Aspects of Tests and Assessment of Filtering Materials Used for Respiratory Protection Against Bioaerosols. Part II: Sweat in the Environment,Microorganisms in the Form of a Bioaerosol

The second part of the article presents the results of a study of antimicrobial activity of filter nonwovens with an addition of biocides, as a function of the presence of sweat in the environment and the method of microbe deposition on a nonwoven in the form of a liquid and a bioaerosol. At the same time, the filtration efficiency of nonwovens against microorganisms in the form of a bioaerosol was tested with the dynamic method. The results showed that the addition of sweat on the surface of a nonwoven resulted in an insignificant decrease of biological activity that still remained high. Moreover, an active nonwoven showed biostatic and biocidal activity only when microbes were deposited on the surface in the form of a solution. The nonwoven did not show any biological activity after deposition of microorganisms with the dynamical method in the form of a bioaerosol.     

Filtration Properties of Nonwovens

Abstract

This paper presents the results and conclusions from experimental investigations concerning filtration properties of nonwovens. The needled nonwovens were made from polyester fibres (PTE) with average fibre diameter 12 µm and polypropylene fibres (PP) with average fibre diameter 32 μm. Nonwovens were produced out of each of those fibres or out of a mixture of polyester and polypropylene fibres. This paper also presents investigations of nonwoven fabric made of polypropylene fibres (PP) with average fibre diameter 2.6 μm, which was formed according to melt-blown technology. Oil mist, as challenge aerosol, was used to evaluate the performance of filter media at various aerosol velocities. The average oil mist test aerosol particle diameter was 0.3 μm. Filter penetration was measured at oil mist concentration 0.24 g/m³.     

EMI有源滤波器与阻抗失配问题的分析

EMI滤波器的阻抗失配往往使得滤波器不仅起不到应有的作用，反而加剧了干扰分量的强度，为了弄清有源滤波器的结构类型与阻抗匹配之间的关系，本文从滤波器的主要性能参数插入损耗的基本定义入手。推导了不同结构有源滤波器的插入损耗与阻抗、滤波器增益关系的表达式。由此得出滤波器结构类型与阻抗失配情况的合理搭配．经过实验验证该结论对选用和设计EMI有源滤波器有直接的指导意义。     

Application of Neural Networks in Active Noise Reduction Systems

Active noise reduction systems based on a control unit in the form of a finite impulse response filter assume the linearity of every single component. Neural networks, which have so far been seldom used in this field, are a kind of a filter with the ability to project nonlinear characteristics of an active noise reduction system. This paper presents some simulation research studies of active noise reduction systems based on neural networks. Also presented are results of the operation of systems with different levels of complexity as well as the influence of different parameters of a neural network and of the system itself on those results.     

Selection of sorption material for tests of pesticide permeation through protective clothing fabrics.

The paper presents the results of studies on selecting a solid sorption material for absorbing liquid crop protection agents which permeate samples of protective clothing fabrics. The sorption materials were investigated and selected with an assumption that they should have a high recovery coefficient for biologically active substances, used as active ingredients in crop protection agents, at a presumed, acceptably high level. The selected substances were determined with a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector (dichlorvos, cypermethrin and 2,4-D) and a nitrogen-phosphorus detector (carbofuran). The tests demonstrated that polypropylene melt-blown type unwoven cloth had high recovery coefficients for all 4 active ingredients proposed for the study. The highest recovery coefficient, -.97, was obtained for carbofuran. The recovery coefficients obtained for the 3 remaining substances were lower: .89 for cypermethrin and 2,4-D, and .84 for dichlorvos.     

Investigation of Blended Fibre Filtering Materials

Five variants of mixtures of different synthetic fibres at different area ratios were manufactured into needled nonwovens intended to be used as a filtering material for respiratory protection. Two variants were produced according to an earlier patent, and the contents of the other three was completely new. Samples of the nonwovens were tested for sodium chloride particles penetration and for breathing resistance. The results showed that one variant of a nonwoven, designated PP/PPFM, had very valuable filtering properties and that those properties were stable in time.     

基于TMS320F240 DSP的电网谐波抑制全数字化控制的研究

为治理电力系统谐波污染 ,提高电力系统运行的安全稳定性 ,笔者对混合式并联有源电力滤波系统的结构和工作原理进行了分析和研究。该系统由无源滤波器和小容量有源滤波器串联构成 ,与被补偿的谐波负载并联连接。基于TMS32 0F2 4 0DSP开发套件 ,设计数字控制器主程序和中断服务子程序。实验结果表明 ,采用TMS32 0F2 4 0DSP编程方便并直观 ,运算精度高 ,控制器参数调整方便 ,易于实现各种控制策略。研究成果对DSP在有源电力滤波系统中的应用有重要参考价值。     

