The effects of arm posture and holding time on holding capability and muscle activity

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of arm posture and holding time on human holding capability and resulting muscle activity. Fifteen healthy young males were recruited as participants. Maximum holding capacity was examined at 0 (degrees of shoulder forward flexion angle)/90 (degrees of elbow angle), 30/120 and 90/180 arm postures. Maximum acceptable weight of holding was evaluated in three arm postures (0/90, 30/120, 90/180) by three holding times (10?s, 20?s, 30?s). The greatest and lowest maximum holding capacity or maximum acceptable weight of holding occurred at 0/90 and 90/180 arm postures, respectively. Maximum acceptable weight of holding decreased with increasing holding time. While holding maximum acceptable weights, the % of maximum voluntary contraction of brachioradialis, biceps brachii and erector spinae ranged from 14 to 44%, from 14 to 53% and from 25 to 36%, respectively.     

Lower back pain and its association with whole-body vibration and manual materials handling among commercial drivers in Sabah

A cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of lower back pain (LBP) and its association with whole-body vibration (WBV) and manual materials handling (MMH). We studied 110 commercial vehicle drivers using a self-administered questionnaire and the VI-400Pro human vibration monitor. Prevalence of LBP was 66.4%. The percentage of drivers who had frequent manual handling of heavy loads was 45.5% and those who handled heavy loads in awkward postures accounted for 86.4%. Daily vibration A(8) averaged on the z axis was 0.25 (0.06) m·s^?2 and at vector sum was 0.29 (0.07) m·s^?2. Daily vibration exposures on the z axis, frequent manual handling of heavy loads and awkward posture during MMH were significantly associated with LBP. Drivers who are exposed to WBV and frequently handle heavy loads manually and with awkward postures probably have more LBP than drivers who are exposed to only one of these risk factors.     

Effects of Manual Handling,Posture, and Whole Body Vibrations on Low-Back Pain

To determine the effect of occupational stress on low-back pain (LBP), a cross-sectional study has been carried out, by interviews, on workers exposed to 3 stresses: manual handling (MH, 82 women and 264 men), whole body vibrations (WBV, 274 men), and static postures (278 women). Anthropometric data, occupational stress, LBP severity and frequency, and a psychological evaluation of these groups were compared to those of a control population of 208 workers (104 men and 104 women).

The results show that 30% of the population had never suffered from LBP. Age and the body mass index of the workers were the parameters most closely associated with LBP. Women involved in MH had higher frequency and severity of LBP than their reference population. Men involved in MH or exposed to WBV had higher frequency of painful episodes than their reference population. Workers exposed to one of the stresses were on sick leave for LBP more often, and for longer periods, than workers in the reference group. The results show that individual factors are often decisive in the onset of LBP. Nevertheless, in the more serious LBP cases, occupational stress is an aggravating factor for LBP and its consequences.     

Workplace Hazards and Prevention Options From a Nonrandom Sample of Retail Trade Businesses

Employer commitment is a key factor in an effective safety program, yet limited research has focused on the safety priorities of retail store managers. To address this, the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recruited 4 experienced ergonomists, who met and interviewed 9 retailers in different parts of the eastern USA. The reports from the 9 interviews were used to document the hazards facing retailers and the interventions they attempted. Those interviewed were managers/owners of establishments that ranged from a small bakery with 11 employees to a supermarket with 85 or more employees. The main hazards across all establishments included overexertion, contact-with-objects, and falls-to-the-same-level. We also compared the retailers’ perceptions of safety hazards with injuries from actual hazards as supplied by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. This report provides insight into the retailers ‘ perceptions of safety hazards as well as their commitment to the prevention of workplace injuries.     

Pushing and pulling: an assessment tool for occupational health and safety practitioners

A tool has been developed for supporting practitioners when assessing manual pushing and pulling operations based on an initiative by two global companies in the manufacturing industry. The aim of the tool is to support occupational health and safety practitioners in risk assessment and risk management of pushing and pulling operations in the manufacturing and logistics industries. The tool is based on a nine-multiplier equation that includes a wide range of factors affecting an operator’s health risk and capacity in pushing and pulling. These multipliers are based on psychophysical, physiological and biomechanical studies in combination with judgments from an expert group consisting of senior researchers and ergonomists. In order to consider usability, more than 50 occupational health and safety practitioners (e.g., ergonomists, managers, safety representatives and production personnel) participated in the development of the tool. An evaluation by 22 ergonomists supports that the push/pull tool is user friendly in general.     

