垃圾RDF的气化特性

采用自制的气化装置对垃圾RDF进行了气化实验。垃圾RDF在200⁹00℃温度下气化时,瞬时产气量出现先升高、后下降、再升高又迅速下降的趋势,2个瞬时产气高峰分别为500℃和800℃。当气化温度在400℃以下时,除CO外,各种可燃气体的含量均很少。随着气化温度的升高,底渣含量逐渐降低,焦油的产率逐渐增加,产生的各可燃气体的体积分数和热值也增加,当热解温度达到900℃时,可燃气体的热值达到最高,为28MJ/m3,底渣含量最低,仅为12%左右。焦油在600900℃温度下气化时,瞬时产气量出现先升高、后下降、再升高又迅速下降的趋势,2个瞬时产气高峰分别为500℃和800℃。当气化温度在400℃以下时,除CO外,各种可燃气体的含量均很少。随着气化温度的升高,底渣含量逐渐降低,焦油的产率逐渐增加,产生的各可燃气体的体积分数和热值也增加,当热解温度达到900℃时,可燃气体的热值达到最高,为28MJ/m3,底渣含量最低,仅为12%左右。焦油在600⁷00℃达到最高值,为40%左右。     

城市生活垃圾催化气化制取富氢气体的研究

采用下吸式固定床气化炉,以煅烧白云石为催化剂水蒸气气化城市生活垃圾(MSW)有机组分,在气化温度为750~950℃,S/M(水蒸气和垃圾物料进料质量比)为0.57~1.28时,探讨了催化剂种类、气化温度和S/M等因素对富氢气体成分、产氢率、潜在产氢率、低位热值和碳转化率等的影响。较高气化温度有利于富氢气体的生成,增加碳转化率和产气率,但会降低富氢气体的热值;在实验条件下,富氢气体中H2体积分数最高达53.29%,产氢率达到7.13~46.52mol/kg,潜在产氢率为55.48~90.11mol/kg;镍基催化剂催化效果优于煅烧白云石,能大幅增加H2含量,使焦油在850℃以上完全分解。     

不同温度下污泥水蒸气气化合成气的生成特性

采用小型管式气化炉开展不同温度下污泥水蒸气气化实验,分析温度对污泥气化冷煤气效率η_l、污泥碳转化效率η_c、有机相转化效率η_v、以及气化合成气生成特性的影响规律。结果表明:气化温度对η_l、η_c、η_v均具有显著影响,提高温度有利于污泥蕴藏的化学能更多地转化为富氢合成气的化学能,促进污泥碳和有机组分气化反应发生,从而提高污泥能源转化率;气化温度从650℃提高至1 050℃,气相产物产率从38.5 g/100 g DSS(干污泥)增至57.9 g/100 g DSS,其中H_2和CO生成总量最高;另外,延长污泥高温气化停留时间,能够显著增加合成气中H_2生成量。     

污泥衍生燃料最佳气化温度模糊评价

采用自制的气化装置对垃圾RDF进行了气化实验。随着气化温度的升高,可燃气体的产率持续增加,在900℃时达到65.5%的最高值;气化底渣的产率逐渐降低,分别从300℃时的78.9%降到了900℃时的25.6%,焦油产率呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在600℃时达到了最大的焦油产量,约为31%左右。随着气化温度的升高,可燃气体中CO2的含量明显降低,而H2和CO的产量明显增加,CH4的产量也略有增加。500℃时,重金属Hg已全部挥发到大气中,重金属Pb、Cd、As、Cu的挥发高峰均在800℃以上,8种重金属的挥发性排序为:HgPbCdAsZnCuCrNi。适合于污泥RDF的最佳气化温度为700℃,此时重金属挥发率适中,产气量最高,焦油产生量较小。     

