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干旱、雨涝是农业生态方面重要的水文气象灾害,科学地根据水文气象预报来选择种植作物品种,一直是农业管理者、生产者非常关心的问题,传统的决策方法是根据农业总体区划、作物种植习惯和耕作习惯确定的,具有一定的局限性。提出了基于气象灾害预报对错概率的作物种植类型决策新方法,综合考虑了农业气象预报的误报概率和作物适应性,克服了传统方法的不足。对绥棱农场某种植区20年的水文气象资料进行了分析,计算了旱涝预报与实况联合概率矩阵,推导出水文气象预报对错概率矩阵;根据作物品种在不同天气状况的产量,确定了决策失误损失矩阵。实证分析表明,所提决策方法可有效地减少因旱涝灾害给粮食产量带来的损失,对作物品种的选择具有很好的实用参考价值。 相似文献
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干旱、洪涝、霜冻、冰雹是山东省最主要的气象灾害,具有频率高、范围广、灾情重等特征。通过对历史资料的整理、编码和输入,建立了山东省近600年旱涝霜雹数据库、近40年降水数据库和预报因子数据库,并编制了数据管理和分析软件包,在国际著名的SAS统计分析系统基础上,建立了山东省旱涝霜雹超长期预报系统。本文简要论述灾害数据库和预报系统建立的技术方法及系统应用的初步结果。 相似文献
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本文叙述了作者提出的时间序列预报方法的基本原理,介绍了这一方法在应用过程中的发展及在实际部门应用的情况,其中包括异常旱涝灾害预报及方法的改进等最新成果。 相似文献
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论人类与旱涝灾害相互作用的关系 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文以旱涝灾害与农业发展为主线,对人类与旱涝灾害的关系进行了分析.全文由两部分组成:①探讨了在人类的不同发展阶段,旱涝灾害对人类特别是农业生产的作用形式;②就旱涝灾害对人类社会的破坏作用及其时间和空间特点等进行了分析. 相似文献
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云南省近500年旱涝灾害时间序列的分形研究 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
根据云南省近500年的旱涝灾害时间分布序列,应用R/S分析,预测了未来旱涝灾害的发生时间,但预测时间尺度不同,结果也不同,因此仅从旱涝灾害发生的时间序列本身来预测,需确定其能够预测的时间范围;应用Smalley算法分别对云南省干旱和洪涝灾害的时间序列特征进行分析,干旱年发生时间序列的分形维数为0.5498,洪涝年发生时间序列的分形维数为0.4923,具有明显的分形特征,均小于Cantor集合的0.6309,可见云南省旱涝灾害发生的自组织程度可能会提高。分形研究的结果反映的仅是云南省近500年旱涝灾害时间序列的平均状况,由于旱涝灾害的分布具有空间差异,因此需分别研究不同程度灾害区旱涝时间序列的分形及多重分形特征。 相似文献
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旱涝灾害的一些基本问题初探 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
首先就旱涝灾害对人类的作用进行了分析,认为它影响范围最大,危害程度最深.其次.对旱涝灾害的成因、确定旱涝灾害的定量指标以及评估旱涝灾害的指标体系进行分析探讨;最后对国内防御旱涝灾害的能力做了总体评价,并对其所采取的预防,救抗灾措施等进行分析. 相似文献
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膨胀土路基水毁灾害及其粗糙神经网络预测 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
通过对膨胀土地质灾害的总结,提出了膨胀土路基水毁灾害的分类分级方法,并根据常用的地质灾害预测办法,指出膨胀土路基水毁灾害的预测是一个典型的非线性问题,当考虑降雨、干旱等气候因素耦合影响时,宜进行危险性点评估。提出了采用粗糙神经网络对膨胀土路基水毁灾害进行评价和预测的方法,并运用粗糙集理论确定了该神经网络的结构。同时,以某膨胀土路基水毁大型模型试验的数据为例,进行了灾害预测,结果表明,将粗糙神经网络运用于膨胀土路基的水毁灾害预测是切实可行的。 相似文献
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根据皖西北地区近50年实际发生的旱涝灾害划分为8种干旱类型和6种雨涝害类型,结合相应的降水资料,确定了各类旱涝的降水指标,以其为尺度,统计分析历年降水资料,得出各地近50年气候旱涝发生次数与频率,在认识各类旱涝降水地域分布及发生规律基础上,进行了蜡涝区划,并提出了趋利避害,防汛抗旱等建议,为旱涝的综合治理提供了依据。 相似文献
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Malholland K 《Disasters》1985,9(4):247-258
In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed. 相似文献
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed. 相似文献
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The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased. 相似文献
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Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations. 相似文献
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Ian Davis 《Disasters》2019,43(Z1):S61-S82
This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning. 相似文献
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Joseph Chung 《Disasters》1987,11(1):40-48
Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems. 相似文献
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems. 相似文献
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Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence. 相似文献
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This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts. 相似文献
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中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区509a旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Word97图形处理系统,证明在526a序列中目前处在11a、50a滑动的干旱期。近46a气温上升了0.3℃,年降水减少了80mm,径流量减少了0.78%,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。 相似文献