表面活性剂在甲烷氧化菌降解煤体甲烷中的适用性研究

甲烷氧化菌液在进入煤储层后会产生较高的毛管压力,且随着甲烷氧化菌降解煤层瓦斯的进行,毛管压力逐渐增大,容易引起水锁伤害。采取向甲烷氧化菌菌液加入复配表面活性剂以期减缓菌液造成的水锁伤害,通过测试所选表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）与椰子油脂肪酸二乙醇酰胺（CDEA）对菌液表面张力的降低程度来了解表面活性剂与菌液的配伍比例,并对含复配表面活性剂的甲烷氧化菌对煤层甲烷的降解进行研究。研究结果表明:表面活性剂与菌液最佳配伍比例为SDBS∶CDEA为1∶4,最佳配伍浓度为0.5％,且表面活性剂在菌液中稳定性较好;菌液中添加复配表活剂20 mL,在混合气体压力为2 MPa、氧浓度为 1％、温度为 30 ℃时,添加复配表面活剂菌液的甲烷最终降解率为51.65％,比未添加复配表面活剂菌液高出11％左右。因此,向甲烷氧化菌菌液中添加复配表面活性剂具有很好的适用性。     

Validation of the UN test method N.5

Many substances react with water in such a way that flammable gases are formed. For transport issues this reaction may possess a considerable hazard especially if the cargo is wetted by rain or by water from other sources. In the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods these kinds of problems are addressed. The UN test N.5 “Test method for substances which in contact with water emit flammable gases” corresponds to this hazard. Classification according to the test method is done by measurement of the gas evolution rate of the flammable gas by any suitable procedure. At BAM a gravimetric approach is used to measure the gas evolution rate. In this paper we present the evaluation of the apparatus by means of an absolute calibration routine utilizing a reaction where a known amount of gas is produced as well as the evaluation of important parameters influencing the gas evolution rate using different substances. It can be shown that the apparatus is capable of measuring absolute gas volumes as low as 6 mL with an acceptable error of about 17% as determined from the reaction of Mg with demineralized water.     

表面活性剂应用于湍球塔除尘的实验研究

选取十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)作为表面活性剂并配置成吸收液,采用水-空气-填料球作为介质对湍球塔进行烟气除尘实验,重点研究了表面活性剂浓度、喷淋量、塔内风速和入口粉尘浓度等因素对除尘效率的影响。实验结果表明,水中添加0.05%的十二烷基苯磺酸钠后,当塔内风速为1.5～1.9 m/s,入口含尘质量浓度为5 g/m3,喷水量为5～7 L/min时,系统的除尘效率超过99.0%。     

聚合氯化铝(PAC)和聚合氯化铁(PFC)对活性污泥的影响

阐述了化学絮凝的反应机理,论述了在活性污泥污水处理系统中加入聚合氯化铝(PAC)和聚合氯化铁(PFC)絮凝剂后,对污水的生物处理系统有无影响,确定了影响范围,实验结果表明在一定的污泥浓度和pH值范围内,适当的絮凝剂投加量可以提高CODCr的去除率,为城市污水厂中水絮凝处理产生的污泥找到了出路。     

受限空间内细水雾与火相互作用的实验研究

细水雾灭火系统作为卤代烷系列灭火剂的替代产品之一，以其高效无毒、经济实用的优点，近年来在国际上研究得非常活跃。本文在受限空间内利用先进的材料热释放速率测量仪研究了细水雾与火的相互作用过程，并得到了以下结论：细水雾通过汽化吸热冷却燃料及氧化剂、体积膨胀隔氧以及吸收热辐射降低对燃料的热回馈等效应与火相互作用，达到控制和扑灭火灾的目的，在受限空间内汽化隔氧效应起着重要作用。     

Evaluation of the spontaneous combustion characteristics of coal of different metamorphic degrees based on a temperature-programmed oil bath experimental system