湿污泥热解制取富氢燃气影响因素研究

采用管式炉热解装置,在700～1000℃温度范围内对不同含水率的生物污泥进行中高温常压热解实验,研究了加热模式、热解终温、物料含水率及升温速率对热解产物产率及气相产物组成的影响规律.结果表明:待温度达到设定温度后,迅速将物料送入反应区的加热模式有利于得到高品质燃气;高温能减少固体碳和焦油的生成,促进富氢气体产生;同时,随着物料含水率的增加,氢气体积分数从17%提高到36%,当含水率为84%时,H2+CO的含量(体积分数)达到最大值;提高热解升温速率能使气相产物产率得到相应增加.湿污泥在高温条件下进行的快速热解过程,一次性完成了污泥干燥、热解和气化,更有利于氢气组分和其他可燃气体的生成,所得气体热值高达12MJ.m-3以上.     

城市生活垃圾水蒸气催化热解的实验研究

采用自行设计的外热式催化热解实验装置,以城市生活垃圾为原料,对温度(600℃～900℃)、物料的组分、加热方式、水蒸气以及白云石催化剂等影响垃圾热解的因素进行了分析。结果表明,气化温度、水蒸气、催化剂对垃圾热解性能影相显著。随热解温度的升高,产气量不断上升,H2和CO的含量增加,当温度为900℃时,产气量达到0.96m3/kg,H2和CO含量分别达35.1%和31.8%;催化剂使用、水蒸汽通入显著改善产品气质量,特别是H2含量,可达45%左右;挥发分含量较高的物料热解性相对较好;快加热方式有利于提高产品气质量。     

废轮胎流化床气化特性试验研究

为了掌握废轮胎在流化床内的气化特性,利用自行设计的小型流化床试验装置系统,对废轮胎在不同的过量空气系数下在400～700℃温度范围内进行了空气气化实验.分析了废轮胎气化效率、固定碳转化率、气化气热值、产气量以及气化气成分随气化温度、过量空气系数的变化规律.结果表明,废轮胎气化的最佳运行条件为气化初始温度700℃,过量空气系数α=0.4.在此条件下得到的气化气成分主要包括CH₄、CO、H₂、C₂H₆和高分子有机化合物,此时的气化效率为47.96%,气化气低位热值为4 804kJ/m³.     

微波热解污泥燃气释放影响因素及热解动力学分析

微波热解城市污水污泥可实现污泥资源化、减量化目标。城市污水污泥微波热解后产生大量能源气体H2和CO。运用气相色谱技术检测H2和CO的含量,研究了热解终温、污泥含水率、矿物催化剂对污泥微波热解过程中能源气体产率的影响,结合热重分析对热解过程进行了动力学分析。结果表明:随着热解终温升高,2种燃气产率均有所提高,800℃时,1 kg干污泥产生29.02 g H2以及302.72 g CO,两者体积之和占气体总体积的58%;污泥含水率越高,气体产率越高,但是达到90%含水率时,热解过程无法进行。镍基催化剂和白云石对能源气体产率均有促进作用,800℃时,镍基催化剂可使H2和CO产率提高到60%,对CxHy产率提高效果不明显;利用一级反应动力学方程对污泥热重结果进行分析,计算出热解动力学参数。     

污水污泥低温热解实验研究

研究不同热解最终温度下污水污泥热解产物的产率及特性。结果表明,随着温度的升高,固体产物产率下降,且C／H增加;气体产率随着温度的升高而增加;液体产物产率随着热解温度的升高而增加,440℃时达到最大30．5％;热解温度进一步升高,液体产率略有不太明显的下降;液体油品具有较高的热值,它们作为潜在的能源是不可忽视的。     

