单斜相纳米氧化锆基低温SCR催化剂脱硝机制研究

以纳米m-ZrO2为载体,用浸渍法制备出MnOx-CeO2/m-ZrO2催化剂,考察反应温度、活性组分负载量对催化剂NH3-SCR脱硝活性影响,探讨催化剂表面织构特征,分析催化剂脱硝活性机制.结果表明,在低温脱硝温度范围,提高反应温度、增加活性组分负载量,有利于催化剂脱硝效率的增加.110℃时,2.5%MnOx-CeO2/m-ZrO2脱硝效率为55.5%,15%MnOxCeO2/m-ZrO2脱硝效率达93.5%.XRD、BET、XPS、H2-TPR表征结果表明,催化剂表面具有良好的氧化还原能力,表面织构对脱硝反应有利.NH3-TPD测试显示,MnOx-CeO2/m-ZrO2催化剂的脱硝反应机制为:NH3吸附在催化剂表面的Lewis酸性位和Brnsted酸性位上,通过反应生成相应中间产物NH2NO或NH4NO2,中间产物进一步分解最终转变为N2和H2O;催化剂总脱硝反应效率中,在Lewis酸性位上的脱硝反应占比较大.     

Cu掺杂V/REY分子筛催化剂脱除烧结烟气中NO_x的性能研究

以V/REY分子筛型催化剂为研究对象,通过掺杂不同的金属助剂X(X=Fe、Ce、Cu、Co、V和Cr等),制备了XV/REY催化剂,比较X-V/REY催化剂的脱硝效率,发现Cu-V/REY催化剂有较好的低温活性,并通过SEM、H2-TPR、NH3-TPD对催化剂的性能进行表征,系统的考察Cu-V/REY催化剂的性能,证明Cu掺杂量能较好的提高催化剂的表面酸性和还原性,最后考察了SO2和H2O对催化剂的影响,证明170℃时,Cu-V/REY催化剂有较好的抗水抗硫性能。     

活性半焦表面负载CeO2纳米管的制备及其低温脱硝机理

基于Zn O纳米棒的自腐蚀机制,分别在活性半焦表面修饰负载了CeO_2纳米管、CeO_2纳米颗粒,并发现活性半焦表面CeO_2纳米管的低温脱硝性能明显优于CeO_2纳米颗粒。通过N2吸附、XRD、XPD、NH3-TPD、H2-TPR等一系列表征发现:与纳米颗粒相比,CeO_2纳米管由于其独特的结构形式,表面暴露较多Ce、O原子,具有较高Ce3+与化学吸附氧Oα比例,拥有更多的酸性位点和较强的酸性,有利于NH3、NO的表面吸附和氧化,从而表现出较好的低温脱硝性能。     

CuO/ZSM-5系列催化剂的脱硫脱硝性能研究

采用浸渍法制备了不同质量分数的催化剂x％ CuO/ZSM-5 (x =2、4、6、8、10、12、50),并考察了其在CH4为还原剂条件下的脱硫脱硝性能.同时,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、H2-程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、NH3-程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)、比表面积(BET)、扫描电子显微镜与能谱分析(SEM-EDS)等测试手段对催化剂进行表征.实验结果表明:10％ CuO/ZSM-5催化剂的活性组分具有较好的晶型结构,且高度分散在ZSM-5骨架中.在CH4+NO+ SO2反应中,10％ CuO/ZSM-5催化剂具有最好的脱硫脱硝活性,最高脱硫率和脱硝率分别为97.4％和94.6％.     

Fe-MnOx-CeO2/ZrO2低温催化还原NO性能研究

以纳米ZrO2为载体,用浸渍法制备出Fe-MnOx-CeO2/ZrO2催化剂,考察了活性组分配比和助剂负载量对催化剂低温NH3选择性催化还原NO活性的影响,并对催化剂进行了XRD、SEM、EDS和BET表征;探讨了温度、H2O和SO2对Fe-MnOx-CeO2/ZrO2催化剂低温下NH3选择性催化还原NO的影响,结果表明,无SO2和H2O条件下,8%Fe-10%MnOx-CeO2/ZrO2催化剂具有良好的催化活性和稳定性.120℃时,催化剂的脱硝效率为85.23%,当温度升至180℃时,脱硝效率可达到92.0%.SO2和H2O共存条件下,催化剂易失活,采用傅立叶变换红外光谱对各反应阶段的催化剂进行了表征,对其失活机制进行深入研究,结果表明,催化剂失活的主要原因是催化剂表面硫酸铵盐的沉积和催化剂本身活性成分的硫酸盐化.     

