人工湿地处理城市污水效能的影响因素分析

为解决人工湿地占地面积大、处理效率低、容易堵塞,往往需要间歇运行等问题,通过对传统的人工湿地进行改造,设计一套新型人工湿地床系统——折流式湿地床 侧流式湿地床,并通过试验对其处理城市污水的运行效能的影响因素进行了研究.研究结果表明,降雨、蒸腾和蒸发、温度、植物收割及堵塞作用对人工湿地运行有不同程度的影响,人工湿地受降雨因素的影响,其出水COD值比降雨前低,同时较人工湿地由于降雨作用所导致的COD稀释浓度高2.4～5.7 mg/L,而降雨使出水SS比降雨前高5.0～7.2 mg/L;堵塞缩短了折流湿地床的运行周期及降低了COD的去除,水力负荷为102.87 cm/d时,运行周期为20 d,水头损失由5.2 cm增至14.8 cm,COD去除率由84.35%降至21.19%;水力负荷为137.16 cm/d时,运行周期为16 d,水头损失由5.0 cm增至15.0 cm,COD去除率由81.26%降至7.35%.     

水平潜流人工湿地处理太原市城市再生水的运行效能

以山西省太原市某污水厂的高氮低碳尾水为研究对象,开展基于3床并联的水平潜流人工湿地处理尾水的中试研究。研究结果表明,该人工湿地系统启动2个月进入稳定运行期;稳定运行期3个床体的出水水质除TN外其余指标均满足《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）中Ⅳ类水体标准,TN指标满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918．2002）中一级A标准,该湿地系统出水可直接用于补充景观用水;稳定运行期3床的植物与基质的配置更适合处理同类尾水,3个床体对各污染物的去除效果均为3床〉2床〉1床;本系统中填料对污染物处理效果的影响大于植物对污染物处理效果的影响,最优填料顺序依次为沸石、砾石和钢渣,最适植物栽种顺序为芦苇、香蒲、美人蕉、黄菖蒲和芦苇。     

阶段曝气和植物对人工湿地处理城镇污水厂尾水的影响

采用人工配水模拟城镇污水处理厂尾水水质,利用3套阶段曝气垂直潜流人工湿地（VSFCW）对其进行处理。结果表明：当水力负荷分别为30、90和180 cm·d-1时,3套人工湿地对COD具有较好的去除效果,其去除率都大于66.7%;在处理总磷（TP）和总氮（TN）方面,VSFCW-1（无植物-曝气垂直潜流人工湿地）去除效果远远低于VSFCW-2（芦苇-曝气垂直潜流人工湿地）和VSFCW-3（芦苇-不曝气垂直潜流人工湿地）,VSFCW-2（芦苇-曝气垂直潜流人工湿地）和VSFCW-3（芦苇-不曝气垂直潜流人工湿地）对TP和TN的去除率分别在80.0%和75.0%以上且具有较强的抗水力负荷冲击能力。VSFCW-2（芦苇-曝气垂直潜流人工湿地）和VSFCW-3（芦苇-不曝气垂直潜流人工湿地）对COD、TP的去除主要是集中在沿程的前1/4段（0~24 cm）,后3/4段（24~115 cm）保证了出水水质的稳定。     

人工湿地污水处理系统中的植物氮磷吸收富集能力研究

比较研究了人工湿地污水处理系统中7种植物对氮、磷的吸收能力.研究表明,所选7种湿地植物,稳定生长4个月后,平均总生物量在1 215～3 500 g/m2,植物氮、磷平均质量浓度分别为13.76～23.11、1.44～3.80 mg/g.香蒲具有最高氮积累量达48.18 g/m2,梭鱼草具有最高磷积累量为7.23 g/m2,姜草对氮、磷的积累量最低分别为21.40、1.68 g/m2.植物地上部氮、磷积累量与地下部的氮、磷积累量差异较大,除姜草外,植物地上部、地下部的氮、磷积累量比均大于3,黄花美人蕉地上部、地下部的氮、磷积累量比分别达11.75、12.10.通过植物收割去除氮、磷量约占湿地总去除量的2%～6%.     

芦苇和香蒲在人工湿地城市污泥处理系统中的应用

用有机玻璃材料做成模拟人工湿地,分别种植芦苇和香蒲考察2种模拟植物湿地对城市污泥干化和稳定化、污泥中营养元素和重金属去除效果,并和空白湿地对比。实验污泥取自当地污水厂二沉池,污水处理采用厌氧池加氧化沟工艺。模拟人工湿地进泥负荷为0.72 kg TS/(m2.d),进泥中TS平均含量为5.58 g/L,pH为6.80。实验期为1年,采用间歇式进泥,渗滤液月采集测样一次,湿地剩余污泥2月1次。实验结果受天气和气候影响较大,处理效果夏季好于冬季,出水水质和剩余污泥的干化及稳定效果芦苇湿地好于香蒲湿地。剩余污泥中各种重金属含量低于污泥农用标准中各重金属离子浓度要求。结果表明,人工湿地植物净化系统对城市污泥有较好的脱水和稳定化效果。     

Algae turf scrubber and vertical constructed wetlands combined system for decentralized secondary wastewater treatment

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Water shortage is a current problem faced by many regions. The deterioration of water bodies driven by the directly discard of untreated wastewater...     

