循环经济模式下重庆市餐厨垃圾回收体系构建研究

随着人民生活水平的提高,生活节奏的加快,城市餐厨垃圾产生量也日益巨增,作为城市生活垃圾的重要组成部分,其餐厨垃圾的回收处置已经成为当前国内城市生活垃圾管理的重要课题。首先从餐厨垃圾的产生现状、收集现状、运输现状三方面分析重庆市餐厨垃圾处理存在的问题,其次,结合循环经济的理念及国内外餐厨垃圾的处理经验,构建政府建设—企业经营—产权转让的新型BOT餐厨垃圾回收模式,最后,对这种模式可能导致的经济行为进行情景假设分析,得出重庆市政府在BOT餐厨垃圾回收模式情景下,将更有利于美丽城市建设的结论。     

发达国家餐厨垃圾回收利用经验及借鉴

介绍了发达国家回收处理和再利用餐厨垃圾的管理和技术,提出我国应借鉴发达国家经验,从技术、政策、法规等方面加强餐厨垃圾的再利用工作。     

浅谈我国餐厨垃圾的回收与利用

随着我国经济发展及城镇化进程的加速,餐厨垃圾产生量近些年迅猛增长,餐厨垃圾的回收与资源化利用已成为解决城市环境问题的重要环节.对我国餐厨垃圾的回收与利用现状进行综述性分析,在此基础上提出了相应的对策和建议.     

城市餐厨垃圾资源化技术应用现状与展望

介绍了餐厨垃圾的主要特点,列举了国内外城市餐厨垃圾的处理现状和主要资源化利用技术,分析主要技术的优势和劣势,对主要技术综合环境效益、经济效益和能耗等方面进行比较,得出厌氧消化等综合处理工艺较适合用于处理城市餐厨垃圾的结论,最后就餐厨垃圾处理设施规划中3个关键问题,即技术设计、产品销路和物流供应作了相应讨论。     

北京餐厨废弃油将全部规范收运

近日,北京市出台加快推进再生资源回收体系建设的新举措。其中提出,到2015年,餐饮服务单位餐厨废弃油脂回收处理实现规范化运行,规范收运率达到100％。在产生源头处,北京市要求餐饮服务单位按照相关标准配建或配置油水分离器、专用收集容器等设施设备,提高餐厨废气油脂回收专业化水平。在收运环节,对餐厨废弃油脂收集运输处理,北京市将实行属地特许经营服务制度,划定特许经营服务区域,明确收集运输和处理企业的经营服务范围、期限、服务标准等内容,向社会公布。在处置环节,北京市将引导餐厨废弃油脂收运处理企业与生物柴油等化工企业建立相对稳定的产业链接,实现废弃油脂的定点处置。     

浅谈上海市餐厨垃圾收运处置全程信息化监管设想及建议

针对当前实现餐厨垃圾全程监管的意义与必要性,结合餐厨垃圾产、收、运、处各环节特征,就目前尚在建设并试点的上海市餐厨垃圾收运处置全程信息化监管系统的构成、运行和技术手段等内容提出设想,并就未来信息化系统建设方向提出建议.     

小型餐厨垃圾处理设备的应用研究

简要概述了餐厨垃圾的定义及其常规处理方法,介绍了小型餐厨垃圾处理设备的工艺流程和工作原理。此设备基于高温好氧发酵作用,主要利用微生物将餐厨垃圾中的有机物等分解,对过程中产生的废气利用生物+吸附联合净化,从而达标排放。通过对小型餐厨垃圾设备进行试验研究,结果表明,此设备的垃圾降解率约为80%,针对餐厨垃圾产生量小的场合较为适用。     

