Development and validation of a numerical prediction model to estimate the annoyance condition at the operation station of compact loaders

This paper describes the results of a study aimed at developing and validating a prediction model to assess the annoyance conditions at the operator station of compact loaders by using noise signal objective parameters only. For this purpose, binaural measurements were carried out on 41 compact loaders, both in stationary and real working conditions. The 62 binaural noise recordings were objectively analysed in terms of acoustic and psychoacoustic parameters and then divided into 9 groups and used in specific jury tests to obtain the subjective annoyance scores. Finally, multiple regression technique was applied to the first 6 groups of noise stimuli to develop the model while the remaining groups were used to validate it.     

直喷式柴油机燃用脂肪酸甲酯的排放特性

脂肪酸甲酯是由生物脂肪经过酯化反应得到的脂肪酸单酯,具有良好的燃料品质和环境友好性,是生物柴油众多种类中的一种.以纯矿物柴油、脂肪酸甲酯、含30%脂肪酸甲酯与70%柴油的混合燃料和含50%脂肪酸甲酯与50%柴油的混合燃料为燃料,在四缸涡轮增压直喷式柴油机上进行的性能对比实验,表明柴油机燃用脂肪酸甲酯能够保持其动力性和燃料经济性,可以显著降低HC和碳烟排放,但会增加CO和NOx排放.脂肪酸甲酯可以作为柴油机的代用燃料进行推广.     

Using fuzzy method to evaluate safety condition of big diesel engine

Big diesel engine is one of the most important equipments in industry, and its safety condition plays a great role in oil production. This paper presents a fuzzy method to monitor the safety state of the big diesel. Six useful diagnostic characteristic parameters have been selected to diagnose safety condition of the big diesel engine. The standard fuzzy vector was obtained by using statistical method, so the status of big diesel's safety condition can be determined by calculating the fuzzy distance between the fuzzy vector and standard fuzzy vector. This fuzzy method has been successfully used on PZ12V190 diesel engine.     

柴油发动机隔振方面的仿真研究

本文主要研究模糊控制技术在柴油发动机隔振系统中的应用，将模糊控制技术引入柴油发动机隔振主动控制系统，针对柴油发动机隔振模拟实验台架的振动特点，建立了控制系统数学模型，进行了柴油发动机隔振模拟实验台架垂直方向的仿真研究。     

Structural equation model of the influence of noise annoyance on miners’ unsafe behavior in coal mines

Miners' unsafe behavior (UB) is the main cause of coal mine accidents. Previous research has suggested that excessive noise in tunnels impacts miners' temperaments and safe production behavior. To explore the influence of noise on UB, four different dimensions of noise annoyance were identified: cognitive, emotional, communication, and physical mechanism annoyance. The coal mine noise annoyance scale, miners' unsafe behavior intention (UBI) scale, and miners’ UB scale were developed according to different dimensions. In the first survey, a total of 200 questionnaires were distributed in the two coal mines, and 193 valid questionnaires were recovered. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted, and invalid items were removed according to the analysis results to form the final scale. Then, 500 final scales were distributed in two Chinese coal mines, and 482 valid questionnaires were collected. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted by collating the data of the second questionnaire. Based upon the structural equation model (SEM), the SEM of the influence of noise annoyance degree on UB and the path analysis with latent variable path analysis with the latent variables (PA-LVs) mediating model of the effect of UBI on UB were established, and the path coefficients with fitting data of the model were analyzed. The results indicated that the four dimensions of coal mine noise annoyance had a strong positive impact on UB, which was reduced by less noise annoyance. In addition, the Bootstrap method was used to verify the mediating method among the four dimensions of noise annoyance, cognitive annoyance, emotional annoyance, with communication annoyance indirectly affecting UB through UBI. The research results provide theoretical support for reducing the UB of miners and improving coal mine safety levels.     