Slaughterhouse wastewater treatment in a full-scale system with constructed wetlands.

This work evaluated the performance of a full-scale system with wetlands for slaughterhouse (abattoir) effluent treatment in the State of Hidalgo, México. The treatment system consisted of a primary sedimentation tank, an anaerobic lagoon, and a constructed subsurface-flow wetland, in series. The wetland accounted for almost 30% of the removal of organic matter. In general, the treatment system achieved satisfactory pollutant removals, but the final effluent could not meet the Mexican environmental regulations for fecal coliform counts, five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), and total suspended solids (TSS). Overall, removal levels were 91%, 89%, and 85% for BOD5, chemical oxygen demand, and TSS, respectively. However, BOD5 in the final effluent (137 mg/L) was higher than the maximum level of 30 mg/L allowed by the regulatory agency. Although organic nitrogen removal levels were approximately 80%, the nitrogen persisted in oxidation state -3 as ammonia-nitrogen, the removal of which was only 9% in the wetland stage. On average, phosphorus removal was null, and, on occasion, the phosphorus concentration in the treated effluent was higher than that of the influent. Coliform reductions in the overall system were high (on the order of 5 logs on average), whereas the coliform removal in the wetland was between 2 to 3.5 logs. The treatment system was also effective at removing pathogens (Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella, and Shigella). Further laboratory tests with the wetland effluent suggest that post treatment in a sand filter stage followed by disinfection with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) could help meet the Mexican discharge regulations, particularly the criteria for coliforms and total BOD5.     

进水方式对序批式人工湿地处理效能的影响

序批式人工湿地具有较高的脱氮效能,研究考察了序批式人工湿地间歇和连续2种进水方式对其处理效能的影响。研究表明,进水方式对TN去除效能影响显著,对COD、NH4＋-N去除影响不显著。在水温18～25℃,负荷38 gCOD/（m2.d）条件下,采用＂进水10 min-反应12 h-排水10 min-排空闲置4 h＂的间歇进水方式时,可使进水COD、NH4＋-N和TN分别为306、65和73 mg/L的生活污水,出水分别为45、7和19 mg/L,去除率分别为85%、89%和74%,与＂进水反应12 h-排水10 min-排空闲置4 h＂的连续进水方式相比,COD和TN的去除率分别提高4%和32%。     

垂直流人工湿地中基质组合对污水的处理效果及模型模拟

选择石砾、粗砂、细砂作为垂直流人工湿地的基质在实验室内研究不同粒径的基质在不同的水力负荷和对不同浓度污水对污染物的去除效果,根据实验结果选取基质应用于示范基地,利用人工湿地模型Subwet2.0对人工湿地示范基地进行模型模拟,为农村生活污水人工湿地系统的处理设计及模拟出水水质提供参考。研究结果表明:石砾、粗砂、细砂为基质对污染物去除率较好的水力负荷分别为小于0.9、0.6和0.3 m/d时;石砾基质对COD的最佳污染负荷为970 mg/L,粗砂、细砂基质为468~970 mg/L;粗砂和细砂基质对NH4+-N去除效果相似;在北方地区垂直流人工湿地主体基质建议使用粗砂或石砾以减少堵塞的风险;利用Subwet2.0模型模拟人工湿地示范基地的出水水质,根据当地条件在反应参数的取值范围内调整了相应的参数值,模拟的结果符合性很高。     

Treatment of greenhouse wastewater using constructed wetlands.

Five wetland designs, based on conventional surface flow (SF) and subsurface flow (SSF) approaches, were assessed for nitrogen and phosphorus removal from greenhouse wastewater. Results indicated none of the individual designs assessed was capable of providing the highest treatment effect for all nutrients of concern; however, the SF wetland emerged as the most appropriate design for the treatment of greenhouse wastewater. The highest mean phosphorus reduction of 65% was observed in the unplanted SF wetlands. Peak nitrate reductions of 54% were observed in the 15-cm deep SF wetlands and ammonia removal of 74% was achieved in the unplanted SF wetlands. Nitrate concentration in the greenhouse effluent can be reduced to acceptable levels for the protection of freshwater aquatic life (i.e., less then 40 ppm) using a loading rate of 1.65 g NO3-N/m2/day and a design water depth of 30 cm or greater. Based on available literature and the results of this research project, a multistage design, consisting of an unplanted pre-treatment basin followed by a 25 to 35 cm deep surface flow marsh with open water components, is recommended.     

Performance of an integrated system combining microalgae and vertical flow constructed wetlands for urban wastewater treatment

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The present study investigated the performance of an integrated system, combining the sequential use of microalgae (MA) and vertical flow constructed...     

垂直流人工花卉湿地模拟系统净化污水的效果

通过在垂直流模拟人工土柱上种植不同的花卉植物,研究了垂直流花卉人工湿地对污水COD、BOD5、TN和TP的净化效果的影响.结果表明,所选用的5种陆生花卉,甚至鲜切花卉对化粪池污水有比较好的净化效果,它们对BOD5的去除率可达到92.04%以上,对TP的去除率甚至可达到97.77%以上.而且种植花卉植物的人工湿地出水水质要好于不种植物的对照湿地系统.     

