纳米电解池制备及应用

纳米电解池是指将电极间距减小到微纳米级别的电解池装置,是近年逐渐发展起来的新型电解池形式。按照制备方法对纳米电解池进行分类介绍,重点介绍电化学法与光刻法纳米电解池,总结2种主流制备方法的优势与劣势,对机械组装和3D喷墨打印2种形式的纳米电解池进行简要介绍。在此基础上,详细介绍了纳米电解池在电化学分析检测和生物领域的应用,并简述其在废水处理、电解水产氢以及储能材料方面的应用。     

物联网技术在城市生活垃圾收运系统中的应用

我国的城市生活垃圾收运系统因其回收率低,监管难等问题,一直受到社会的广泛关注,而物联网技术因其可追溯性、动态性等特点,在解决该问题上表现出其显著优势。简要介绍了物联网技术的作用及其应用领域,总结了国内外基于物联网技术的城市生活垃圾收运情况,以我国上海市餐厨垃圾收运情况为案例,对其现状和目前存在的问题进行了总结,并结合物联网技术对餐厨垃圾信息化收运的管理方法进行了展望。     

新型与传统微藻固定化在废水处理中研究进展

概括了吸附、包埋、交联等传统微藻固定化方法应用现状,从材料、原理、特点等三个方面将双层系统固定化与传统固定化方法进行对比,介绍了微藻固定化技术的应用领域,分析了微藻固定化技术在污水处理、微藻保藏和生产生物质能源等方面的应用前景。     

炼油火炬燃烧状态监测技术的对比研究

对温度、可见光、紫外线、红外线、声波和离子等火炬系统燃烧状态监测方法进行了总结,介绍了每种方法的原理及优缺点,并重点介绍了新型的离子火焰监测技术和声波法火焰监测技术。     

碳排放影响因子与碳足迹文献综述:基于研究方法视角

从研究方法的角度出发,对近年来国内外碳排放影响因子及碳足迹的相关研究进行文献综述。根据碳排放影响因子的研究方法—情景分析法、因素分解法中的指数分解法以及其他计量模型,介绍了国内外关于碳排放影响因子的研究现状,最后对方法进行归类和对比。根据碳足迹研究方法—投入产出法、生命周期评价法、IPCC法以及其他模型,分析了国内外关于碳足迹的研究进展。最后通过总结,对碳排放和碳足迹的未来研究方向进行了展望。     

含油废水处理方法

对常用的含油废水处理方法进行了简要的介绍,分析了各种方法的分离原理,并针对各种方法的优、缺点进行了综述。归纳总结各种方法的适用范围,为设计选择合适的方法提供依据。处理方法有:沉降分离法、气浮法、粗粒化法、过滤法、膜分离法、吸附法、生物化学法。     

羽毛重金属吸附/解吸附性能研究进展

作者结合多年羽毛重金属吸附材料研究经验,首先对比分析了天然材料的重金属吸附能力,然后综述了主要蛋白质材料对Cu2+的吸附能力,并从微观结构和组成角度分析了羽毛作为重金属吸附材料的特性。最后,文章综述了当前人们在羽毛重金属离子吸附特性、吸附机理和解吸附特性方面的研究进展,指出了现有研究存在的问题,为将羽毛产业化用做重金属吸附材料提供解决思路。     

对生态系统服务功能价值评估中相关问题的探讨

人类受益于生态系统的服务功能,为直观地认识生态系统服务功能的重要性,需要应用经济学的计量方法对其价值进行量化。概括介绍了生态系统服务功能的相关概念。着重对生态系统服务功能价值评估的几种方法,包括:市场价值法、替代市场法和假想市场法。对此方面研究中现存的几点问题和城市中的生态系统服务功能的发挥进行探讨,最后简要总结生态系统服务功能对于可持续发展的重要意义。     