矿用防爆柴油机标准分析与研究

无轨辅助运输技术是当今世界上最先进的煤矿辅助运输技术,矿用柴油发动机作为无轨辅助运输设备的主要心脏部件之一,其许多参数都和煤矿安全密切相关。本文阐述了矿用防爆柴油机要求和特点、采用的技术措施、标准现状,同时对目前矿用防爆柴油机的标准进行了结构分析,提出了防爆柴油机标准要增加的内容。     

Experimental study on fire suppression performance of the high pressure water mist in the engine room of an offshore platform

The total flooding application water mist system is a new type of environmentally-friendly fixed extinguishing system. The optimizing design can improve its fire extinguishing performance. At present, the water mist fire extinguishing system in the engine room of the offshore deepwater semi-submersible support platform has not attracted sufficient attention. In this paper, the water mist in the engine room of a deepwater semi-submersible support platform was studied. It contains the effect of water mist on the heat absorption and oxygen insulation of diesel pool fires. The applicable parameters of the water mist fire extinguishing system were also determined. Moreover, based on the shielding of the fire source in the engine room and the different requirements for water mist extinguishing parameters, a hierarchical multi-parameter combined high-pressure water mist fire extinguishing system was proposed. In the full-scale experimental engine room model, according to the fire extinguishing experiments for diesel pool fires with different areas, this kind of hierarchical multi-parameter water mist system is very effective on shielded and non-shielded fires. In addition, it is still effective even in a non-closed environment coupled with smoke exhausting.     

柴油汽车掺烧LPG降低黑烟排放技术

研究了柴油机掺烧液化石油气(LPG)以降低黑烟排放的技术方案，并开发出了一种以独特型板调节装置为特征的机械控制式柴油/LPG双燃料供给系统。发动机不改变原有结构加装该系统后即成为柴油/LPG双燃料发动机，可以同时燃烧柴油和LPG两种燃料，并且在整个工作范围内，随着工况变化能够按照预先优化设定的型板型线规律而自动调节柴油／LPG供给量比例，使烟度降低50％以上，同时满足经济性、动力性以及操作性能等要求，此外，也可以切换为单独燃烧柴油，而不改变发动机的原有性能。该系统结构简单、成本低廉，非常适合于改装城市在用公交车，降低其黑烟排放。     

The Inversion Method in Measuring Noise Emitted by Machines in Opencast Mines of Rock Material

The inversion method was used to test vibroacoustic processes in large-size machines used in opencast mines of rock material. When this method is used, the tested machine is replaced with a set of substitute sources, whose acoustic parameters are determined on the basis of sound pressure levels and phase shift angles of acoustic signals, measured with an array of 24 microphones. This article presents test results of a combine unit comprising a crusher and a vibrating sieve, for which an acoustic model of 7 substitute sources was developed with the inversion method.     

Children's and Adults’ Comfort Experience of Extra Seat Belts When Riding in the Rear Seat of a Passenger Car

Objective: The objective of this study was to explore passengers’ comfort experience of extra seat belts during on-road driving in the rear seat of a passenger car and to investigate how the use of extra belts affects children's and adults’ attitudes to the product.

Methods: Two different seat belt systems were tested, criss-cross (CC) and backpack (BP), consisting of the standard 3-point belt together with an additional 2-point belt. In total, 32 participants (15 children aged 6–10, 6 youths aged 11–15, and 11 adults aged 20–79, who differed considerably in size, shape, and proportions) traveled for one hour with each system, including city traffic and highway driving. Four video cameras monitored the test subject during the drive. Subjective data regarding emotions and perceived discomfort were collected in questionnaires every 20 min. A semistructured interview was held afterwards.

