基于脑电数据的管制架次对管制员疲劳影响研究

为量化研究管制区域内飞机架次的时空变化对管制员疲劳的影响,设计相应测试方案进行试验研究。有针对性地选取20名在职管制员分别在大、小夜班的班前和班后进行试验,采集完成不同流量等级下雷达模拟机任务过程中的管制员的脑电(EEG)信号数据,从数据中提取疲劳指标值,运用SPSS20.0软件统计分析指标值,根据管制员的岗龄将其分成2组进行比较,线性拟合班前班后的管制员疲劳指标值。结果表明:岗龄≥10年的管制员疲劳指标值及其波动性明显低于岗龄<10年的管制员;班前管制员疲劳指标值随管制架次的增加中后期呈下降趋势;班后管制员的疲劳指标值随管制架次的增加而增长,随时间呈3次曲线变化。     

Social alienation and employment status in young adults

Cross-sectional and longitudinal observations are reported from a questionnaire survey of more than 3000 South Australian school leavers. Questionnaires were administered before the participants had left school and again four years later when they had all left. We were interested in whether there is evidence of a causal connection between unsatisfactory workforce experience and social alienation. On a range of measures related to alienation, we found that those engaged in unsatisfactory jobs and the unemployed responded very differently from those engaged in satisfactory jobs and those who were full-time tertiary students. However, the dissatisfied employed, but not the unemployed, also displayed greater alienation while they were still at school. We conclude that in young people increased social alienation is a consequence of unemployment, rather than a predisposition towards it, but that high social alienation at school leads to later job dissatisfaction.     

基于视频分析的空管员违规行为识别方法*

为利用视频数据对空管员违规行为进行智能化分析,降低不安全事件发生率,提出2阶段的违规行为识别模型（AR-ResNeXt）,基于实地调研构建空管员视频数据集,利用最小化动态多实例学习损失函数和中心损失函数,获得违规行为检测的判别特征表示,结合异常回归网络和ResNeXt网络,完成对空管员违规行为的时序区间检测与动作分类。研究结果表明:AR-ResNeXt模型在自制数据集中,其帧级AUC达到82.9%,分类准确率达到87.8%,可准确识别空管员发生违规行为的时序区间并进行分类,研究结果可为保障空中交通安全奠定基础。     

Interactive effects of impression management and organizational politics on job performance

The purpose of this research was to explore the interactive effect of organizational politics and impression management on supervisor ratings of employee performance. We hypothesized that the negative relationship between organizational politics and supervisor‐rated performance is weaker among employees who are high in impression management than among those low in impression management. Data were collected from a matched sample of 112 white‐collar employees and their supervisors. Results indicated that the interaction of organizational politics and impression management explained a significant incremental amount of variance in supervisor ratings of employee performance. These findings demonstrated that the extent to which an individual engaged in impression management in a non‐political atmosphere may have been a key component to receiving favorable performance ratings. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于HERA-JANUS模型的空管人误认知分析

空管人误分类分析是空管人误研究的基础。为了对管制员人误进行系统的分类研究,结合空管业务知识和认知心理学理论,对欧洲航空安全局和美国联邦航空局合作开发的HERA-JANUS模型的工作原理和流程进行较详细地分析。运用该方法模型,对我国一起空管不安全事件案例进行分析后得到3个由管制员所产生的人误差错,并对这3个人误差错分别从人误类型、人误认知、相关因素3方面进行详尽的分析研究,最后得出该不安全事件的21项人误结果。结果表明,HERA-JANUS模型能较全面地从深层次分析管制员的人误,其分类形式也便于开展空管人误统计。     

Longitudinal examination of underage drinking and subsequent drinking and risky driving