硫酸法钛白粉生产过程中废酸和废水的治理

本文主要介绍硫酸法钛白粉生产过程中所产生的废酸和酸性废水的治理措施，总结了目前对硫酸进行综合利用和处理酸性废水的方法和效果。     

我国铀矿核物探的应用与发展

随着科学技术在核物探方面的不断应用,该学科内容越来越丰富,核物探技术应用范围逐渐扩大,相关应用领域对此持正向评价。本文首先对核物探进行简要介绍,然后分析了其应用现状,最后重点探究了铀矿核物探未来发展方向。     

Do feather-degrading bacteria actually degrade feather colour? No significant effects of plumage microbiome modifications on feather colouration in wild great tits

Parasites are known to exert selective pressures on host life history traits since the energy and nutrients needed to mount an immune response are no longer available to invest in other functions. Bird feathers harbour numerous microorganisms, some of which are able to degrade feather keratin (keratinolytic microorganisms) and affect feather integrity and colouration in vitro. Although named “feather-degrading” microorganisms, experimental evidence for their effects on feathers of free-living birds is still lacking. Here, we tested whether (i) keratinolytic microorganisms can degrade feathers in vivo and thus modify the colour of feathers during the nesting period and (ii) whether feather microorganisms have a long-term effect on the investment in colouration of newly moulted feathers. We designed treatments to either favour or inhibit bacterial growth, thus experimentally modifying plumage bacterial communities, in a wild breeding population of great tits (Parus major). Our analyses revealed no significant effects of the treatments on feather colours. Moreover, we found that differences in bacterial exposure during nesting did not significantly affect the colouration of newly moulted feathers. Our results suggest that significant feather degradation obtained during in vitro studies could have led to an overestimation of the potential of keratinolytic microorganisms to shape feather colouration in free-living birds.     

Screening for a new Streptomyces strain capable of e cient keratin degradation

Keratinous wastes could be degraded by some microorganisms in nature. Native human foot skin （NHFS） was used as sole nitrogen source to screen microorganisms with keratin-degrading capability. From approximately 200 strains, a strain of Streptomyces sp. strain No. 16 was found to possess the strongest keratinolytic activity, and the total activity in the culture was 110 KU/ml with specific activity of 2870 KU/mg protein （KU： keratinase unit）. Substrate specificity test indicated that the crude keratinase could degrade keratin azure, human hair, cock feathers and collagen. The optimal pH of the crude keratinase ranged from 7.5 to 10 and the temperature ranged from 40℃ to 55℃. Metal chelating agent ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid obviously stimulated the keratinolytic activity but suppressed the proteolytic activity. To our knowledge, this is the first report on specific induction of keratinases by NHFS from an actinomycete. Moreover, excellent characteristics of its crude keratinase may lead to the potential application in waste treatment and recovery, poultry and leather industry, medicine, and cosmetic development.     

畜禽养殖污染物资源化利用技术及模式研究

中国畜禽养殖业污染十分严重。结合中国传统农业"万物并育"思想,论述了畜禽养殖污染物的资源化利用技术及模式,主要有肥料化(牧-肥-草模式、农业废弃物-畜禽粪便堆肥模式、发酵床模式)、能源化(以沼气为核心的利用模式、畜禽粪便-农业废弃物联合发酵制氢模式)、基料化(农林副产物-食用菌模式、以食用菌为中心的循环经济模式、针叶树类木屑-发酵床养猪-食用菌利用模式)、饲料化四种方式。这些利用方式为防治畜禽养殖业污染发挥着重要作用。     

昆明市规模化畜禽养殖场污染现状及控制对策

对昆明市畜禽养殖污染现状调查显示,2002年规模化畜禽养殖场产生粪尿207290t,大部分被作为农家肥处理掉,平均使用率为85%,但几乎未经过无害化处理,对周围区域水体及湖泊造成严重污染.政府应对畜禽养殖业进行宏观监挖,加大环境管理力度,加强畜禽污水监测排放,并进行减量化治理,无害化处理,综合利用,循环发展,实现生态养殖.     

