电磁辐射职业危害及防护对策

科技飞速发展的今天,射频及微波技术已经广泛应用于国民经济的各个领域,这使得越来越多的从业人员在工作场所受到电磁辐射污染的影响。本文总结归纳了我国电磁辐射职业危害状况,分析了现代企业电磁辐射防护的新特点,并提出企业电磁辐射防护对策。     

Occupational Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons During Diesel Combustion

Identification and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Diesel exhaust in the working environment and assessment of workers’ occupational exposure to these suspected human carcinogens were the aim of this experimental investigation.

The range of exposure factors calculated on the basis of 9 individual PAH concentrations determined in personal air samples shows that time-averaged concentration of these compounds did not exceed the Polish Maximum Admissible Concentration (MAC) value for PAHs, that is, 2 μg·m^–3. The highest concentrations of PAHs were determined in the breathing zone of forklift operators. The maximum exposure factor was 0.427 μg·m^–3 (about 1/4 of MAC).     

Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemical Substances While Processing Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins

Air pollutants emitted while processing phenol-formaldehyde resins have been investigated. Gas chromatography-mass-selective detection was used to separate and identify chemical compounds. It was determined that workers were exposed to formaldehyde in all workplaces. Besides, phenol, acetaldehyde, acrylaldehyde, 2-furaldehyde, xylene, ethylbenzene, toluene, tetrachlorethene, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate were found during the production of frictional materials; and 2-furaldehyde, phenol, naphthalene, 2-furan-methanol, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the production of abrasive materials. Quantitative analyses were performed with gas chromatogra-phy and high performance liquid chromatography. Assessment of occupational exposure indicated that chemical compounds emitted during the investigated processes might be dangerous for human health, mainly because of suspected carcinogenic compounds: formaldehyde and PAHs.     

Occupational injuries of immigrant and Finnish bus drivers

Problem

With baby boomers reaching retirement age, Western countries may need more immigrant workers to ensure productivity. Many studies have suggested a higher occupational injury frequency among immigrant workers, which could considerably reduce their contribution to society. The aim of this study was to examine whether immigrant workers have a higher injury frequency compared to Finnish workers when performing the exact same tasks under the same working conditions.

Method

A total of 176 Finnish and 130 immigrant bus drivers were asked about their occupational injuries during the past 12 months via a questionnaire. In addition, the data contained 134 injuries reported by the transport firm to an insurance company.

Results

There was no significant difference in reporting occupational injuries by self-reporting or by company-records. Because there were more accident-repeaters among Finnish drivers, their injury frequency (114) was higher than that of immigrant drivers (78).

Application/Impact

This study showed that immigrant workers did not have a higher injury frequency than other workers when they worked in the exact same conditions. Immigrant workers can work as safely as native-Finnish workers, when their working conditions and job contracts are at the same level as those of the original population. Immigrant workers can compensate for the shortage of workforce caused by an aging population.     

医务人员职业健康危害及其关键控制环节

通过查阅、分析大量文献,结合实际工作经验,系统阐述了医务人员面临的主要职业危害因素,并针对我国医务人员职业危害现状和防治工作中存在的主要问题,提出防治关键环节和措施。分析表明:我国医务人员职业暴露危害严重;医务人员的生命质量和平均寿命低于普通人群;医院职业卫生立法和技术标准滞后;防治措施不力,医务人员职业健康权益得不到有效保护。同时指出对医务人员职业危害防治的关键措施:必须通过加强科学研究、制定法规标准、建设医院安全文化、加强宣传教育和培训、推广免疫接种和防护技术、科学设计工作流程、加强心理疏导等关键措施,有效防治医务人员职业健康危害。     

Occupational Exposure to Asbestos During Renovation of Oil-Shale Fuelled Power Plants in Estonia

Many thousands of tonnes of asbestos were used in buildings in the past, especially for thermal insulation of pipes and boilers in power plants. Occupational exposure to asbestos dust now mainly occurs during demolition, renovation and routine maintenance activities. The objective of this study was to evaluate occupational exposure to airborne asbestos during renovation of solid oil-shale fuelled power plants carried out in 2001-2003. Air monitoring inside and outside of the renovation area was performed. The concentration of airborne fibres in the working environment increased during renovation but the valid limit value (0.1 fibres/cm³) was not exceeded.     

