添加硬硅钙石二次粒子培养颗粒污泥及其对处理含铅废水的影响研究

硬硅钙石二次粒子培养颗粒污泥并用于处理含铅废水进行了实验研究。结果表明 ,硬硅钙石二次粒子利于培养出高活性的颗粒污泥 ,颗粒污泥对含铅废水具有较高的去除能力 ,铅的去除率在 90 %以上。颗粒污泥的活性、温度和废水的含铅浓度是影响处理的主要因素 ,对其去除机理进行了分析。颗粒污泥处理Pb2 + ≤ 10 0mg/L的含铅试水 ,处理后的铅浓度达到排放标准。     

添加硬硅钙石二次粒子培养颗粒污泥及其对处理含铅废水的影响研究

硬硅钙石二次粒子培养颗粒污泥并用于处理含铅废水进行了实验研究。结果表明，硬硅钙石二次粒子利于培养出高活性的颗粒污泥，颗粒污泥对含铅废水具有较高的去除能力，铅的去除率在90％以上。颗粒污泥的活性、温度和废水的含铅浓度是影响处理的主要因素，对其去除机理进行了分析。颗粒污泥处理Pb^2 ≤100mg／L的含铅试水，处理后的铅浓度达到排放标准。     

好氧颗粒污泥对膜生物反应器污泥性能的影响

采用膜生物反应器进行含酚废水的处理,探讨投加好氧颗粒污泥对反应器中污泥性能的影响。结果表明,在膜生物反应器中投加好氧颗粒污泥能有效改善污泥性能,提高处理效果。从采用絮状污泥到逐渐增加好氧颗粒污泥投加量为100%的过程中,反应器中污泥浓度明显提高,MLSS由5 582 mg/L增加到8 168 mg/L;沉降性能得到改善,SVI由135.85 mL/g下降到29.36 mL/g;疏水性增强,Zeta电位由-20.302 mV升高到-4.325 mV;对含酚废水中COD、NH3-N的降解能力明显提高,COD、NH3-N、NO3-N去除率分别由87.3%、83.2%、55.3%增加到99.2%、94.9%、66.3%。改善了膜污染现象,膜通量衰减率由63.3%降低到42.8%。用二元多项式三维回归分析,得到污染物去除率关于好氧颗粒污泥投加量和反应器运行时间的二元方程,对指导好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器的连续运行具有重要意义。     

生物淋滤改善城市污泥的脱水性能

污水处理过程中产生大量剩余污泥,使得污泥脱水逐渐成为污泥处理的关键环节。本研究采用生物淋滤方法处理城市污泥,改善污泥脱水性能。通过污泥比阻、滤饼含水率和离心脱水率的变化评价生物淋滤改善剩余污泥脱水性能的效能。综合考虑污泥脱水性能改善效果和运行成本,生物淋滤优化条件为:硫粉投加量3 g/L;Fe2+投加量4 g/L;接种物投加量(接种物与供试污泥的体积比,mL/mL)0.4。在优化条件下,污泥体系被酸化至pH为2.0左右需要36～48 h,淋滤污泥的比阻由1.26×1014 m/kg降至8.14×1012 m/kg,降低了93.54%,滤饼含水率从98.39%降至73.68%,同时污泥离心脱水率从72%提高到83%。回调淋滤污泥pH至6.0,污泥比阻继续降至8.27×1011 m/kg,污泥比阻降低99.34%,污泥从难脱水状态转化为易脱水状态。通过污泥体系中铁离子和污泥絮体特征的变化,分析生物淋滤改善污泥脱水性能的机理。作为底物投加的Fe2+在微生物氧化作用下快速转化为Fe3+。生物氧化产生的Fe3+的絮凝作用可能是生物淋滤改善污泥脱水性能的主要机理。     

热碱预处理对高含固剩余污泥厌氧消化的影响及其动力学研究

以高含固剩余污泥为研究对象,考察不同碱投加量下热碱联合预处理对剩余污泥溶胞效果和厌氧消化性能的影响,并运用3种动力学模型对剩余污泥生物化学产甲烷潜力过程进行模拟。结果表明,热碱联合预处理有助于促进剩余污泥的溶胞效果,并且随着碱投加量的增加,溶胞效果不断增强,当碱投加量为80mg/g(单位质量SS的NaOH投加量计)时,COD、氮、磷的溶出量均达到最大值,分别为58 622.2、1 792.8、790.3mg/L,溶出率分别为54.9%、45.7%、37.6%。热碱联合预处理可有效改善剩余污泥厌氧消化性能,但碱投加量过大时对可能对产甲烷过程带来抑制作用,碱投加量为60mg/g时剩余污泥厌氧消化的累积产甲烷量最大,为158.9mL/g,较不进行热碱联合预处理的空白组(106.5mL/g)高49.2%。3种动力学模型中,锥体模型对厌氧消化产甲烷过程的拟合效果最好,不同处理条件下模型拟合相关系数R~2均在0.990以上,该模型可准确预测最终的累积产甲烷量,预测误差均在2%以下。     