无顺市畜禽养殖污染状况及防治对策

文中阐述了抚顺市范围内畜禽养殖状况及污染物排放现状，提出了加强畜禽养殖的污染防治及监督管理的对策建议，对于更有效地对畜禽养殖业进行环境管理和污染防治，保护饮水安全具有一定的重要意义。     

基于子流域的北运河流域(北京段)畜禽养殖空间布局研究

根据北运河流域(北京段)畜禽养殖业污染特点及其粪便与农作物养分供求关系,采用养分平衡法对各子流域畜禽养殖粪便养分实际排放量、实际负荷量、主要作物最大养分需求量、作物所需畜禽粪便养分最大负荷量、畜禽养殖承载力进行了核算,结果表明北运河干流、沙河流域、温榆河干流、凉水河流域和蔺沟河流域的畜禽实际承载量已超过畜禽土地承载力,研究结果对于环境部门加强畜禽养殖污染防治和农业部门合理进行农业规划有重要参考意义.     

Keratin decomposition by trogid beetles: evidence from a feeding experiment and stable isotope analysis

The decomposition of vertebrate carcasses is an important ecosystem function. Soft tissues of dead vertebrates are rapidly decomposed by diverse animals. However, decomposition of hard tissues such as hairs and feathers is much slower because only a few animals can digest keratin, a protein that is concentrated in hairs and feathers. Although beetles of the family Trogidae are considered keratin feeders, their ecological function has rarely been explored. Here, we investigated the keratin-decomposition function of trogid beetles in heron-breeding colonies where keratin was frequently supplied as feathers. Three trogid species were collected from the colonies and observed feeding on heron feathers under laboratory conditions. We also measured the nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) and carbon (δ¹³C) stable isotope ratios of two trogid species that were maintained on a constant diet (feathers from one heron individual) during 70 days under laboratory conditions. We compared the isotopic signatures of the trogids with the feathers to investigate isotopic shifts from the feathers to the consumers for δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C. We used mixing models (MixSIR and SIAR) to estimate the main diets of individual field-collected trogid beetles. The analysis indicated that heron feathers were more important as food for trogid beetles than were soft tissues under field conditions. Together, the feeding experiment and stable isotope analysis provided strong evidence of keratin decomposition by trogid beetles.     

规模化畜禽养殖环境影响及主要防治问题

我国规模化畜禽养殖业发展迅速 ,畜禽产生的粪尿及高浓度有机污水对周边环境造成污染 ,养殖业与种植业分离 ,畜禽粪尿还田量比例小 ,畜禽养殖业已成为农村一个主要的面源污染来源 ,当前急需解决畜禽养殖污染防治问题     

Colour change in a structural ornament is related to individual quality,parasites and mating patterns in the blue tit

Carry-over effects refer to processes that occur in one season and influence fitness in the following. In birds, two costly activities, namely reproduction and moult, are restricted to a small time window, and sometimes overlap. Thus, colour in newly moulted feathers is likely to be affected by the costs of reproduction. Using models of bird vision we investigated male colour change in a free-living population of blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) in three sampling occasions: spring 1, winter and spring 2. We related crown, tail, breast and cheek feather colouration after the moult (winter) to the intensity of infections by blood parasites during reproduction (spring 1). In the following spring (spring 2), we explored mating patterns with respect to changes in feather colour (springs 1 vs. 2). Males that were less intensely infected by the malaria parasite Plasmodium while breeding showed purer white cheek feathers in winter, which may indicate higher feather quality. Increased brightness in the white cheek was associated with better body condition during reproduction. In the following season, males with brighter cheeks paired with females that had noticeably brighter cheek patches compared to the male’s previous mate. These results suggest that the conditions experienced during reproduction are likely to affect moult and thus feather colouration, at least in the white patch. High quality individuals may allocate resources efficiently during reproduction increasing future reproductive success through variation in mating patterns. Carry-over effects from reproduction might extend not only to the non-breeding phase, but also to the following breeding season.