Mn-Ce/TiO2低温SCR催化剂成型过程添加剂的影响

催化剂成型过程中添加剂的种类和添加量对成型后催化剂的机械强度、成型效果和催化性能有很大影响.本文研究了Mn-Ce/TiO₂催化剂制备过程中添加剂对催化剂的低温脱硝性能和机械性能的影响.结果表明,添加10%的拟薄水铝石作为黏结剂,可使催化剂具有较强的机械强度;添加2.5%的活性炭作为造孔剂,可以有效改善催化剂的孔结构.催化剂成型后脱硝性能下降,反应温度为90℃和120℃时,催化剂的NO_x转化率分别下降了15%和30%左右,当温度到达150℃及以上时,催化剂成型前后的脱硝性能基本一致.最后,通过BET、FT-IR、NH₃-TPD和H₂-TPR表征分析原因：成型后催化剂比表面积和孔容下降,催化剂的表面酸性位点和氧化还原能力下降都会影响催化剂的脱硝性能,所以催化剂成型后低温活性变差.     

改性MnO_x-CeO_2/石墨烯催化剂的低温SCR脱硝性能

通过水热法分别制备Co掺杂及Ti掺杂的Mn-Ce/石墨烯催化剂,并通过X射线衍射(XRD),X射线光电子能谱(XPS),拉曼(Raman)光谱,H_2程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)及NH_3程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)等表征手段对两种催化剂分别进行结构和理化性质的分析。再通过对比两种催化剂去除NO_x的催化活性,N_2选择性与抗硫性可知,Co掺杂Mn-Ce/石墨烯催化剂在低温情况下有较高的催化活性,并且很好地改善了Mn-Ce/石墨烯催化剂的N_2选择性及抗硫性。     

基于ZrO2/TiO2催化H2O2氧化低温脱硝的实验研究

以纳米TiO_2为载体,采用等体积浸渍法掺杂过渡金属氧化物ZrO_2进行改性,制备了一系列ZrO_2/TiO_2催化剂,以催化H_2O_2低温氧化NO脱硝,并采用X射线衍射(XRD)、H_2程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)、O_2程序升温氧化(O_2-TPO)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)及电子顺磁共振(EPR)等表征分析探究了影响H_2O_2脱硝活性的因素.表征结果表明ZrO_2的负载量会影响催化剂中晶格氧的含量,晶格氧相对含量的增加有利于氧化还原反应中的电子传递,这是促进H_2O_2活化分解的关键.在微观表征的基础上,通过实验研究筛选获得了催化剂的最佳ZrO_2负载量,同时对比考察了非催化和纳米TiO_2催化作用下的H_2O_2氧化低温脱硝性能;针对获取的最优催化剂,进一步考察了不同烟气工况对催化剂活性的影响.实验结果表明,ZrO_2/TiO_2催化剂能有效促进H_2O_2的活化分解实现低温脱硝,且ZrO_2负载量为4%(质量分数)时,催化活性最高;在烟温为160℃、[H_2O_2]/[NO]物质的量比为2及空速为30000 h~(-1)时,NO转化率最高可达81%.     

焙烧温度对Fe2O3/SAPO-34催化剂低温NH3选择性催化还原NO性能的影响

采用尿素沉淀法制备了一系列Fe_2O_3/SAPO-34催化剂,考察了催化剂焙烧温度(200、300、400、500℃)对低温NH_3选择性催化还原(NH_3-SCR)NO性能的影响,并利用X射线衍射(XRD)、N_2吸附-脱附、原子吸收光谱(AAS)、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、H_2程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)、NH_3程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)等多种手段对催化剂的表面结构和物理化学性质进行表征分析.XRD和FE-SEM分析表明,在较低的焙烧温度(400℃)下,铁物种能够高度均匀地负载在SAPO-34表面上.NH_3-TPD和H_2-TPR分析表明,高分散状态的Fe_2O_3使催化剂暴露出更多的强酸位和活性位,有利于提高催化剂的NH_3吸附和活化能力及氧化还原性能,从而使催化剂呈现出更高的低温SCR活性.BET和XPS分析表明,在较低的焙烧温度下,Fe_2O_3/SAPO-34催化剂具有更大的比表面积和更高的化学吸附氧比例,促进NO氧化为中间产物NO_2,从而加快低温SCR反应的进行.活性测试结果表明,300℃焙烧的Fe_2O_3/SAPO-34催化剂具有最佳的低温活性和较强的抗硫抗水性能,在空速为40000 h~(-1)的条件下,且反应温度为190~240℃时,NO转化率达90%以上且N_2选择性接近100%.     