Fenton氧化破解剩余污泥的实验研究

研究了利用Fenton氧化破解污泥,并以SCOD、TOC、TSS和VSS的变化来表征剩余污泥破解程度.结果表明:pH 2.0,H2O2和Fe2+投加量分别为9.0 g/L和0.8 g/L,反应时间1.5 h,反应温度60℃为Fenton氧化破解污泥的最佳反应条件.该条件下,TSS由8.14 g/L减少到5 g/L,TS...     

脱水污泥制备含炭吸附剂及其应用研究

采用热解炭化法、物理活化法、化学活化法制备污泥含炭吸附剂,通过静态吸附实验研究各种影响污泥含炭吸附剂吸附性能的因素.实验结果表明,采用化学活化法制得的污泥含炭吸附剂吸附性能最好,在以ZnCl2为活化剂、锯末添加剂投加量为脱水污泥质量的1%、ZnCl2为3 mol/L、活化温度为450 ℃、活化时间为1.5 h、固液质量比(干污泥与活化剂溶液的质量比)为1:4的最佳制备条件下,制得的污泥含炭吸附剂碘吸附值在520 mg/g以上,产物收率>60%,比表面积>230 m2/g,总孔容积为0.35 mL/g,其中微孔容积为0.08 mL/g,中孔容积为0.23 mL/g.利用其处理城市污水,其对COD、色度、TP的去除率好于选定的商品颗粒活性炭.     

硬硅钙石吸附焦化废水氨氮的动力学性能研究

用纳米级吸附材料硬硅钙石,对焦化废水的氨氮进行脱氮试验研究,结果表明,硬硅钙石对废水中氨氮的吸附平衡时间为180min,吸附等温线符合Freundlich和Langmuir方程,吸附等温式为qe=0．4345Ce^0.3269和qe=0.0745Ce/1＋0.0283Ce,1/n=0.3269,在0．1～0．5之间,可以作为焦化废水氨氮的吸附剂使用,计算单层吸附的最大吸附量为2.6357mg／g。当每100mL水样中投加量为2.5g时,硬硅钙石与活性炭对焦化废水氨氮平衡吸附量分别为1．35mg／g和1．60mg／g,对氨氮的去除率分别为45．55％和47．25％,两者处理效果的差异不断减小。     

沸石颗粒在污泥絮体中的形态及其对污泥泥水分离的影响

投加沸石粉提高了活性污泥的泥水分离性能。通过对沸石颗粒表面生物膜和投加了沸石粉的活性污泥絮体生长过程及成熟形态的微观观察,结果表明沸石颗粒不仅可以作为微生物载体长成生物膜,而且成为菌胶团核心和污泥絮体骨架,改善了污泥絮体的颗粒结构,从而增强了絮体强度,提高了絮体密度,降低了污泥塑性。研究结果表明沸石粉适宜的投加量为4g/L;在活性污泥中投加4g/L沸石粉后,SVI从193降低到155,污泥比阻从27.36×1012m/kg降低到5.67×1012m/kg;在沸石粉含量小于10g/L时,随着沸石粉含量的增加,污泥呈现压缩沉淀时界面沉速和出现压缩沉淀的时间持续减小。     

污泥生物沥滤工艺优化和重金属分配研究

为了得到嗜酸硫细菌沥滤污泥中重金属的最佳工艺参数,对沥滤过程进行3因素4水平的正交实验研究。3种影响因素的水平设置分别为:污泥浓度35、25、15和5 g/L,单质硫投加量15、10、5和1 g/L,接种量15、10、5和3 g/L。对沥滤过程污泥中7种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn)的去除率进行极差分析,提出了因素影响程度依次为单质硫投加量污泥浓度接种量,且最佳工艺条件为:污泥浓度25 g/L,单质硫投加量10 g/L,接种量为5%。采用超声波-离心方法,分步提取污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的2种形态:松散结合态(LB)和紧密结合态(TB)。分析其中的重金属浓度,提出沥滤后重金属在污泥EPS的赋存以LB为主。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.