关于组织推荐第四批餐厨废弃物资源化利用和无害化处理试点备选城市的通知

有关省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市发展改革委（经贸委、经信委、工信厅）、财政厅（局）、住房城乡建设厅,北京市市政市容委、上海市绿化市容局、天津市市容园林委、重庆市市政委： 为推动餐厨废弃物资源化利用和无害化处理,促进循环经济发展,提高城市生态文明水平,根据国家“十二五”规划《纲要》、《循环经济发展战略及近期行动计划》和《关于组织开展城市餐厨废弃物资源化利用和无害化处理试点工作的通知》（发改办环资[2010]1020号）及《关于印发循环经济发展专项资金支持餐厨废弃物资源化利用和无害化处理试点城市建设实施方案的通知》（发改办环资[2011]1111号）要求,国家发展改革委、财政部、住房城乡建设部会同环境保护部、农业部决定继续开展第四批餐厨废弃物资源化利用和无害化处理试点工作。现将有关事项通知如下：     

垃圾分类步子缓慢回收产业等米下锅

建设部开展城市垃圾分类收集试点工作已进行8个月了,情况如何?在近日结束的“城市垃圾分类收集研讨会”上了解到,目前,垃圾分类收集受到国情、观念、生活方式、处理设施及法规政策的影响,分类收集率徘徊在20％左右,尤其是废旧物资回收利用产业发展缓慢,严重制约了城市垃圾分类收集的进度。 统计表明,由于废旧物品的回收利用滞后,致使垃圾分类收集的后续工作无法开展。据全国供销总社再生资源管理办公室介绍,自1955年成立废品管理总局至今,废旧物资回收已经形成了比较完善的体系,并有各类加工利用厂1500多家。到1997年,回收各类废旧物资3．5亿吨,回收金额1680亿元。但近几年,受市场、技术、经济等因素的影响,回收利用产业呈现萎缩趋势,许多企业已到山穷水尽的地步。建设部开展的垃圾分类收集工作让再生资源行业又见到了曙光。最近出台的《关于推动供销社再生资源行业二次创业的实施意见》框定了今后发展格局,即要形成以回收为基础,以加工为手段,以利用为目的的科、工、贸一体化的再生利用产业。 研讨会认为,再生资源利用产业的崛起,将有利于垃圾分类收集的运输、分捡、处置和利用的最终解决,使垃圾减量化不再是句空话。 (屈遐)     

餐厨垃圾脱液预处理技术及装备设计

餐厨垃圾脱液预处理对餐厨垃圾的有效处置具有重要作用。利用螺旋挤压固-液分离技术对餐厨垃圾进行脱液处理研究,分析螺旋挤压过程中的影响因素对脱液过程的影响。对研究结果进行总结,设计一台用于处理餐厨垃圾的综合处理装备,并在样机设备上对实际餐厨垃圾进行螺旋挤压脱液处理,对比分析不同螺旋转速和物料状态对脱水过程的影响。实验研究结果和实际使用状况用于评价设备的使用效果。     

餐厨废弃油脂处理管理和资源化利用探讨

“地沟油”的不当处理不仅影响城市水环境,而且威胁着人们的身体健康。餐厨废弃油脂的管理已经成为广受关注的食品安全的重大问题。介绍了餐厨废弃油脂处理管理的重要意义,并对上海的管理实践和经验进行了分析总结,提出了对餐厨废弃油脂回收处理管理和资源化利用的若干建议。     

Separate collection of household food waste for anaerobic degradation - Comparison of different techniques from a systems perspective

Four systems for household food waste collection are compared in relation the environmental impact categories eutrophication potential, acidification potential, global warming potential as well as energy use. Also, a hotspot analysis is performed in order to suggest improvements in each of the compared collection systems. Separate collection of household food waste in paper bags (with and without drying prior to collection) with use of kitchen grinders and with use of vacuum system in kitchen sinks were compared. In all cases, food waste was used for anaerobic digestion with energy and nutrient recovery in all cases. Compared systems all resulted in net avoidance of assessed environmental impact categories; eutrophication potential (-0.1 to -2.4kg NO(3)(-)eq/ton food waste), acidification potential (-0.4 to -1.0kg SO(2)(-)eq/ton food waste), global warming potential (-790 to -960kg CO(2)(-)eq/ton food waste) and primary energy use (-1.7 to -3.6GJ/ton food waste). Collection with vacuum system results in the largest net avoidence of primary energy use, while disposal of food waste in paper bags for decentralized drying before collection result in a larger net avoidence of global warming, eutrophication and acidification. However, both these systems not have been taken into use in large scale systems yet and further investigations are needed in order to confirm the outcomes from the comparison. Ranking of scenarios differ largely if considering only emissions in the foreground system, indicating the importance of taking also downstream emissions into consideration when comparing different collection systems. The hot spot identification shows that losses of organic matter in mechanical pretreatment as well as tank connected food waste disposal systems and energy in drying and vacuum systems reply to the largest impact on the results in each system respectively.     