污泥水蒸气气化焦油化学组分的分布特征

通过GC-MS分析,研究了气化温度和气料比S/B（水蒸气与污泥的质量比）对污泥气化焦油中芳香烃、含氮化合物、含氧化合物和含硫化合物分布特征的影响变化规律.结果表明：污泥气化焦油中芳香烃的化学组分主要为菲类、萘类、芴类和联苯类化合物,其中S/B值1.1、1.5和1.9时菲类和萘类化合物的产率在850℃均达到最大值,S/B值1.5和1.9时芴类产率随气化温度的升高而呈先升高后降低,而800℃时联苯类产率则随S/B值的增加而呈先升高后降低,其最高产率为1.284g/kg.含氮化合物以吲哚类化合物为主,其产率在S/B值为1.5和1.9时均随气化温度的升高而呈降低趋势;含氧化合物中主要为酚类化合物,其产率在750℃时随S/B值的升高而升高,其最高产率3.103g/kg;含硫化合物主要为4,4'-双（四氢噻喃）,且仅在850℃、S/B值为1.9气化条件下检出产率为0.263g/kg的萘并[1,2-b]噻吩.     

CaO对城市生活垃圾原位水蒸气气化制备富氢燃气的影响

为高效资源化利用城市生活垃圾,提出了一种城市生活垃圾原位水蒸气气化制备富氢燃气方法. 在城市生活垃圾原位水蒸气气化过程中添加CaO,对CO₂进行高温吸收,促进H₂产生. 考察了n(Ca)/n(C)(CaO与垃圾原料中碳元素的摩尔比)、反应温度及垃圾含水率等因素对H₂产率以及气化特性的影响. 结果表明:随着n(Ca)/n(C)由0增至1.5,φ(H₂)和H₂产率(以w计)分别由25.89%、10.86g/kg增至45.90%、31.56g/kg;水蒸气的引入提高了CaO的碳酸化反应活性,促进了H₂的产生,但当含水率高于39.45%时,则会降低产气品质;反应温度高于750℃时,虽能强化城市生活垃圾、焦油的热分解等反应产生更多的H₂,但不利于CaO的碳酸化反应,最佳的操作温度为700～750℃;对固体残留物进行XRD和SEM分析可知,反应温度高于750℃会降低CaO的活性,不利于CaO对CO₂的吸收. 以CaO为添加剂的城市生活垃圾原位水蒸气气化制备富氢燃气是一种有效的城市生活垃圾资源化利用方式.      

Hydrogen generation from polyvinyl alcohol-contaminated wastewater by a process of supercritical water gasification

Gasification of polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)-contaminated wastewater in supercritical water(SCW)was investigated in a continuous flow reactor at 723-873 K,20-36 MPa and residence time of 20-60 s.The gas and liquid products were analyzed by GC/TCD,and TOC analyzer.The main gas products were H_2,CH_4,CO and CO_2.Pressure change had no significant influence on gasification efficiency. Higher temperature and longer residence time enhanced gasification efficiency,and lower temperature favored the production of H_2. The effects of KOH catalyst on gas product composition were studied,and gasification efficiency were analyzed.The TOC removal efficiency(R_(TOC)),carbon gasification ratio(R_(CG))and hydrogen gasification ratio(R_(HG))were up to 96.00%,95.92% and 126.40% at 873 K and 60 s,respectively,which suggests PVA can be completely gasified in SCW.The results indicate supercritical water gasification for hydrogen generation is a promising process for the treatment of PVA wastewater.     

城市污泥两段式催化热解制合成气研究

为了把城市污泥中温热解产生的挥发性产物转化为可直接利用的洁净可燃性气体或重要的化工原料合成气,采用两段式热解装置对城市污泥进行了催化热解实验研究,讨论了不同催化剂对城市污泥热解挥发性产物的催化裂解能力,结果表明:城市污泥在热解终温500℃,热解液产率最大,超过500℃,热解液产率减少,热解气增多,固相产率基本不变;城市污泥热解液的裂解温度需在900℃以上,产生的气体组分主要为H2、CO、CH4等小分子非冷凝性气体;Ni/分子筛复合催化剂对热解液转化为合成气的作用效果较好,合成气体(H2+CO)体积含量占气体总量的85%以上.     

