An Evaluation of the NIOSH Lifting Equation: A Psychophysical and Biomechanical Investigation

Using the results of psychophysical and biomechanical experiments, NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) Recommended Weight Limit (RWL), the Lifting Index (LI), the form of the asymmetry multiplier, and the criterion for compression force were investigated. Analysis of the results indicated a significant difference between the NIOSH RWL and the reported Maximum Acceptable Weight of Lift (MAWL). Contrary to the NIOSH lifting equation, the form of the asymmetry multiplier was found to be non-linear. The overall average of peak compression force on the L5/S1 was 3685 N. Fifty-eight percent of all compression forces reported in the biomechanical experiment were found to exceed the suggested 3400 N set by NIOSH guidelines. These results support previous research findings on the validity of NIOSH guidelines.     

Perceived Discomfort and Electromyographic Activity of the Upper Trapezius While Working at a VDT Station

Ten female participants performed work at a video display terminal (VDT) station over a whole working day. Subjective local muscular fatigue was evaluated by means of the Category Ratio 10 scale. Electromyographic activity of the upper right and left trapezius was measured. A comparison was made between 5 participants who had previous complaints and 5 participants who reported no musculoskeletal problems in the shoulder-neck region. The subjective scores for the shoulder differed significantly between the two groups, being higher for the group with complaints. Both groups showed a decrease in discomfort after the lunch break. The activity of the trapezius increased significantly for both groups, in a more pronounced way for the group with disorders. Although it is found in literature that VDT work is a task with very low static loads, it seems from this study that the EMG activity increase can be an indication of muscle fatigue: More effort was required to accomplish the same VDT task at the end of the day.     

市政建设项目危险源评价方法研究与应用

在市政建设行业的安全管理中,危险源辨识与评价一直处于非常重要的地位。本文比较了目前较常用的 LEC 评价法和 MES 评价法优缺点,借鉴 MLEC 评价法相关知识,得出危险源辨识难易程度及防护措施的不同对评价结果的影响,并利用评价得出的危险源危险性以及规范的防护措施来保障市政建设项目的施工安全。     

钢铁企业大气污染环保提升技术措施

针对2015年1月1日新《中华人民共和国环境保护法》和钢铁排放系列新标准(2012版)实施的新形势,指出了钢铁企业面临的五大考验,分析了大气污染物治理的技术现状,提出实现钢铁工业大气污染环保提升的技术措施。     

某钢铁厂2014年度事故统计分析及预防措施

通过对某钢铁厂2014年发生的事故统计分析,找出事故发生的主要规律和原因,提出预防事故重复发生的措施,达到减少或杜绝事故发生,确保安全生产。     

某槽罐车爆炸事故原因及救援措施分析

以湖南某地槽罐车倾翻导致的液化气泄漏爆炸事故为例,从爆炸发生条件的角度对事故发展过程进行了定性分析,认为环境温度升高导致压力增大是槽罐车破裂的直接原因,倾翻使罐体强度降低,容积减小是间接原因,可能的引火源为电气或静电火花而非烟头。运用PHAST软件模拟了液化气泄漏形成蒸气云爆炸的过程,利用冲击波超压和热辐射准则得到本次事故安全距离为310 m。研究结论对类似事故的抢险救援和疏散有一定的参考价值。     

Paradigms and Safety Requirements for a New Generation of Workplace Equipment

A workplace in the manufacturing industry consists of not only stationary equipment (e.g., machining centres, fixed robots) but also mobile equipment (e.g., automated guided vehicles, mobile robots), with both kinds co-operating directly with workers. Workplace equipment should not only be safe, it should also not generate fear or anxiety; still better if it should inspire calm and confidence. In view of robot laws, this article presents selected examples of robot-human co-operation, reviews safety requirements and safety functions developed to date. It also proposes a package of selected new safety functions, necessary to fulfil this paradigm. It also suggests and presents examples of actions that can make the workplace a human-friendly environment and presents examples of such actions.     

基于ALOHA软件的某化工厂选址合理性评估

为了研究化工厂选址的合理性,以山东省某化工厂为例,采用ALOHA(有害大气空中定位软件)模拟软件定量确定厂区内环氧乙烷毒气扩散事故的影响区域和敏感点毒气浓度,结合GoogleEarth地图对影响范围进行实地拟合。结果表明化工厂的环氧乙烷储罐泄漏后,毒气扩散到厂区范围之外,毒气浓度在50~500ppm之间的重伤区(ERPG-2)扩散距离可达1.7km,对周围居民的人身安全构成严重威胁;厂区应根据拟合结果重新规划工厂中环氧乙烷储罐的位置;ALOHA软件对化工厂选址评价提供了新的手段。     

斜拉桥成桥安全检测及评价

在对现场测试结果及理论分析结果进行综合分析的基础上,对湘潭湘江三大桥进行总体安全评价,保证桥梁长期稳定运营。理论和实践表明,将安全评价方法、桥梁检测技术与现行桥梁规范结合起来,将桥梁现场静动力荷载试验与理论分析结合起来,以桥梁规范所要求的各类力学标准和性能标准作为安全评价的力学指标和性能指标,对大跨径斜拉桥进行成桥安全检测及安全评价是可行的,而且是必须的,也是我国的桥梁检测技术发展的方向。     

新型环保絮凝剂的研究及应用

以硅酸钠、硫酸铝、硫酸铁和四硼酸钠为原料,制备了无机高分子絮凝剂.研究了絮凝动力学对絮凝效果的影响.当焦化厂生化后废水pH在8.0左右、加入量为10mg/L时,除浊率达到98%以上.并初步分析了絮凝剂的絮凝机理.     