Integrated solid waste management based on the 3R approach

Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) based on the 3R approach (reduce, reuse, and recycle) is aimed at optimizing the management of solid waste from all the waste-generating sectors (municipal, construction and demolition, industrial, urban agriculture, and healthcare facilities) and involving all the stakeholders (waste generators, service providers, regulators, government, and community/neighborhoods). This article discusses the concept of solid waste management (SWM). Initially, SWM was aimed at reducing the risks to public health, and later the environmental aspect also became an important focus of SWM. Recently, another dimension is becoming a critical factor for SWM, i.e., resource conservation and resource recovery. Hence, the 3R approach is becoming a guiding factor for SWM. On the one hand, 3R helps to minimize the amount of waste from generation to disposal, thus managing the waste more effectively and minimizing the public health and environmental risks associated with it. On the other hand, resource recovery is maximized at all stages of SWM. Lately, the new concept of ISWM has been introduced to streamline all the stages of waste management, i.e., source separation, collection and transportation, transfer stations and material recovery, treatment and resource recovery, and final disposal. It was originally targeted at municipal solid waste management (MSWM), but now the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is promoting this concept to cover all waste generating sectors to optimize the level of material and resource recovery for recycling as well as to improve the efficiency of waste management services. The ISWM concept is being transformed into ISWM systems to replace conventional SWM systems. This article further discusses the implementation process for ISWM. The process includes a baseline study on the characterization and quantification of waste for all waste generating sectors within a city, assessment of current waste management systems and practices, target setting for ISWM, identification of issues of concern and suggestions from stakeholders, development of a draft ISWM plan, preparation of an implementation strategy, and establishment of a monitoring and feedback system. UNEP is assisting member countries and their cities to develop an ISWM plan covering all the waste generating sectors within a specific geographical or administrative area such as a city or municipality. This umbrella approach is useful to generate sufficient volumes of recycling materials required to make recycling industries feasible. This is also helpful for efficient reallocation of resources for SWM such as collection vehicles, transfer stations, treatment plants, and disposal sites. UNEP is assisting cities to develop and implement ISWM based on the 3R approach. These experiences could be useful for other countries to develop and implement ISWM to achieve improved public health, better environmental protection, and resource conservation and resource recovery.     

The effectiveness of recycling policy options: Waste diversion or just diversions?

Recycling is becoming ever more important as waste generation rates increase globally. Policy-makers must decide which recycling practices to implement from the host of options at their disposal to best divert waste from landfill. This study strived to determine the most important characteristics in recycling programs that were associated with higher material recovery rates, including bag limits, user pay programs, the number of materials collected, curbside collection frequency, promotion and education (P&E) activities, Best Practice principles, and the type of recycling collection stream. Data collected from 223 recycling programs in Ontario during 2005–2010 were used to perform multiple regression analyses. The findings of this study suggest that attributes of convenience are more important to encourage recycling than those that penalize disposal, thus providing important implications for waste policy-makers, both in Ontario and in other jurisdictions.     

The ecological relevance of transport in waste disposal systems in Western Europe

With the development of modern waste management systems in Western Europe, a remarkable increase in the distances for waste transportation has been observed. The question thus arises whether recycling with longer transport distances is ecologically advantageous or whether disposal without recycling is to be preferred. This situation was analysed using selected product and waste streams. This included refrigerators, paper, polyethylene films and expanded polystyrene. For each of these streams, a life cycle analysis was conducted with an emphasis on waste transport. The system boundaries were set in terms of the generation of waste to recycling or landfilling. The comparison included several scenarios with recycling and different transport distances. Landfilling was used as the reference scenario. The results obtained demonstrated how transport distances influence the ecological benefit of recycling. In the case of expanded polystyrene, the ecological boundaries are reached in practical situations, while with other materials these boundaries are far from being attained. In these cases, more complex and elaborate collection schemes, such as kerbside collection, which is economically convenient and shows the highest collection rates, can also be recommended.     