电磁辐射对人体的伤害及预防

随着各种电磁辐射源的广泛使用，电磁辐射对人体健康的影响已经引起人们的普遍关注。介绍了电磁辐射对人体伤害的机理及其预防措施，并着重就移动电话的相关问题作了讨论。     

Health Risk Assessment of Occupational Exposure to a Magnetic Field From Magnetic Resonance Imaging Devices

Health care staff who operate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices are exposed to a static magnetic field of significant spatial heterogenity always produced by MRI magnets during the whole shift. They can also be exposed to pulses of a time-varying magnetic field (gradient field) present only during patients’ examinations. The level of the workers’ exposure depends both on the type of the magnet and on the ergonomic design of each MRI device.

The paper presents methods used for measuring and assessing workers’ exposure. It also discusses the results of inspection measurements carried out next to approximately 20 MRI devices of approximately 0.2–2.0 T. The presented characteristic and overview of the variability of workers’ exposure to a variety of MRI devices supports the need for data on monitoring occupational exposure to MRI. International exposure assessment standards and guidelines (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection [ICNIRP], Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers [IEEE], American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists [ACGIH], European Commission directive), and those established in Poland are also compared.     

紫外光固化磷氮类丙烯酸酯的制备及其阻燃性能

报道了多种结构的低粘度多官能团有机磷(甲基)丙烯酸酯的合成,并对其固化膜的阻燃性能和阻燃机理进行了研究,重点讨论了其对于紫外光固化环氧丙烯酸酯和聚氨酯丙烯酸酯固化膜阻燃性能和降解机理的影响,以及有机磷丙烯酸酯体系膨胀机理和阻燃行为.     

建筑行业农民工的职业安全健康现状及对策

通过分析现阶段我国建筑行业农民工的常见职业性伤害事故以及职业安全健康现状,从教育、技术、监管3个方面提出了引导农民工学会利用法律、通过合法渠道维护自身权益;改善农民工的就业环境,加强个体防护,讲究文明礼貌,遵守职业行为准则,培养科学、文明、健康的生活方式等具体措施,为农村富余劳动力转移提供更多的就业机会,增加农民收入促进城乡经济协调发展,保障建筑行业农民工的职业安全健康提供科学依据。     

Attributes of Occupational Injury Among Workers in the Chemical Industry and Safety Issues

Case-study research was carried out with a view to find the attributes of occupational injury among workers in the chemical industry and to enhance safety issues. Injury data were collected and processed in terms of different variables, such as age, gender, skills, type of hazard, etc. Pareto analysis was then applied to find a pattern of occupational injury among the workers. The study revealed that 79.52% of the injured workers were in the 40–59 age group; 57.14% of accidents occurred during the 1st shift; 73.26% of accidents caused injury to hands, feet, chest to thigh, arms and eyes; and 70.93% of injuries were caused by pumps, carrying and lifting, vehicles, pipelines, valves, and grinding. Surprisingly, no one was injured in the group of temporary workers. The paper also provides specific suggestions followed by some action plans.     

碳氢燃料泄漏火灾火焰热辐射强度估算

介绍了一种关于碳氢燃料泄漏火灾火焰热辐射强度的估算方法,并运用具体实例进行了验证。同时,还提出了一定强度的火焰热辐射造成对人伤害所需时间的计算方法。     

我国作业场所粉尘职业危害现状与对策分析

为进一步解决我国作业场所粉尘职业危害问题,保障劳动者的职业健康,践行《健康中国2030》国家战略,本文采用资料分析、问卷调查、政策研究、专家咨询等方法,分析与梳理了我国作业场所的粉尘职业危害现状、尘肺病发病的主要特征、粉尘防控存在的突出问题。基于分析与研究,提出加大防尘技术支撑机构建设力度、加强粉尘防治重点科技攻关、提高粉尘防治信息化水平以及职业健康人才队伍建设等粉尘危害防控对策与措施。     

Simulation of Reflected and Scattered Laser Radiation for Designing Laser Shields

This paper presents a computer simulation of reflected and scattered laser radiation for calculating the angle of laser shields performed with the Laser Shield Solver computer program. The authors describe a method of calculating the shield angle for laser shields which protect workers against reflected and scattered laser radiation and which are made from different materials. The main assumptions of the program, which calculates and simulates reflected laser radiation from any material and which can be used for designing shield angles, are presented. Calculations are compared with measurements of reflected laser radiation. The results for one type of laser and different materials which interacted with a laser beam showed that the Laser Shield Solver was an appropriate tool for designing laser shields and its simulations of reflected laser radiation distribution have practical use.     