变光焊接护目镜光电响应特性研究

为促进变光焊接护目镜新技术新产品的应用和发展 ,为制定该产品专业标准提供依据 ,通过对焊接弧光特性、可见光特性、焊工盲目引弧过程、焊工闪光盲、变光护目镜响应时间和保持时间等的分析和研究 ,提出了变光焊接护目镜响应时间和保持时间应该根据焊工引弧时眼睛最大允许照射量和允许闪光盲时间来确定 ,并进一步提出了变光焊接护目镜响应时间和保持时间的定义、指标值 ,以及测试系统设计要求     

Efficiency of Filtering Materials Used in Respiratory Protective Devices Against Nanoparticles

The basic aim of this research was to establish the efficiency of filtering materials widely used in respiratory protection devices with particular interest in their porosity, degree of electric and changeable process parameters, such as the flow rate of the test nanoaerosol and the size range of nanoparticles. Tests were carried out with an NaCl solid aerosol of 3.2 × 10⁵ particles/cm³ for the range of particle size of 7–270 nm, at aerosol flow rate of 1800, 2700, 3600, 4500 and 5400 L/h. The tests showed that electrospun nonwovens were the most effective filtering materials for nanoparticles over 20 nm. Melt-blown electret nonwovens with lower porosity than electrospun nonwovens had higher values of penetration of 1%–4%. Those materials provided very efficient protection against nanoparticles of certain sizes only.     

过滤材料声学性能的实验研究*

为探讨纤维过滤材料的吸声效果,扩展吸声材料的选择范围,并为噪声粉尘一体化控制提供指导,通过实验分析不同等级一般通风用纤维层滤料的过滤性能和吸声性能,研究叠加方式及空腔设置等对滤料吸声性能的影响。研究结果表明:一定条件下,滤料的过滤效率越高吸声性能越好;单层滤料吸声效果较差,通过多层叠加,可显著提升吸声效果,达到吸声材料水平;不同等级滤料组合叠加,按过滤效率降序排列整体吸声性能更好。滤料作为吸声材料应用时,在其后侧设置空腔可明显增强吸声效果;兼顾过滤和降噪时,考虑粗效对中效滤料的保护作用,可在粗效加中效滤料后再附加粗效滤料,达到在不显著增加阻力的同时改善吸声性能的目标。     

一种机(针)织物与非织造布网络互穿复合材料的研究

本文主要对机织物与非织造布复合材料的网络互穿结构进行了描述,并从材料选择、单体试制、复合工艺方面进行了实践,研制出了较高透气性能和剥离强度的复合材料。     

基于多群组SEM的有感领导对群体不安全行为影响研究

为了研究有感领导对建筑施工不同经验工人群体不安全行为的影响,采用问卷调查方法,以群体安全氛围为中介变量,建立了多群组结构方程模型(SEM),并运用AMOS软件分析了有感领导核心四要素(能见度、关系、对工作团体的投入、主动管理)对群体不安全行为的影响及路径系数。结果表明:有感领导对经验缺乏的新工人群体的影响均大于老工人群体;对新工人群体,能见度和主动管理对其不安全行为影响较大,路径系数分别为0.654和0.639;而对老工人群体,关系和对工作团体的投入对其影响较大,路径系数分别为0.577和0.561。因此,在实施有感领导管理时,面对不同经验工人群体,应该因人而宜,以实现更加有效的管理。     

HPF(高通数字滤波器)的电网谐波检测技术的研究与应用

为有效地消除电力谐波污染、确保电网运行安全,必须采用有源电力滤波技术;为改善有源电力滤波器的性能,必须采取先进的谐波检测方法、高效的逆变技术。笔者在研究有源电力滤波技术的基础上,对有源电力滤波的关键技术即谐波检测与分离技术,进行了探讨和深入研究,给出了一种HPF(高通数字滤波器)的谐波检测与分离方法,进行了理论验算,利用MATLAB仿真结果对该检测技术进行实验研究。仿真和实验结果表明:该法比常用的LPF(低通数字滤波器LowPassDigitalFilter)的谐波检测分离方法具有更好的检测实时性;在电网电压有畸变时也能达到很高的检测精度;该检测技术应用于混合有源电力滤波器后能大大改善滤波性能。     

有源滤波器在港口起重设备上的应用

由于技术的进步和生产要求的提高．变频技术被越来越多的使用在包括港口起重机械在内的起重设备中。在提高整机性能的同时,大量谐波的出现也给起重设备的运行带来较大危害。本文针对某港口出现的谐波问题,采用了有源滤波器对谐波进行处理,取得了良好的效果,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Effect of Different Types of Rest-Break Interventions on Neck and Shoulder Muscle Activity,Perceived Discomfort and Productivity in Symptomatic VDU Operators: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective. This study evaluated the effect of different types of activities during rest-break interventions on neck and shoulder muscle activity, muscle discomfort and productivity among symptomatic video display unit (VDU) operators performing prolonged computer terminal work. Study design and setting. Randomized controlled trial was used. Thirty symptomatic VDU operators were randomly assigned to 2 active break groups (stretching and dynamic movement) and a reference group. The subjects performed the same typing task for 60 min and received 3-min breaks after each 20 min of work. Root mean square and median frequency were calculated for neck and shoulder muscle activity. Muscle discomfort was measured with Borg’s CR-10 scale. Productivity was measured by counting words. Results. There were no significant differences between the types of activities during breaks on neck and shoulder muscle activity, muscle discomfort or productivity. However, there was a significant difference in the level of muscle discomfort over time. Conclusions. Three types of activity during breaks showed a favourable effect on neck and shoulder muscle activity and productivity, and a positive effect on muscle discomfort in symptomatic VDU operators.     