INTRODUCTION: Alcohol use, alcohol misuse, and risky driving from adolescence into young adulthood were compared by drinking onset age. METHODS: Surveys were administered in Grades 5/6, 6/7, 7/8, 10, 12, and at approximately age 23. Participants were placed into Drinking Onset groups based on self-reported alcohol use frequency on the adolescent surveys. Driving records were examined in three age periods: under 21, 21-25, and 26+. RESULTS: The earliest drinking initiators reported higher alcohol use and misuse on each survey, and were more likely to have risky driving offenses before age 21 and to have alcohol driving offenses in all three age periods. DISCUSSION: The earliest drinking initiators engaged in risky drinking behavior and risky driving behavior that was consistently higher than those with later drinking initiation, beginning in adolescence and persisting well into young adulthood.     

Effect of age and secondary task engagement on motor vehicle crashes in a naturalistic setting

ProblemAutomobile crashes are one of the leading causes of death in the United States, especially for younger and older drivers. Additionally, distracted driving is another leading factor in the likelihood of crashes. However, there is little understanding about the interaction between age and secondary task engagement and how that impacts crash likelihood and maneuver safety.MethodData from the Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS), which was part of the Second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP2), were used to investigate this issue.ResultsIt was found that the distribution of crashes per one million km driven during the NDS was similar to previous research, but with fewer crashes from older drivers. Additionally, it was found that older and middle-aged drivers engaged in distracted driving more frequently than was expected, and that crashes were significantly more likely if drivers of those age groups were engaged in secondary tasks. However, secondary task engagement did not predict judgment of safe/unsafe vehicle maneuvers.Practical ApplicationsMore research is needed to better understand the interaction of age and distraction on crash likelihood. However, this research could aid future researchers in understanding the likelihood of future use of new in-vehicle technologies for different age groups, as well as provide insight to the engagement patterns of distraction for different age groups.     

民航管制员违章行为探讨

从内在动力和外在诱因两个方面分析了管制员违章行为产生的根本原因,着重归纳了管制员有意违章的临界心理状态,揭示了违章行为的规律,并提出具体的防范控制措施.     

Driving performance while using cell phones: an observational study

INTRODUCTION: Through spontaneous driving observations, this study sought to examine the impact of using a hands-free cell phone while driving on speed and safe gap keeping behaviors. The study also examined the association between the measure of disturbance created by using a cell phone and the driver's awareness of the disturbance. METHOD: Twenty-three male adults were observed while driving for an hour and a half each; drivers were unaware of being observed. During the session, each of the participants received a phone call, initiated by an associate of the observer. The experiment was divided into two periods during which the experimental parameters were monitored: 10 minutes during conversation on a cell phone and 10 minutes of non-conversation on a hands-free cell phone. After the experiment, the driver was questioned concerning the extent to which his/her driving was disturbed by the cell phone conversation. RESULTS: T-test for matched samples revealed that the gaps between the drivers' cars and those in front of them diminished when drivers were engaged in the cell phone conversations. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that drivers that had short conversations did not change their speed, while drivers who were engaged in long (over 16 minutes) conversations drove faster. No effect of drivers' awareness toward cell phone-related disturbance on actual driving behavior monitored in the present study was found.     

空中交通管制员与飞行员通信风险评估指标体系研究

对空管安全风险管理的关键环节——管制员与飞行员的通信过程进行分析,探讨管制员与飞行员通信失误的表现,分析造成通信失误的原因,从人员、设备、环境和管理4个方面探讨通信风险因素。在此基础上,构建管制员与飞行员通信风险评估指标体系,包括总体层、因素层和指标层3个层次及18项评估指标。通过对通信风险进行监测、评价和管控,帮助管理人员发现通信过程存在的安全隐患,增强管制员与飞行员通信工作的可靠性,从而提高空中交通安全水平。     

Assessing drivers' response during automated driver support system failures with non-driving tasks