Research on the micro- and macrocharacteristics of different metamorphic degrees of coal helps improve the control and protection techniques used during spontaneous combustion. Nine coals with different properties were thoroughly investigated in this study. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and a self-designed temperature-programmed oil bath experimental system were adopted to analyze the molecular structure and macrocharacteristic parameters of the spontaneous combustion of coal. Additionally, the influence of particle size on spontaneous combustion was considered. Various functional groups were employed as microcharacteristic parameters to capture the principal active groups in oxidation. The gas production rate, oxygen consumption rate, gas concentration, heat energy release rate, and characteristic temperatures were evaluated as macrocharacteristic parameters to investigate the changes in coal during oxidation. The results establish that the microcharacteristics of coal molecules determine the degree of spontaneous combustion based on intrinsic properties and that changes in the macrocharacteristics of the spontaneous combustion of coal reflect the microstructural changes. The contents of the hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups, alkyl ether and aryl ether in the coal molecules gradually decrease with the metamorphic increase. Oxygen-containing functional groups have higher reactivities and easily react with oxygen, causing the macroparameters, such as the oxygen consumption rate, the gas generation rate and the heat energy release rate, to consistently decrease with the increase of the metamorphic degree. Small-particle-size coal molecules have more active aliphatic hydrocarbons, oxygen-containing functional groups and a larger specific surface area, increasing the chances of adsorbing the oxygen of active groups and promoting the reaction between coal and oxygen. The experimental results indicate that coal samples with higher metamorphic degrees or larger sizes exhibit lower tendencies toward spontaneous combustion. Evaluation of the spontaneous combustion of coal based on a temperature-programmed oil bath experimental system is of great practical importance for preventing the spontaneous combustion of coal during storage, processing and utilization and can serve as a convenient reference for production safety in mining applications.     

水改气海底管道输送高压天然气可行性研究

为了满足油气输送需求,现将一输水管线改输高压天然气,需对该管线改输的可行性进行研究论证,通过ANSYS建模分析得到腐蚀缺陷处在475MPa高压下所受到的最大等效应力小于管道的设计抗力2736MPa,满足安全标准。利用OLGA模拟出管道输送高压天然气时的压力和温度曲线满足实际工况要求,OLGA模拟出的预测腐蚀速率最大处为004mm/y,对管道的剩余寿命影响较小。应用DNV腐蚀因素失效概率模型计算得到该管道的失效概率小于15×10-3,安全等级介于“一般”和“很高”之间。经研究论证得该管道改输高压天然     

Role of naphthenic acid contaminants in the removal of p-xylene from synthetic produced water by MEUF

The high demand for water in oil sands operations in addition to the shortage of fresh water resources mandate continuous search for reliable and cost effective water treatment technologies. Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) is potentially applicable to produced water treatment. MEUF is, however, susceptible to membrane plugging and back contamination, especially at high surfactant dosages. Recent investigations showed that addition of small amounts of a non-ionic surfactant to an ionic surfactant solution reduces the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of the mixed surfactant solution, and consequently reduces the surfactant dosage required to achieve certain removal of contaminants using MEUF. In the present study a naphthenic acid, octanoic acid, typically existing in produced water is shown to play a similar role as the non-ionic surfactant when added to the cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). Cross-flow MEUF using three different molecular weight cutoffs (MWCOs) of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) hollow fiber membranes was used to treat synthetic produced water containing p-xylene. The mixed CPC/octanoic acid solution removed comparable percentages of p-xylene contaminant at much lower concentrations of CPC. Decreasing CPC concentration in the feed resulted in less fouling and higher permeate flux and reduced back contamination. This, in turn, enhanced the performance of MEUF.     

非均质煤样细观力学特性的双轴压缩数值模拟

煤的微观结构特征对煤的力学特性起着重要作用。为了更加真实准确地研究非均质煤样的细观力学特性,首先通过扫描电镜(SEM)获取煤样放大8 000倍的微观结构图像;然后采用数字图像处理技术对SEM图像进行处理,构建能反映煤样较为真实结构特征的CAD矢量结构模型,并将其导入颗粒流离散元软件(PFC)建立符合煤样结构特征的数值模型;最后开展了煤样细观力学特性的双轴压缩颗粒流数值模拟。结果表明:煤作为一种混合物,它所包含的矿物质和微孔裂隙对其力学性能有重要作用;应力应变曲线有明显的峰值转折点,可以分为弹性阶段、应变软化阶段和残余阶段;煤样在双轴压缩条件下产生的宏观裂纹主要受拉伸力影响,其破裂形态不规则;在应力峰值位置附近,裂纹的增长速率最快,此时的颗粒体间平均接触力也最大,能够达到3.25×10⁸N;另外随围压和加载速率增大,应力-应变曲线形式基本保持不变,但轴向应力峰值及裂纹数逐渐增加;应力峰值对应的轴向应变与围压无确定的规律,而与加载速率呈正比关系。     