新型多级跌水曝气生物滤池的运行效能研究

本文研究了在"跌水曝气式生物滤塔"专利(专利号201020207090.9)基础上增设电气石纤维滤料层的多级跌水曝气生物滤池的运行效能,从水力负荷和容积负荷两方面证明改造后的多级曝气生物滤池处理低浓度生活有机污水的有效性和负离子材料对滤料层净化效率的改进效果,为类似多级跌水曝气生物滤池的工艺设计提供了参考依据。     

ARX modeling approach to leak detection and diagnosis

This work presents a time series strategy for detection, location and quantification of leaks in large pipeline systems. The technology has two active components, which operate sequentially: the Detector and the Localizer. The Detector continuously screens real-time data, searching for any anomalies such as leaks, which are detected (or not) depending on their size and position. The Detector is based on auto-regressive multi-input/multi-output (MIMO) ARX predictors with one input filter. Subsequent to successful leak detection, the Localizer is launched to diagnose the leak via estimation of its parameters – diameter and location – using recorded data on a Search Time Window that includes information in the neighborhood of the instant of detection. The Localizer is also an ARX predictor, but with two input processors, the first is a filter for dynamic plant inputs and the second filter processes “parameter signals” of active leaks. The Localizer is developed beforehand via model identification with plant data under the action of known, artificially simulated, leaks. It is, therefore, able to recognize an active pattern of leak parameters, by maximizing the adherence of its predictions to data in the Search Time Window. The proposed detection and location methods were successfully tested in simulated leak scenarios for an industrial naphtha pipeline.     

城市可降解生活垃圾的生物综合处理模式初探

针对现有城市生活垃圾处理方式的不足,结合垃圾生物处理特点,设计了集混合菌群降解、生物过滤除臭、污水回用及植被绿化于一体的立体处理体系。结果表明,该系统在城市生活垃圾的“三化”处理中具有显著的潜势:既使生活垃圾在食物链外形成安全的闭路循环,防止有害物质向人居环境入渗;同时,处理设施的立体化、终产物的生物转化以及即刻的市场效应,有效地增强了系统的消纳能力,缓解了传统处理方式对城市空间的压力。该系统对我国中小城市生活垃圾的综合利用具有积极的参考价值。     

纺织品抗拒挥发性有机化合物沾染整理方法的研究

频繁接触挥发性有机化合物的工厂作业岗位上的工人,所穿着的服装容易粘附有害的有机物质分子,进而危害工人的健康。为解决这一问题,本文探索采用变化服装面料的织造工艺、面料织物与聚四氟乙烯微孔薄膜复合以及含氟织物整理剂整理等方法,制作具有一定抗挥发性有机化合物沾染性能的防护服面料。实验中对不同纤维原料的织物,在未经整理和进行覆膜或含氟织物整理剂整理后,分别剪取样品放置在充满有机气体的氛围中熏蒸24小时,用二硫化碳萃取布料上的有机物,并使用气相色谱分析仪分析这些物质的含量。经过比较,发现克重较低、与聚四氟乙烯膜复合以及经含氟织物整理剂整理的布料,其抗拒挥发性有机化学物质沾染的能力均有所增强。综合使用这些处理方法,有望制作出具有理想的抗有机化学物质沾染的防护工作服,用于经常接触这类物质的工厂工人的日常劳动防护。     

覆膜滤料过滤性能分析

覆膜滤料以其高效低阻、透气性好等特点备受关注。选取4种典型的覆膜滤料,通过静态和动态过滤实验分析其阻力和效率特性,进而对覆膜滤料的过滤性能进行综合分析。结果表明:在清洁阶段,4种覆膜滤料的喷吹周期和残余阻力差异较大,粉尘剥离率平均值为83.2174%,最大偏差为2.32%;在稳定阶段,4种覆膜滤料的清灰周期、残余阻力差异减小且趋于稳定,残余阻力增长率接近且偏差均在5%以内,剥离率平均值为95.4485%,最大偏差仅0.55%。可以看出,稳定阶段覆膜滤料的种类对于阻力增长率和粉尘剥离率影响不大。通过细颗粒物过滤实验可知,评价覆膜滤料对PM2.5的过滤效果需要综合考察滤料清洁阶段和稳定阶段,可为覆膜滤料应用和评价提供指导。