IntroductionWith the increase in automated driver support systems, drivers are shifting from operating their vehicles to supervising their automation. As a result, it is important to understand how drivers interact with these automated systems and evaluate their effect on driver responses to safety critical events. This study aimed to identify how drivers responded when experiencing a safety critical event in automated vehicles while also engaged in non-driving tasks.MethodIn total 48 participants were included in this driving simulator study with two levels of automated driving: (a) driving with no automation and (b) driving with adaptive cruise control (ACC) and lane keeping (LK) systems engaged; and also two levels of a non-driving task (a) watching a movie or (b) no non-driving task. In addition to driving performance measures, non-driving task performance and the mean glance duration for the non-driving task were compared between the two levels of automated driving.ResultsDrivers using the automated systems responded worse than those manually driving in terms of reaction time, lane departure duration, and maximum steering wheel angle to an induced lane departure event. These results also found that non-driving tasks further impaired driver responses to a safety critical event in the automated system condition.ConclusionIn the automated driving condition, driver responses to the safety critical events were slower, especially when engaged in a non-driving task.Practical applicationTraditional driver performance variables may not necessarily effectively and accurately evaluate driver responses to events when supervising autonomous vehicle systems. Thus, it is important to develop and use appropriate variables to quantify drivers' performance under these conditions.     

Errors of perception in air traffic control

Accurate and timely perception of visual and auditory information by air traffic controllers is critical to aviation safety. The aim of this research was to investigate the types of errors of perception that occur in air traffic control (ATC). The data were gathered from interviews with 28 UK area controllers and a review of 48 area and terminal control incidents involving loss of separation in the UK spanning three years. The data gave rise to a set of classifications, which form part of the technique for the retrospective analysis of human error (TRACEr). The results are discussed in terms of theory and empirical research. Key main implications for future automation are outlined, in terms of display design, automation reliability and the operation of multiple tools designed and developed separately.     

Estimation of air traffic longitudinal conflict probability based on the reaction time of controllers

To estimate air traffic longitudinal conflict probability influenced by human factors, an analytic model considering the reaction time of controllers is proposed. In the model, the decelerating process of two close flights is described, and the reaction time of controllers is considered a stochastic variable. Then one hundred data of the controller reaction time are collected and analysed. Maximum likelihood estimate is used for parameter estimation. The Anderson–Darling Goodness of Fit test is used for significance test. The results show that the reaction time of controllers fits lognormal distribution at levels of significance 0.05, 0.025, 0.01 and 0.005 respectively. Case study is then performed to certify the rationality of the model, and the impact of the controller reaction time on air traffic longitudinal conflict probability is shown.     

Advanced process control system with MPC as a new approach for layer of protection analysis

Layer of protection analysis (LOPA) is a widely used method to support process safety in the chemical industries. In the LOPA, the process is classified into many layers, one of such layers considers the basic process control system (BPCS) which commonly uses PID controllers. This kind of controllers cannot deal with constraints. For this reason, the main purpose of this work is to provide a framework to enhance the control layer in the LOPA, which consists of a model predictive control (MPC) with safety features. These features include: sublayers in the controller system (such as real time optimization, target calculation, and MPC), safety constraints, and guarantee of stability by adopting an Infinite Horizon MPC (IHMPC). Here, we propose an approach for control-inspired view to process safety, replacing the BPCS by an Advanced Process Control System (APCS). Moving forward with these concepts, first, a literature review emphasizes the content, showing two perspectives for the APCS. The APCS is designed for two varieties of controllers, a basic IHMPC and IHMPC with zone control to compare the performance. In this framework, the first sublayer consists of a real time optimization (RTO) structure, that calculates the optimal operating condition for the process controller, which computes the control action. Besides, RTO has an additional constraint called the safety index, based on the protection of process operational. RTO and basic IHMPC communicate directly, while for IHMPC with zone control there is an inner sublayer called Target Calculation, it computes a feasible target to the controller, working as another safety strategy in APCS. After that, we demonstrate both structures applied to a CSTR reactor. From the case study, we compared both controllers, and evaluated the effect that the safety index constraint causes in the setpoints, outputs, and control actions. The use of safety constraint in RTO proved to be a safe strategy for the control layer, as well as IHMPC with zone control presented a safer profile than basic IHMPC. Furthermore, the results show that safety constraint affect the economic goal, decreasing its value.     

