable photocatalytic efficiency in the degradation of pendimethalin as the most widely used TiO 2 photocatalyst. The persulphate played an important role in enhancing the rate of degradation of pendimethalin when compared to hydrogen peroxide. The degradation process of pendimethalin followed the first-order kinetics and it is in agreement with Langmuir-Hinshelwood model of surface mechanism. The reason for high stability of pendimethalin for UV-degradation even in the presence of catalyst and oxidizing agents were explored. The higher rate of degradation was observed in alkaline medium at pH 11. The degradation process was monitored by spectroscopic techniques such as ultra violet-visible (UV-Vis), infrared (IR) and gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The major intermediate products identified were: N-propyl-2-nitro-6-amino-3, 4-xylidine, (2, 3-dimethyl-5-nitro-6-hydroxy amine) phenol and N-Propyl-3, 4-dimethyl-2, 6-dinitroaniline by GC-MS analysis and the probable reaction mechanism has been proposed based on these products. 相似文献
|