两相射流促进细水雾灭火技术发展

压缩气体射流与水射流混合后所产生的气-水两相射流,可获得连续、高速喷射的细水雾,水滴粒径小,穿入火焰的能力强,可沿水平方向射入火焰中,比喷淋方式水雾灭火可节省90%的用水量,缩短了灭火时间,发挥了细水雾的灭火优势,是细水雾灭火技术的最新发展。所制成的便携式、车载式、固定式的两相射流细水雾灭火装置,可扑灭多种类型的火灾,尤其适合用于扑灭有人存在的空间的火灾。以涡喷发动机为喷射动力的气-水两相射流喷射系统,制成了超大功率的喷射雾状水的消防装备,大幅度提高了控制油、气大火火势的能力和灭火效率。气-水两相射流还有稀释、吹散泄漏出的可燃性气体,防止其点燃的功能,适合于在天然气和有毒有害气体泄漏事故抢险救援中使用。将压缩气体和泡沫液按比例混和后喷射的压缩空气泡沫喷射系统,产生了喷射“干泡沫”的消防车,使灭火用水的利用率提高了8倍,被称为是世界最先进的泡沫灭火技术。气-水两相射流促进了灭火技术革命性的发展,新型的气-水两相射流消防装备不断涌现,展示出了广阔的应用前景。     

Experimental Study of the Interation Between the Water Mists and PVC Fire

Effect of water mist on the small-scale solid fuel polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fire in the confined space has been studied experimentally with the heat release rate measured by a cone calorimeter in this paper.The water mist is generated by a single pressure nozzle and the diffusion flame is produced from PVC samples respectively. The LDV/APV system is employed to determine the water mist characteristics. The Cone Calorimeter is used to measure the heat release rate, oxygen and carbon monoxide concentrations and other important parameters of the interaction under various conditions.The results of the test showed that heat extraction cooling (flame cooling and fuel surface cooling) plays a dominating role to suppress the PVC fire, when the water mist with enough volume flux are applied to the diffusion flame in the confined space. The higher the operation pressure, the easier the suppression. The faster the PVC fire suppressed by water mist with large enough water flux, the less the total amount of toxic gases (CO, CO₂) produced.     

基于数值模拟的细水雾在汽车涂装车间喷漆室的应用研究

采用FDS软件对细水雾扑救汽车涂装车间喷漆室火灾的灭火效能进行数值模拟分析,着重探讨了喷漆室纵向通风、细水雾雾滴粒径、雾滴喷射速度、汽车障碍物等对扑灭油漆火的影响。模拟结果表明:在细水雾与油漆火的相互作用过程中,细水雾对火源的表面冷却和隔氧窒息作用显著;为了防止室内氧气得到补充,在开启细水雾灭火的同时应当联动控制关闭纵向通风系统;在模拟工况条件下雾滴粒径为100μm~300μm的细水雾灭火效果优于粒径为400μm、500μm的细水雾;雾滴在一定喷射速度范围内速度越大灭火效果越好,喷射速度为10m/s的雾滴灭火效果明显优于3m/s和5m/s的雾滴,但是为了防止火焰横向蔓延,喷射速度不宜过高;在汽车障碍物火灾中部分微小的细水雾雾滴受到火焰的卷吸作用,可以绕过障碍物进入火区发挥冷却作用,细水雾灭火系统能够有效控制障碍物火灾,可以应用于汽车涂装车间喷漆室。     