Results: All participant groups accepted the new products and especially the increased feeling of safety (P <.01); 56% preferred CC and 44% preferred BP but the difference was not significant. In total, 81% wanted to have extra seat belts in their family car. CC was appreciated for its symmetry, comfort, and the perceived feeling of safety. Some participants found CC unpleasant because the belts tended to slip close to the neck, described as a strangling feeling. BP was simpler to use and did not cause annoyance to the neck in the way CC did. Instead, it felt asymmetric and to some extent less safe than CC. Body size and shape affected seat belt fit to a great extent, which in turn affected the experience of comfort, both initially and over time. Perceived safety benefit and experienced comfort were the most determinant factors for the attitude toward the extra seat belts. The extra seat belts were perceived as being better than the participants had expected before the test, and they became more used to them over time.

Conclusion: This exploratory study provided valuable knowledge from a user perspective for further development of new seat belt systems in cars. In addition to an increased feeling of safety, seat belt fit and comfort are supplementary influencing factors when it comes to gaining acceptance of new seat belt systems.     

A Study of Annoyance Caused by Low-Frequency Noise During Mental Work

This article presents the results of an analysis of annoyance caused by low-frequency noise (including infrasonic noise) that occurs at work stations located in offices. The tests covered measurements of acoustic parameters specific for this type of noise and a survey conducted in the working environment and in laboratory conditions at a model of a work station.     

A study of annoyance caused by low-frequency noise during mental work.

This article presents the results of an analysis of annoyance caused by low-frequency noise (including infrasonic noise) that occurs at work stations located in offices. The tests covered measurements of acoustic parameters specific for this type of noise and a survey conducted in the working environment and in laboratory conditions at a model of a work station.     

Estimating surface acoustic impedance with the inverse method

Sound field parameters are predicted with numerical methods in sound control systems, in acoustic designs of building and in sound field simulations. Those methods define the acoustic properties of surfaces, such as sound absorption coefficients or acoustic impedance, to determine boundary conditions. Several in situ measurement techniques were developed; one of them uses 2 microphones to measure direct and reflected sound over a planar test surface. Another approach is used in the inverse boundary elements method, in which estimating acoustic impedance of a surface is expressed as an inverse boundary problem. The boundary values can be found from multipoint sound pressure measurements in the interior of a room. This method can be applied to arbitrarily-shaped surfaces. This investigation is part of a research programme on using inverse methods in industrial room acoustics.     

细水雾抑制渔船早期火灾模拟实验研究

针对渔船火灾危险性进行分析,辨识火灾危险源,通过实验模拟横向对比几种灭火介质的灭火效果。实验中以柴油油盘火模拟渔船早期火灾,并根据发动机舱的特点设置了喷雾火模拟发动机舱火灾,并通过对比几种不同灭火剂的灭火效果得出细水雾灭火有效性能良好,具有应用于实践的可行性,在渔船灭火技术应用中前景广阔的结论。     

高海拔矿山井下环境对安全人因指标影响机理研究*

为探明高海拔矿山井下作业环境对安全人因指标影响规律及致因过程,基于安全工程学原理与正交分析理论,借助高海拔环境模拟试验系统,开展单因素及正交复合因素试验,分析安全人因指标与矿山环境参数定量关系,并利用统计分析软件SPSS进行多元回归分析,构建高海拔矿山恶劣环境条件下各安全人因指标动态预测模型,通过与实测数据比对,验证模型可靠性。结果表明:人因指标动态预测模型可以有效预测高海拔矿山井下作业人员安全人因指标变化规律;氧分压、温度、湿度3项环境因素对安全人因指标存在交互影响作用。研究结果可为高海拔矿山安全生产提供理论依据。     

基于ISO 26262的甲醇/柴油喷射控制系统功能安全概念开发

为提高甲醇/柴油双燃料发动机的安全性和可靠性,基于ISO 26262功能安全标准,定义甲醇/柴油喷射控制系统相关项,分析系统结构和功能;参照DFMEA分析方法,构造出相关项失效模型,得到系统功能失效导致的整车级危害;分析在最坏潜在事故场景下,危害事件的严重度、暴露率、可控性等级,得到汽车安全完整性等级,确立安全目标;提出系统功能安全要求,根据分解规则,将功能安全要求分配到系统各要素当中去,确立安全机制;在Isograph软件中搭建FTA故障树模型,评估系统硬件随机失效指标与安全目标一致性,验证功能安全概念。结果表明:利用功能安全概念更新系统架构,评估各个要素失效率和安全机制诊断覆盖率后,系统随机硬件失效指标为9.405E-09/h,符合ASILD等级安全要求。     