某铅锌矿爆破有害效应分析及安全评估

以某铅锌矿爆破施工为背景,在现场试验的基础上,对测得的振动速度进行回归分析,得到场地爆破振动衰减规律,并结合爆破主频率,确定了周围民房的容许振动速度为2cm/s。同时,对爆破冲击波和噪声进行研究,结果表明:爆破振动、冲击波和噪声均与爆心距、炸药量有关。当爆心距相同时,噪声对建筑物和人员的影响最大,空气冲击波次之,爆破振动较小。主要从控制最大段药量和爆源距安全原则考虑,提出了防爆破振动、噪声和冲击波及飞石的安全距离。另外,还提出了硐口悬挂3层麻袋、堵塞炮泥和控制起爆网络中段间微差等安全措施,并对有害效应进行评估,其结果对后续爆破设计和施工具有实用价值和指导意义。     

Evaluation and improvement of a method for assessing HSMS from the resilience engineering perspective: A case study of an electricity distributor

This article presents an evaluation and proposals for improving a method for assessing health and safety management systems. This method takes resilience engineering (RE) as its underlying philosophy and was originally devised and tested in a case study of a manufacturing plant. Four main changes were proposed in comparison with the original version of the method: (a) a framework for assessing the use of RE principles more systematically; (b) guidelines for developing an action plan as a result of the assessment; (c) re-organization of the data collection tools in order to increase their ease of use; and (d) procedures for facilitating the assignment of scores to the items assessed. The evaluation of the method, which was not restricted to the changes described in this article, was conducted based on seven criteria for evaluating safety assessment tools. Both the evaluation and the impact of the changes are discussed based on a case study, in which the method was applied in a company that distributes electricity.     

新型伤亡事故信息管理系统开发构想

介绍了新型伤亡事故信息管理系统适用范围(企业、行业主管部门和劳动部门),收集信息种类(工伤事故、微伤、险肇、比照工伤事故),数据处理类型(统计上报数据和内部考核数据)及开发的技术关键(强调事故资料标准化)等。     

创新安全教育教学思路增强安全教育实效

在安全教育教学实践中,创新安全教育教学思路,采用互动式教育法、正反例证教育法、安全文化教育法、格言警句教育法等职工乐于接受的方式方法,对于增强安全教育效果有重要的作用。针对不同的教育对象,方法上要有所侧重。同时安全教师应选择新近、及时的安全教育内容,并不断提高自身素质。     

博尔塔拉蒙古自治州近20年土地生态安全评价与趋势分析

土地生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,但在快速城市化的背景下,区域、国家和全球尺度上的土地生态系统发生退化现象,因此为保障土地生态系统的可持续发展,有必要对当前土地生态安全进行评价。选用压力-状态-响应-自然-社会-经济(PSR-NSE)评价指标体系,利用熵权法对指标重要性进行排序,建立了博州土地生态安全突变评价模型。结果表明:1)博州的土地生态安全等级自1994年的0.83(Ⅴ)持续改善至2012年的0.98(Ⅱ);2)博州是西北干旱生态脆弱区,仅通过人为调节并不能保证区域土地生态安全,应着手区域的均衡发展和区域生态保障措施的实施;3)基于突变级数法构建突变模型,分析了系统潜在的突变特性和土地生态安全的发展趋势,表明博州近20年土地生态安全水平虽呈逐年上升趋势,但整体水平不高,土地生态系统整体状态仍待改善。     

基于指标体系的城市区域火灾风险评价系统开发

本文阐述了基于指标体系的城市区域火灾风险评价软件设计思想与开发。首先,针对我国城市和经济的特点,消防的现状和发展规律,在广泛收集和分析国内外资料的基础上,通过火灾统计资料分析、实地调研、Delphi等方法,以居住区为例建立了相应的火灾风险评价指标体系,采用层次分析法计算各指标的权重;其次,根据城市的复杂性和多样性以及由此造成的不同城市、不同区域的火灾风险评价指标体系方面的差异,采用面向评价研究者与操作者的软件设计思想,利用指标体系的构建方法作为软件功能流程的设计依据,设计并开发了《城市区域火灾风险评价系统》。该软件不仅能应用于评价实践,而且能为评价理论研究提供有力的支持。     

低压电网中电力设备保护方式的安全性评价及其对策

对低压电网中电力设备选择接地保护或接零保护时的安全性进行了评价，并针对存在问题提出了改善措施     

某公司剧场舞台电动吊杆改造方案及结构安全性评定

通过对某剧场舞台结构的检测鉴定及分析,根据工艺要求,提出了电动吊杆改造方案,并对结构进行了安全性评定。同时提出了结构设计和施工的方案,可为类似工程参考。     

外军皮肤防护器材化学防护性能测试与评价用标准物质研究进展

本文简迷了皮肤防护器材--化学防护服(衣)化学防护性能试验与评价用标准物质的重要性,系统地概述了外军化学防护服(衣)化学防护性能试验与评价用标准物质的研究现状,并提出了我国化学防护服(衣)防护性能试验与评价用标准物质研制过程中应注意的一些问题.