不同阻燃剂的聚氨酯泡沫材料阴燃特性研究

为了解添加不同阻燃剂的聚氨酯泡沫材料的阴燃特性,对聚氨酯泡沫材料一半干燥一半采用添加Mg Cl2、防老剂、质量分数为10%的水三种情况进行阻燃处理。各次实验结果表明,添加Mg Cl2的材料阻燃效果较好,温度传播到含有添加剂的材料时,由于材料的阻燃性吸附阻止氧气的传播导致没有发生阴燃向有焰火的转化;当传播到有防老剂材料时,由于防老剂的阻氧导致氧气量缓慢减少,在接触后的前期由于氧气量变化缓慢导致气相反应的出现,随着氧气量减少,阴燃结束;当传播到含水材料时,温度出现下降同时阴燃传播速度变慢,但是阴燃仍然能够维持,最后由于氧气的大量进入转化为有焰火。     

水分润湿过程中煤中瓦斯解吸规律试验

为了深入探讨水分对煤中瓦斯解吸特性的影响,采用试验和理论分析相结合的方法,按照原煤的固有粒度配比加工制作型煤,充分干燥后使其吸附平衡以模拟原始煤体,然后利用自制的试验装置实现水分自然进入含瓦斯煤,再测试水分润湿含瓦斯煤过程中样品缸内的瓦斯压力变化情况。结果表明:水分润湿含瓦斯煤过程中样品缸内瓦斯压力不断升高,水分能置换出煤中吸附瓦斯;相同吸附平衡压力下,煤样含水率越高,水分占据的有效吸附位越多,累计瓦斯解吸量越大,当煤样含水率达到煤的极限吸水率时,累计瓦斯解吸量达到极限值;同一含水率条件下,随吸附平衡压力增长,煤样吸附饱和度逐渐增加,水分越难进入煤体内部细微孔隙,造成累计瓦斯解吸量逐渐增加,但增幅逐渐减小,随吸附平衡压力不断升高,极限瓦斯解吸量趋于一定值。     

不同变质程度煤自燃特性及低温氧化动力学分析

为了研究不同变质程度煤在低温氧化自燃过程中的特性,以及煤样变质程度对煤自燃过程的影响,利用程序升温试验系统研究了不同变质程度煤在低温氧化阶段气体与特征温度变化规律。通过计算其耗氧速率、放热强度,分析了耗氧速率、放热强度与温度之间的对应关系。同时分析了煤样变质程度对CO、CO₂气体及耗氧速率、放热强度的影响规律。根据程序升温的试验条件和阿伦尼乌斯公式建立了CO与温度的计算模型,分析了该方程的线性回归直线斜率,计算了不同变质程度煤低温氧化活化能,分析并印证了煤样变质程度与活化能之间的关系。根据不同煤质工业分析指标试验结果,进一步阐述了各煤种主要煤质工业分析指标的差别,分析了主要指标与煤程序升温试验自燃氧化参数的相关性,同时分析了主要工业分析指标对各特征参数的影响。结果表明:煤在低温氧化自燃过程所产出的CO和CO₂气体释放量、耗氧速率及放热强度均随温度升高而呈指数级增长;随煤样变质程度增加,CO和CO₂气体、耗氧速率、放热强度变化较小;煤的变质程度越高,特征温度和活化能越大;煤样自燃的可能性越小,危险性越小;结合煤样工业分析与活化能发现,水分、灰分、挥发分含量与活化能呈负相关。     

隔爆水幕对瓦斯爆炸传播规律影响的试验研究

为研究自制隔爆水幕抑制瓦斯爆炸的有效性,采用大直径瓦斯爆炸试验管道系统,在不同瓦斯浓度和不同水幕流量条件下进行瓦斯爆炸试验,利用数据采集系统测量瓦斯爆炸特性参数并对其变化规律和隔爆效果进行分析。结果表明:瓦斯浓度9.5%时经过隔爆水幕抑制作用,瓦斯爆炸压力峰值由64 kPa下降到39 kPa,衰减了39%;温度峰值由969 K下降到498 K,衰减了49%;速度最大值由136 m/s下降到73 m/s,衰减了15%。虽然隔爆水幕对不同浓度瓦斯产生的爆炸起到良好的抑制效果,但隔爆之后的传播规律依然受到瓦斯浓度影响。隔爆水幕对瓦斯爆炸的抑制效果取决于喷水流量的大小,随着流量的增加,水幕的隔爆效果增强,喷头最佳的工作流量为16.4 L/min。     