高海拔矿井风机气动噪声数值模拟及实验研究

为研究高海拔矿井风机气动噪声规律,建立小型轴流风机三维物理模型,利用CFD软件对环境气压分别为1,0.9,0.8,0.7,0.6及0.5 atm时的风机模型进行定常模拟、非定常模拟及噪声计算,并通过自主设计的压变实验装置对上述不同环境气压条件下风机转数分别为500,1 000,1 500和2 000 rpm时的风机噪声进行测试,分析风机叶片附近监测点噪声频谱曲线及压变环境风机噪声实验数据,结果表明:风机转数和环境气压是影响风机气动噪声的2个重要因素;环境气压P一定时,风机转数n越大,各频率下的风机气动噪声声压级SPL越大,且风机噪声总声压级Lp和平均声压级Lavg均随风机转数n的增大呈对数函数增加;风机转数n不变时,随着海拔高度的升高,环境气压P降低,各频段下风机气动噪声声压级SPL均将减小,且风机噪声总声压级Lp和平均声压级Lavg随环境气压值P的降低呈线性函数减小,环境气压每降低0.1 atm,二者分别降低1.47和1.29 dB。     

时变条件下公路危险品罐车运输路线选择

为合理选择公路运输危险品路线,保障运输安全,将用于求解静态路径规划问题的Diikstra标号法进行推广和改进,提出指标累积值标号法,运用该方法并依据危险品罐车运输事故统计数据,建立了时变条件下以路段泄漏事故率、路侧人口密度及路段运输费用为指标的危险品罐车公路运输路线选择模型.并给出待选路线对比原则.实例应用表明,该模型充分考虑了事故概率、事故后果及运输成本3大危险品运输路线选择影响因素,使用方便且受主观因素影响小,具有较好的实用性.     

基于GPR-TOPSIS方法的充填配比多目标多属性优化

为获得某金矿尾砂胶结充填材料最优配比,基于试验结果,以海水比例、灰砂比和料浆质量浓度为输入参数,以充填体强度、塌落度及泌水率为输出参数,建立了充填配比与其响应量的高斯过程回归模型,分析了不同因素对充填性能的影响程度;采用遗传算法对高斯过程回归模型进行多目标参数优化,获得了Pareto非劣解,在此基础上,引入多属性决策的TOPSIS法对Pareto非劣解进行方案优选,确定了充填最优配比。研究结果表明:高斯过程回归模型相对误差值均小于6%,可靠性高;灰砂比及料浆质量浓度对充填性能影响较为显著,采用海水作为充填水源将降低充填体的强度;经优化后的充填配比与试验结果相符。     

阻燃抑爆柴油的燃烧性能和排放研究

以-10号军用柴油为基础油配置阻燃抑爆柴油,在WP10.290发动机上进行了台架实验,考察了使用阻燃抑爆柴油时的动力性、经济性和排放性。结果表明:燃用阻燃抑爆柴油相比于燃用-10号军柴会一定程度上降低输出功率和扭矩,动力性能下降2.31%~4.26%;燃用阻燃抑爆柴油时平均质量燃油消耗率较燃用军用柴油时增加了5.74%。体积燃油消耗率与军用柴油相比,平均增加了4.32%;能够降低NO的排放,NO的排放量相较于-10号军柴降低了7%~19%;能够降低排气温度,相比较于-10#军柴,阻燃抑爆柴油的排气温度最大可以降低19.5℃。