CeO2改性MnOx/Al2O3的低温SCR法脱硝性能及机制研究

采用凝胶溶胶法制备大比表面积的Al2O3载体,等体积浸渍法配制负载MnOx和CeO2组分的CeO2-MnOx催化剂.以NH3为还原剂,一定的空气流速及合适的气体配比的条件下,考察所制备的催化剂在70～300℃范围内低温SCR法的脱硝性能及机制,同时分别对催化剂进行BET、XRD、SEM等表征实验,研究催化剂的理化性质....     

H2O2预氧化对负载铁制备污泥炭基催化剂效能的影响

以城市污水厂二沉池污泥为原料,考察了不同H_2O_2投加量下污泥预氧化对铁负载污泥形成前驱体及其热解后制得炭基催化剂性能的影响,研究了污泥预氧化对强化铁负载制备均一分散型污泥炭基催化剂的机理.结果表明,污泥预氧化促进了污泥细胞破解,降低了絮体颗粒粒径和表面Zeta电位,使铁负载量增加、铁活性位点在污泥载体上的分散性明显增强,形成炭基催化剂保持着高催化活性,其稳定性显著增加.对模拟含铬黑T染料废水的多相芬顿降解试验说明,当污泥预氧化H_2O_2投加量为2.25%时制备的炭基催化剂,其反应120 min后铬黑T的降解率为91%,略低于未预氧化时污泥炭基催化剂的降解效率(96%);但未预氧化炭基催化剂其反应后溶液中铁离子的溶出量(18.9%)远高于预氧化后形成的催化剂(2.5%),且后者循环3次对铬黑T的降解率仍可达到86%,表现出较强的稳定性.     

纳米N-C/ZrO2活化过硫酸盐降解苯酚的机理研究

锆基纳米材料具有很好的物理化学稳定性及较高的比表面积,适用于解决传统过渡金属基催化剂活化过硫酸盐时金属浸出等问题.本研究将氯化锆-尿素络合物通过热解法合成了一种氮掺杂碳/氧化锆复合材料（N-C/ZrO₂）,用于活化过硫酸盐降解水中苯酚,并采用SEM、XRD、XPS和FTIR技术对N-C/ZrO₂进行表征.结果表明,N-C/ZrO₂催化材料是直径小于50 nm的纳米颗粒,且氮掺杂量为3.6%~4.9%;在pH=6~7的硼酸缓冲体系中,N-C/ZrO₂催化过硫酸盐可在30 min内使水中苯酚（20 mg·L^-1）的降解率达99%,且催化剂具有良好的化学稳定性和可重复利用性.淬灭和电子顺磁共振（EPR）结果表明,在N-C/ZrO₂/PMS体系中,苯酚的降解是以¹O₂为主要氧化物质的非自由基氧化过程.本研究为Zr基纳米材料在活化过硫酸盐降解污染物领域的应用提供了理论基础.     

CeO2-La2O3/γ-Al2O3稀土氧化物混合物催化还原SO2的实验研究

在La₂O₃ 中加入变价稀土氧化物CeO₂,组成一种稀土氧化物的混合物,以这种混合物作为CO还原SO₂的催化剂.采用连续流动固定床反应器,在反应气体SO₂和CO按SO₂∶CO = 1∶3,载流气体为N₂,气体流量为1000 mL/min的条件下,实验研究了该催化剂的活化过程以及温度和反应物浓度配比对活化反应的影响,用XRD和XPS对反应前后催化剂进行了表征,分析了相结构的变化.结果表明:CeO₂和La₂O₃ 2种稀土氧化物的混合物,在CO还原SO₂的催化反应中,活化温度比单个的CeO₂或La₂O₃氧化物下降了50℃～100℃,而且具有更高的活性.这可能是CeO₂和La₂O₃氧化物之间存在着某种协同作用所致.     

Remediation of sulfidic wastewater by catalytic oxidation with hydrogen peroxide

Oxidation of sulfide in aqueous solution by hydrogen peroxide was investigated in the presence of hydrated ferric oxide catalyst. The ferric oxide catalyst was synthesized by sol gel technique from ferric chloride and ammonia. The synthesized catalyst was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-Ray di raction analysis, scanning electrom microscope and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The catalyst was quite e ective in oxidizing the sulfide by hydrogen peroxide. The e ects of sulfide concentration, catalyst loading, H2O2 dosing and temperature on the kinetics of sulfide oxidation were investigated. Kinetic equations and activation energies for the catalytic oxidation reaction were calculated based on the experimental results.     