管制员不安全行为干预策略研究

为了制定科学合理的干预策略、防止由管制员导致的两机相撞等不安全事件发生,运用系统动力学方法(SD)构建了管制员不安全行为干预策略模型,以S空管站为例,运用Vensim软件仿真模拟不同安全奖惩政策对管制员不安全行为的干预结果。结果表明:安全奖励政策可以有效干预管制员的差错行为,安全惩罚政策可以有效干预管制员的违章行为;高强度奖励政策-中强度惩罚政策组合干预效果最佳,即当对管制员奖励强度达管制员月薪的3.2倍,惩罚强度达管制员月薪的0.82倍,管制员不安全行为造成的不安全事件率能够降低85.6%。     

管制员安全能力模型研究

为准确评价管制员安全能力,基于能力的定义和管制员工作职责,界定管制员安全能力的内涵;依据该内涵及其工作特性,建立由身体素质、业务素质和意识3个结构维度组成的管制员安全能力模型。其中,身体素质包括生理状况和心理状况;业务素质包括教育状况、培训状况、技能状况和经验状况;意识包括安全意识和工作意识。在各项指标性质差异较大情况下,利用功效系数法实现评价指标的标准化以减小误差,客观反映指标情况,同时采用G1-法和熵值法集成的主客观综合赋权法确定指标的权重,在一定程度上弥补主客观单一赋权的不足,最后通过逼近理想解排序法(TOPSIS)评价管制员安全能力。结果表明,按照从大到小排序对管制员安全能力的影响因素依次为意识、身体素质和业务素质。就对所论能力的影响而言,心理状况强于生理状况;技能状况强教育、培训和经验状况;安全意识对意识的影响大于工作意识。     

人机工程学在仪器仪表操纵机构设计中的应用

基于人机工程学的基本理论，结合人体结构尺寸和行为特性，着重论述了仪器仪表操纵机构的合理布置，操纵器间距离的确定，操纵器的选择方法以及设计原则。最终使仪器仪表的操纵机构最大限度地与人体结构相匹配，为操作者创造一个安全、健康、舒适的操作环境，使人机系统发挥出最大的效率。     

Stress among air traffic controllers: Occupational sources of coronary heart disease risk

This study attempts to assess the sources of occupational stress on air traffic controllers. It is based on data collected from a majority of air traffic controllers at a large U.K. airport. There are two unique methodological features described in this article. First, the use of the repertory grid technique as a method of generating work stressor variables, and second, the use of the multiple logistic equation as a coronary heart disease risk index.     

我国矿井环境模拟和控制技术的研究进展

计算机技术的迅速发展,极大地推动了矿井动态通风系统定量分析的研究。本文介绍了我国近年来在矿井火灾时期井下状态模拟和最优控制方面应用新技术获得的进展,并对各种定性及定量分析方法进行比较和评价。文中对建立矿井火灾时期救灾决策系统的研究方向提出了建议,以便能尽快的为矿井灾变时期的救灾指挥决策的实际应用服务。     

电磁辐射危害现状及对策的研究

本文着重讨论了工厂射频设备对操作人员的危害和防治对策。具体研究内容包括射频设备电磁辐射对操作人员危害的调查;射频设备场强分布规律的研究;采用系统工程方法,建立数学模型对全国射频设备和从事作业人员进行测算;提出防治电磁辐射危害的对策。调查和测试了全国150多个单位,运用模糊数学理论,将测得的3.5万个数据用计算机进行处理,得出全国现有射频设备总台数和从事射频作业人员数。通过研究找出了今后防治重点和解决电磁辐射危害的宏观对策。