Supercritical gasification for the treatment of o-cresol wastewater

The supercritical water gasification of phenolic wastewater without oxidant was performed to degrade pollutants and produce hydrogen-enriched gases. The simulated o-cresol wastewater was gasified at 440-650℃ and 27.6 MPa in a continuous Inconel 625 reactor with the residence time of 0.42-1.25 min. The influence of the reaction temperature, residence time, pressure, catalyst, oxidant and the pollutant concentration on the gasification efficiency was investigated. Higher temperature and longer residence time enhanced the o-cresol gasification. The TOC removal rate and hydrogen gasification rate were 90.6% and 194.6%, respectively, at the temperature of 650℃ and the residence time of 0.83 min. The product gas was mainly composed of H2, CO2, CFL and CO, among which the total molar percentage of H2 and CFL was higher than 50%. The gasification efficiency decreased with the pollutant concentration increasing. Both the catalyst and oxidant could accelerate the hydrocarbon gasification at a lower reaction temperature, in which the catalyst promoted H2 production and the oxidant enhanced CO2 generation. The intermediates of liquid effluents were analyzed and phenol was found to be the main composition. The results indicate that the supercritical gasification is a promising way for the treatment of hazardous organic wastewater.     

Process conditions for preparing methanol from cornstalk gas

The low-heat-value cornstalk gas produced in the down-flow fixed bed gasifier was tentatively used for methanol synthesis. The cornstalk gas was purified and the technical procedures such as deoxygenation, desulfurization, catalytic cracking of tar, purification and hydrogenation were studied. The catalytic experiments of methanol synthesis with cornstalk syngas were carried out in a tubular-flow integral and isothermal reactor. The effect of reaction temperature, pressure, catalyst types, catalyst particle size, syngas flow at entering end and composition of syngas was investigated. The optimum process conditions and yield of methanol from cornstalk syngas were obtained. The experimental results indicated that the proper catalyst for the synthetic reaction was C301 and the optimum catalyst size was 0.833 mm x 0.351 mm. The optimum operating temperature and pressure were found to be 235癈 and 5 MPa, respectively. The suitable syngas flow 0.9-1.10 mol/h at entering end was selected and the best composition of syngas were CO 10.49%, CO2 8.8%, N2 37.32%, CnHm 0.95% and H2 40.49%. The best methanol yield was 0.418 g/g cornstalk. This study provided the technical support for the industrial test of methanol production from biomass (cornstalk) gas.     

Process conditions of preparing methanol from cornstalk gas

The low-heat-value cornstalk gas produced in the down-flow fixed bed gasifier was tentatively used for methanol synthesis. The cornstalk gas was purified and the technical procedures such as deoxygenation, desulfurization, catalytic cracking of tar, purification and hydrogenation were studied. The catalytic experiments of methanol synthesis with cornstalk syngas were carried out in a tubular-flow integral and isothermal reactor. The effect of reaction temperature, pressure, catalysttypes, catalyst particle size, syngas flow at entering end and composition of syngas was investigated. The optimum process conditions and yield of methanol from cornstalk syngas were obtained. The experimental results indicated that the proper catalyst of the synthetic reaction was C301 and the optimum catalyst size (φ) was 0.833 mm×0.351 mm. The optimum operating temperature and pressure were found to be 235℃ and 5 Mpa, respectively. The suitable syngas flow 0.9-1.10 mol/h at entering end was selected and the best composition of syngas were CO 10.49%, CO2 8.8%, N2 37.32%, CnHm 0.95% and H2 40.49%. The best methanol yield is 0.418 g/g cornstalk. The study provided the technical support for the industrial test of methanol production from biomass (cornstalk)gas.     

煤炭气化常压高温蒸汽锅炉的测试与分析

以洗浴行业为例,通过对煤炭气化高温蒸汽锅炉的节能、环保及安全指标的测试与分析,表明这种新型的锅炉可以在常压下产生150℃的高温蒸汽,在燃烧未经洗选的散煤的情况下,其排放的SO2和烟尘都达到国家一级排放标准,锅炉平均热效率可达78.05%,比同类大烟煤锅炉节省约30%,比型煤锅炉节省约50%,比燃油锅炉、燃气锅炉、电锅炉节省60%以上。