Ultrasound enhanced heterogeneous activation of peroxydisulfate by bimetallic Fe-Co/GAC catalyst for the degradation of Acid Orange 7 in water

Bimetallic Fe-Co/GAC （granular activated carbon） was prepared and used as heterogeneous catalyst in the ultrasound enhanced heterogeneous activation of peroxydisulfate （PS, S2O8 2-） process. The effect of initial pH, PS concentration, catalyst addition and stirring rate on the decolorization of Acid Orange 7 （AO7） was investigated. The results showed that the decolorization efficiency increased with an increase in PS concentration from 0.3 to 0.5 g/L and an increase in catalyst amount from 0.5 to 0.8 g/L. But further increase in PS concentration and catalyst addition would result in an unpronounced increase in decolorization efficiency. In the range of 300 to 900 r/min, stirring rate had little effect on AO7 decolorization. The catalyst stability was evaluated by measuring decolorization efficiency for four successive cycles.     

MnCeOx/沸石催化剂对工业典型VOCs的催化性能

以沸石为载体制备了锰铈复合氧化物催化剂（记为:MnCeO_x/沸石催化剂）,探究了催化剂对工业典型VOCs的二元催化性能,并对催化剂进行BET、XRD及SEM表征。结果表明:Ce的加入,促进了Mn的分散,提高了MnCeO_x/沸石催化剂的活性;当n（Mn）∶n（Ce）为1∶1,负载率为20%,焙烧温度为500℃时,催化剂的活性最高,其对甲苯的起燃温度（T₅₀）和完全燃烧温度（T₉₀）分别为155,255℃;单组分实验中,催化剂对3种有机物均表现出较高活性,转化率达到90%时的反应温度均在275℃以下,其活性顺序为乙酸乙酯>甲苯>丙酮,主要受反应活化能大小及分子极性的影响;二元催化实验中,由于竞争吸附的影响,3种物质的T₅₀和T₉₀较单组分均分别提高了8~13,14~38℃。     

Kinetics of selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH_3 on Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst

The catalyst of Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 has been found to be more active than Fe-ZSM-5 and Mo/ZSM-5 separately for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide (NO) with NH_3.The kinetics of the SCR reaction in the presence of O_2 was studied in this work.The results showed that the observed reaction orders were 0.74-0.99,0.01-0.13,and 0 for NO,O_2 and NH_3 at 350-450℃,respectively. And the apparent activation energy of the SCR was 65 kJ/mol on the Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst.The SCR mechanism was also deduced. Adsorbed NO species can react directly with adsorbed ammonia species on the active sites to form N_2 and H_2O.Gaseous O_2 might serve as a reoxidizing agent for the active sites that have undergone reduction in the SCR process.It is also important to note that a certain amount of NO was decomposed directly over the Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst in the absence of NH_3.     

应用于膜分离的预处理技术研究进展与展望

综述了当前在膜分离技术处理废水中使用的几种预处理技术的基本原理及其应用。这些技术对于提高膜分离技术对废水中各种污染物的去除能力以及减缓膜通量的降低都具有一定作用,而几种技术的组合则有利于膜分离性能的进一步提升。     

Kinetics of selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3 on Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst

The catalyst of Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 has been found to be more active than Fe-ZSM-5 and Mo/ZSM-5 separately for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide (NO) with NH3. The kinetics of the SCR reaction in the presence of O2 was studied in this work. The results show that the observed reaction orders were 0.74-0.99, 0.01-0.13, and 0 for NO, O2 and NH3, respectively, at 350-450℃. And the apparent activation energy of the SCR was 65 kJ/mol on the Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst. The SCR mechanism was also deduced. Adsorbed NO species can react directly with adsorbed ammonia species on the active sites to form N2 and H2O. Gaseous O2 might serve as a reoxidizing agent for the active sites that have undergone reduction in the SCR process. It is also important to note that a certain amount of NO was decomposed directly over the Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst in the absence of NH3.     

A study on the environmental background values in the Mt. Namjagbarwa region, Tibet

A study on the elemental composition of aerosol, water and soil in the Mt. Namjagbarwa region, Tibet, was carried out in the period of 1982 to 1984. Samples of aerosol particles were collected by cascade impactor and analyzed for 10 elements by PIXE. Samples of ice, snow and water were collected and analyzed for trace metals, major cations and anions. The pH values of water were at quasi-neutrality or neutrality, and the hardness of water was low. Contents and physico-chemical composition of 20 elements in the major types of soil were determined by physico-chemical methods. Levels of elements in soil varied with soil type and their parent materials. Contents of some elements were higher in the substratum soil derived from in situ than in the surface soil. The region was in a remote area with negligible pollution and could be considered as a good location for measuring the baskground value of environmental sample.