A Whole Body Postural Loading Simulation and Assessment Model for Workplace Analysis and Design

Abstract

This study reports on the development and validation of a new computer model for simulating human postures at work, and assessing the reaction forces and bending moments in 43 human articulation joints. The proposed model estimates the intradiscal pressure in the vertebral column in response to external loading forces encountered during human interactions with work objects or processes. The model was implemented in a self-contained interactive software package. The simulation results compare favorably with the reported experimental data, and provide reasonable confidence in the quality of the model. Its characteristics and its applications in evaluating physical task performance are also discussed     

基于突变级数法的企业应急动态能力评价研究

针对企业开展应急能力评价不够科学、合理的问题,在相关理论研究基础上,提出1种将突变级数方法和动态能力理论相结合的企业应急能力评价方法。基于突变级数方法,构建企业应急能力的突变评价模型;采用动态能力理论,从感知、整合、重构和学习4个方面建立企业应急动态能力评价指标体系,给出具体评价步骤;改进评价方法并进行实例分析。研究结果表明:该方法对评价企业应急动态能力具有一定的参考价值。     

突发灾害应急能力评估及应急特点

灾害应急能力评估是应急管理的基础,能够为应急准备提供可靠的依据.本文介绍了美国、日本和台湾的灾害应急能力评估项目、评分准则以及评估流程等信息,并对美国、日本和台湾的灾害应急体系特点进行了比较,指出了今后开展灾害应急能力评估的方向,为我国今后进行应急能力评估提供参考.     

Workplace Design for Manual Assembly Tasks: Effect of Spatial Arrangement on Work-Cycle Time

This article reports the results of an experimental study undertaken to investigate the effect of spatial arrangement of assembly board and parts bin in the normal work area on work-cycle time in manual assembly tasks. Operator performance was measured in terms of average work-cycle time taken to complete a laboratory-simulated manual assembly task. Results showed that both location and distance factors had significant effects on work-cycle time. Effect of the size of parts was also investigated in the study. Average observed work-cycle times were compared with the methods–time measurement (MTM) values. Repetitive manual assembly tasks are common in industry and are thought to lead to musculoskeletal disorders. The results of this research are important for ergonomic design of the workplace for assembly tasks, which would help to enhance operators’ efficiency.     

区域承灾能力评估方法及应用研究

以抗灾能力、防灾能力、救灾能力、灾后处置恢复能力四项一级指标为出发点,构建了10项二级指标、43项三级指标、132项四级指标的区域突发事故灾难承载能力评估指标体系。提出基于专家调查、IAHP（改进的层次分析法）的评估方法,构建出线性加权的评估模型,提出对应的分级准则对评估结果分级。对传统AHP方法实施改进,提出IAHP方法确立各级指标权重。以广州市某化工园区为实例,展开了承灾能力的实际应用评估,得到该园区的承灾能力指数为72．118,级别为较好,并在此基础之上提出建议对策。     

安全煤岩柱性能研究及综合评价

在对里彦煤矿采矿地质条件分析的基础上,对安全煤岩柱的化学成分及其阻水性能、岩性及力学特征进行了研究.针对里彦煤矿的具体情况,分析了里彦安全煤岩柱的阻水性能,认为其阻水性能良好,可以适当减小防水防砂煤岩柱宽度,以提高开采上限,释放部分煤炭储量.     

Antecedents and consequences of empowering leadership: Leader power distance,leader perception of team capability,and team innovation

The evidence that empowering leadership is an effective form of team leadership brings the question on what the antecedents of empowering leadership are into focus. We propose that empowering leadership is driven by considerations of the normative and situational appropriateness of empowering leadership that are associated with leader power distance value and leader perception of team capability. We propose that leader power distance and perceived team capability interact such that the influence of leader power distance on empowering leadership is stronger with higher perceived team capability. We extend our model to show that by affecting empowering leadership, the interaction of leader power distance and perceived team capability indirectly influences team innovation, an important team outcome associated with empowered teamwork. We tested our model in two multisource surveys in China: Study 1 of 84 technical teams and Study 2 of 83 financial service teams. We discuss how our study contributes to empowering leadership theory by providing a theoretical perspective that lends itself well to identifying other trait and situational antecedents of empowering leadership.     

基层公安消防部队应急救援能力构成要素研究

近年来,我国公安消防部队主动拓展职能,承担了灭火之外的,以抢救人民生命为主的应急救援任务,已成为了我国常态下应急救援的主力军。本文根据新时期、新形势下应急救援工作建设的实际需要,系统的研究了应急救援能力的概念和构成要素,并从人员、装备、组织管理指挥体系和社会救援资源四个方面对基层公安消防部队的应急救援能力进行了分析,对各要素及各要素之间的关系分别进行了研究,分别提出了各要素的衡量方法,可对基层公安消防部队应急救援能力的科学评价和管理决策提供参考。     