通风条件下氩气泄漏空间氧气盈亏公式推导及应用*

为解决氩气等惰性气体使用场所窒息风险评估方法不足的问题，同时提高建筑通风换气有效性，减少特殊建筑缺氧窒息事故的发生。建立理想气体稀释模型，以氮氩气在空气中的总体积分数为直接指标，研究通风条件下氩气散发导致的氧气浓度变化过程，推导出在氩气泄漏或通风换气单独作用下氮氩气总体积分数与时间之间的函数关系，并在此基础上推导出维持氧气浓度的需用风量计算公式。最后在实例中应用，评估某实验室通风换气的有效性，给出实际需用风量建议。研究结果表明:氧气盈亏模型的建立，为缺氧环境的风险分析提供理论依据，相关公式简单易用，对建筑通风量的准确计算与有效性评估具有重要意义。     

原地爆破浸出采铀过程中的渗漏示踪研究

为了准确、及时判断原地爆破浸出采铀堆场底部是否发生渗漏,需寻找合适的示踪剂在喷淋浸出过程中开展示踪。先采用静态试验在候选示踪剂荧光素钠、溴化钾、碘化钾中筛选出不影响铀的浸出且吸附量最小的荧光素钠作为示踪剂;从表面活性剂MES、MAEPK、DMSS、SDS中,筛选出既有利于铀的浸出又可在铀浸出过程中降低矿石对示踪剂荧光素钠吸附的SDS。,再通过动态柱试验进一步研究荧光素钠与表面活性剂SDS的示踪性能。结果表明,荧光素钠不影响铀浸出,添加表面活性剂不仅使铀浸出率提高约9.01%,而且降低了铀矿石对荧光素钠的吸附,尤其大大降低了矿石对荧光素钠的初始吸附,使得初始穿透水中荧光素钠的质量浓度提高了20.8倍,铀矿石对荧光素钠的分配系数在不加表面活性剂与添加表面活性剂的情况下分别为6.66 mL/g与4.22 mL/g,阻滞系数分别为29.46与20.59,分别降低了36.63%、30.11%。因此,以荧光素钠为示踪剂添加表面活性剂SDS的原地爆破浸出采铀堆场渗漏示踪试验可以及时、准确地判断是否渗漏。     

松软煤层钻进高温闭锁及预警装置研究与应用

针对高瓦斯松软煤层钻孔施工存在孔内瓦斯燃烧的安全隐患问题,提出钻进高温闭锁及压力预警系统,开展钻头与闭锁装置之间的温度传导规律实验、储液密封仓液体介质实验,并进行现场工业性试验。研究结果表明:钻头与储液密封仓之间的温度传输平均差值约为251.52 ℃;储液密封仓选取水为充填介质时,能够保障钻头温度在380~424 ℃范围时蒸汽活塞发生动作;通过现场工业性试验,高温闭锁装置可实现钻头高温下的风水通路闭锁,及时切断氧气来源,避免钻进过程中瓦斯燃烧事故;压力预警装置可将钻进风水通路闭锁转化为声音信号,根据预警时长对钻进过程中的高温、渣堵钻头、瓦斯大等现象进行识别,并及时调整钻进速度及压力,从而降低钻进过程中事故发生的概率。     

水分自然侵入促进含瓦斯煤解吸效应实验研究

为定量研究水分自然侵入对含瓦斯煤解吸促进影响效果,利用自制的“高压吸附-水分自然侵入-数据自动采集”实验系统,对不同水分含量自然侵入含瓦斯煤后的瓦斯压力变化进行了连续监测。结果表明:水分侵入后依靠竞争吸附能置换出吸附瓦斯,从而促进含瓦斯煤瓦斯解吸,其促进效果与煤样含水率相关;当煤样含水率由2%增至12%时,瓦斯置换量由2.18ml/g增至4.48ml/g,瓦斯置换率由11.48%增至23.83%,煤样吸水饱和前,含水率Mad与瓦斯置换量Q和置换率η之间满足Q=1.695Mad/(1+0.3Mad)和η=8.85Mad/(1+0.29Mad)关系模型,煤样吸水饱和时,水分对瓦斯解吸的促进效果达到极限值;工程应用中可利用水分对瓦斯解吸的促进影响效应进一步提高瓦斯抽采率。