关于遏制废旧铅酸蓄电池环境污染现象的建议

近几年,我国废旧铅酸蓄电池的回收处理工作取得了很大进展,但由于各种原因引起的环境污染现象仍触目惊心.回收处理废旧铅酸蓄电池提取再生铅,与原生铅相比更节能环保,符合资源回收和循环利用法则.但目前回收和处理市场很不规范,存在严重的环境污染问题,着重讨论用政策引导的方式规范废旧铅酸蓄电池回收处理市场,实现资源节约和环境保护的双重目的.     

Cost effectiveness of recycling: A systems model

Financial analytical models of waste management systems have often found that recycling costs exceed direct benefits, and in order to economically justify recycling activities, externalities such as household expenses or environmental impacts must be invoked. Certain more empirically based studies have also found that recycling is more expensive than disposal. Other work, both through models and surveys, have found differently. Here we present an empirical systems model, largely drawn from a suburban Long Island municipality. The model accounts for changes in distribution of effort as recycling tonnages displace disposal tonnages, and the seven different cases examined all show that curbside collection programs that manage up to between 31% and 37% of the waste stream should result in overall system savings. These savings accrue partially because of assumed cost differences in tip fees for recyclables and disposed wastes, and also because recycling can result in a more efficient, cost-effective collection program. These results imply that increases in recycling are justifiable due to cost-savings alone, not on more difficult to measure factors that may not impact program budgets.     

上海市餐厨垃圾管理处置现状及建议

结合日常管理工作,梳理了从餐厨垃圾的源头申报、中途收运到末端处置过程中存在的主要问题,如申报量不足、挂靠收运、执法难等,分析了这些问题影响管理推进的主要原因,并从政府管理资源、政策扶持、标准制定、规划布局等方面提出一些建议。     

Economic potential of recycling business in Lahore, Pakistan

The state of household waste recycling in Lahore city, Pakistan with a population of 7.2 million was analyzed. Data on solid waste recycling were gathered from residents of low-, middle- and high-income groups, as well as from scavengers and junkshops. The recycling activities in Lahore exert a significant impact on resource conservation, creation of jobs, provision of economic opportunity and reduction in the magnitude of waste disposal problems. A cost analysis is presented to show the income that can be generated through a well-planned recycling program. It is shown that 21.2% of all recyclable waste in Lahore is recycled, and it generates an amount of Rs. 271 million (US dollars 4.5 million) per year through the informal sector. However, if the recycling practice is owned by the formal sector, it can save an amount of Rs. 65 million by reducing the collection cost. If recycling is adopted as an industry, it can generate revenues of Rs. 530 million (US dollars 8.8 million) per year and can also save enormous amount of energy, as well as the natural resources.     

Solid waste collection and recycling in Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia: a case study.

The implementation of a suitable solid waste management programme with appropriate methods of recycling as an inherent element is vital to the alleviation of the problems associated with solid waste generation, handling and disposal, environmental conservation, public hygiene, etc. The present work is a case study on solid waste collection and recycling practices in Nibong Tebal town, Penang, Malaysia. The amount and types of domestic waste generated, household participation in recycling, identification of existing problems related to the implementation of the recycling programme, etc. formed the basis of this study. Surveys (interviews/questionnaires) and on-site observations were conducted to gather information on the solid waste collection and recycling practice of the residents. A focus group of 60 individuals was selected and their response to a questionnaire, prepared according to a Likert scale, was obtained and analysed. The majority of the respondents expressed concerns about recycling and wanted more to be done in this regard. Illegal collection, aesthetically displeasing sites and a lack of public awareness were problems of major concern. Issues related to inadequate funding and manpower as well as end market are also addressed and suggestions made.