基于灰色层次分析法的突发事件应急管理能力评价

突发事件的频发,使得对应急能力的评价备受关注。首先按照应急管理能力评价指标的选取原则,构建了突发事件应急管理能力评价指标体系。然后利用层次分析法确定各评价指标的权重系数,采用专家打分法建立评价指标集,运用灰色系统理论计算评分,进而建立了适用于突发事件应急管理能力的灰色层次分析评价模型。最后对某区域的突发事件应急管理能力进行实例分析,在定量计算的基础上,对其应急能力进行缺陷诊断,并提出措施建议,为完善应急能力提供科学有效的依据。     

基于情景构建技术的应急准备能力评估方法

为了提高应急准备能力评估结果的可靠性,提出一种基于情景构建技术的应急准备能力评估方法。运用情景构建技术,明确所构建的情景事件中的主要应急任务;提出应急准备能力评估指标体系,将完成每项应急任务所需的目标能力和现实能力相比较,采用加权求和的计算方法,评估区域应对该类情景事件的应急准备能力,并进行实例验证。结果表明:评估指标体系结构合理,评估方法可行,可提升应急准备能力评估的针对性,对区域应急准备能力的提高具有指导意义。     

基于G1法城市燃气事故应急能力评价研究

燃气事故应急能力水平的高低是控制燃气事故发展、减少社会损失,保障城市安全的关键。因此,对城市应对燃气事故的应急能力进行综合评价十分重要。笔者首先对城市燃气事故应急能力评价指标体系进行研究,结合天津市实际情况,将影响燃气事故应急能力因素分为两级,建立燃气事故应急能力指标评价体系。然后首次将G1法应用于燃气管事故应急能力的评价上,对所建立的应急能力指标评价体系进行评价,结果显示：所建立燃气事故应急能力指标评价体系涵盖范围广,能够充分反映当前天津市燃气事故应急能力相关评价指标,运用Gl法所评价的结果经验证,客观的反映了当前的燃气事故应急水平。     

自升式钻井平台就位安全性与覆盖能力要求分析*

为保证自升式钻井平台安全就位并覆盖海上生产平台井槽进行钻完井作业,研究自升式钻井平台就位及插桩作业过程中的风险及应对措施,提出考虑就位作业误差影响下的自升式钻井平台覆盖能力要求计算方法。结果表明:桩腿穿刺是自升式钻井平台就位安全的首要考虑因素;就位作业误差会明显提高对自升式钻井平台覆盖能力的要求;提出的方法可以准确计算出实际作业对自升式钻井平台横向和纵向覆盖能力的要求,对自升式钻井平台选型及安全作业具有一定的指导意义。     

煤矿安全管理能力理论框架研究

运用文献分析和综合归纳等研究方法,对煤矿安全管理能力进行研究。通过研究得出:煤矿安全管理能力本质是一种累积专有知识的集合,是煤矿对由安全生产体系进行协调控制的过程中,诸要素相互作用形成的蕴含在煤矿内部的一种企业管理能力。具备知识属性的"人、设备、环境、制度"成为煤矿安全管理能力的构成要素,而"人的不安全行为"、"设备不安全状态"、"环境不安全条件"和"制度不安全条件"对构成要素产生不良影响,成为煤矿安全管理能力的影响因素。煤矿安全管理能力的构成要素与影响因素之间存在一种此消彼长的互动关系——构成要素越强则影响因素越弱,导致煤矿安全事故发生概率越低;构成要素越弱则影响因素越强,导致煤矿安全事故发生概率越高。     

基于多级模糊综合评价法的煤矿企业应急能力评价研究

煤矿企业应急能力的建设是煤矿企业安全管理的关键内容,为了提高煤矿企业应急能力水平,选取并设计了煤矿企业应急能力的评价指标体系,基于多级模糊综合评价法提出了煤矿企业应急能力的评价方法。采用层次分析法确定煤炭企业应急能力评价指标的权重,利用模糊数学方法对煤矿企业应急能力进行多级模糊综合评价。应用构建的煤矿企业应急能力评价指标体系对淮南市某煤矿企业进行综合评价,确定该企业的应急能力等级。研究结果对提升煤矿企业应急能力具有一定的参考价值。     

基于层次分析和模糊综合评价的电网系统应急能力评估

为应对电网的各类突发事件,提高电网系统的应急能力,对电网系统的应急能力进行定量评估,提出完善的电网应急能力评估体系框架,采用层次分析法对电网企业A的应急能力指标权重进行确定,并运用模糊综合评价法对其电网应急能力进行评估。结果表明:基于评估结果建议电网企业A应急能力各环节的优化顺序为应急预防、应急响应、应急恢复、应急准备,且重点优化电网可靠性和调度及二次系统。运用该方法可较为准确地对电网系统的应急能力进行定量评估,为电网系统应急管理能力的提高提供科学依据。