机器人在核与辐射事故应急中的应用展望

随着核能行业的持续发展,核与辐射事故时有发生。由于核与辐射事故所特有的放射性照射,给事故应急带来了极大的困难。因此,在核与辐射事故应急现场有效地使用机器人就显得尤为重要。分析了在核与辐射事故现场使用机器人的必要性和可行性,通过对机器人在福岛核事故中的应用分析,指出了机器人在核与辐射事故应急中存在的不足,并对研制开发适用于核与辐射事故应急的机器人提出了建议。     

Action-Oriented Support for Occupational Safety and Health Programs in Some Developing Countries in Asia

Action-oriented support programs have been increasingly playing vital roles in promoting safety and health in developing countries in Asia. This paper studied achievements of 3 action-oriented support programs: the WISE program for small enterprises, the WIND program for farmers, and the POSITIVE program for workers and trade unions. Special attention was paid to how the programs have strengthened local efforts for sustainable actions in safety and health improvements. The results showed that there were significant achievements in action-oriented support programs in the region, including a large number of improvement examples, integration into government policies, and network support through employers’ and workers’ organizations. Participatory, action-oriented training tools such as action-checklists, local good example photos, and group work methods played key roles in the effective implementation of the programs. It was of note that there were a number of local efforts to extend the coverage of action-oriented support even to hard-to-reach workers such as home-based workers, rural workers, and ethnic minorities. The efforts included the equal participation in the training by female and male farmers, shortened and weekend training programs, photo sheets showing local good examples, and reasonable fee collection for better sustainability. In conclusion, action-oriented support programs provided local people with concrete means to promote safety and health improvements. The successful programs commonly focused on local initiatives and were built on local wisdom and resources.     

Occupational Safety and Health Status of Sanitation Workers in Urban Areas: A Pilot Study From Wuhan,China

Sanitation workers ‘ workload increases quickly with rapid urbanization, but there is almost no evidence or policy recommendations for their management in developing countries. This study describes the health status and occupational protection of sanitation workers; it also explores risk factors related to their health status in Wuhan City, China. Three hundred and eighty-five sanitation workers from 54 streets of Wuhan were surveyed. Their prevalence of 2-week illness and arthritis was relatively higher than in the general population in China. Findings related to occupational protection showed that both sanitation workers (users) and their managers (providers) neglected the role of low-cost protection measures, especially masks, soap/hand sani-tizer and prejob training (use rate of 7.27%, 26.75% and 43.64%, respectively). High-intensity workload was an important risk factor for 2-week illness, and prejob training was an important protective factor against arthritis.     

池火灾热辐射的数值研究

通过列举储罐火灾事故,提出对池火灾进行研究的重要性。介绍目前池火灾国内外的研究现状及发展情况,描述池火灾燃烧特征和模型。应用化学流体力学基本定律,建立了描述池火灾过程的基本控制方程组,并根据适当的条件选择辐射模型。建立物理模型,做出合理假设,确定初始和边界条件,对池火灾热辐射过程进行数值模拟,得出火焰周围入射热流密度分布图,计算出相邻两罐之间的最小安全距离,应用于工程实际中,给防火间距的制定提供理论依据,计算结果定性合理。     

纺织品防微波辐射检测方法及其仪器的研究

根据对纺织品微波性能测试方法的系统研究,针对我国纺织品防辐射检测现状和科技发展的需求,运用系统分析、有效控制方法,采用先进技术,开发完成了我国首台自行设计、自行制造,适于2,250～2,650MHz范围织物防微波辐射现代快速检测仪器。经以中国工程院院士姚穆为首的技术审定委员会审定认为:该仪器设计科学合理、结构严谨、检测快速、数据准确,关键技术达到国际先进水平。     

密目式安全立网紫外线照射老化后耐贯穿性能检测检验结果质量分析与预防措施

紫外线照射老化后耐贯穿性能,是密目式安全立网主要的安全指标。本文分析了可能影响其检测检验结果的原因,并提出了相应的预防措施。