垂直流人工花卉湿地模拟系统净化污水的效果

通过在垂直流模拟人工土柱上种植不同的花卉植物，研究了垂直流花卉人工湿地对污水COD、BOD5、TN和TP的净化效果的影响。结果表明，所选用的5种陆生花卉，甚至鲜切花卉对化粪池污水有比较好的净化效果，它们对BOD5的去除率可达到92．04％以上，对TP的去除率甚至可达到97．77％以上。而且种植花卉植物的人工湿地出水水质要好于不种植物的对照湿地系统。     

回流立式组合人工湿地处理生活污水的效果

针对目前我国农村存在的生活污水随意排放问题,构建了一种安装方便、工艺简单的回流立式组合人工湿地系统用于处理生活污水,研究其对污染物质的去除效果和过程,及不同基质（砾石、陶粒、火山石）间污染物质去除的差异。结果显示,回流立式组合人工湿地系统对COD、NH4+-N、TN、TP的去除率分别高达95%、99%、53%、57%,其中COD、NH4+-N的去除过程符合一级动力学模型。不同基质组湿地对生活污水处理效果存在显著差异（P4+-N、TN的去除效果较好,火山石组对COD、TP去除效果较好,可分别作为人工湿地脱氮除磷的优先选择。结果表明,回流立式组合人工湿地去除能力好、占地面积小、操作方便,是一种具有广阔发展前景的农村污水处理技术。     

人工湿地不同基质配置对复合重金属污水的长期处理效果

为探究不同基质对含有复合重金属污水的长期处理效果及重金属在人工湿地中的分布特征,通过温室内构建基质分别为砾石(CK)、沸石(F)、生物炭(S)和沸石-生物炭(FS)的4组垂直潜流人工湿地污水处理模拟装置,连续运行161 d,观测出水水质变化并研究湿地各系统中重金属的浓度分布特征。结果表明,所有装置出水均呈低溶解氧状态,pH呈中性或弱碱性;4组人工湿地均具有良好的脱氮除磷及重金属去除效果,有机物、TN、NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N和TP的平均去除率分别为91.93%~95.85%、86.08%~89.80%、94.99%~97.60%、75.22%~83.58%和60.35%~64.61%,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Cr 5种重金属的去除率均在90%以上;菖蒲体内重金属的质量浓度表现为地下部分＞地上部分,但菖蒲体内富集的重金属总量相对较少,整个系统中重金属主要富集在基质中(77%~96%);与湿地CK相比,沸石与生物炭的联合添加显著提高了污水的净化能力(P<0.01),但运行后期,装置对复合污水的去除率呈一定的下降趋势。     

碳氮比对人工湿地污水处理效果的影响

采用表面流人工湿地系统静态小试装置,考察了低、中、高3组不同进水COD/N(2,5,10)对系统中氮、磷及COD去除效果的影响。结果表明:进水C/N的变化对COD的去除率影响不大,平均去除率达到94.6%。TN的去除率随着COD/N的增大而逐渐升高,在C/N=5时达到63.8%,继续提高COD/N,TN的去除率变化不大。NH4+-N去除率随着COD/N的增加而降低。随着碳源的增加,释磷菌能够从进水中获得充足的碳源,从而可以比较充分地释磷,因此,磷的去除率随COD/N的增加而提高。     

人工湿地植物研究进展

人工湿地具有去除污染效果好、运行费用低和易维护等特点,已被广泛用于污水处理中.湿地植物在其中起着重要作用,主要包括直接吸收氮、磷等污染物,通过根系输氧促进根区的氧化还原反应与好氧微生物活动及增强和维持介质的水力传输等.综述了人工湿地植物的去污机理,阐述了湿地植物对生物可降解的有机物、营养性污染物和有毒有害物质净化的研究成果与应用,并展望今后进一步研究的重点.     

Heterotrophic community-level physiological profiles of domestic wastewater following treatment by small constructed subsurface flow wetlands.

Seasonal treatment performance of small-surface flow wetlands was evaluated during their second operational year and compared with community-level physiological profiles (CLPP) of the heterotrophic bacterial community obtained from sole-carbon source utilization patterns in BIOLOG GN (Haywood, California) microplates. The CLPP patterns varied significantly by season, indicating reduced functional diversity in the heterotrophic community during warmer months of active plant growth (April through October). Principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that the functional community differed in planted versus unplanted wetlands during the growing season. Wetlands generally improved wastewater quality; however, treatment performance was reduced in the second year. Despite differences in the heterotrophic community suggested by CLPP, treatment efficiency with respect to removal of five-day biochemical oxygen demand or reduction in fecal indicator organisms generally was not significantly changed as a function of growing season or plant treatment.     

间歇曝气潜流人工湿地的污水脱氮效果

采用间歇曝气运行方式,提升潜流人工湿地生活污水处理系统中的溶解氧浓度,强化脱氮效果。结果表明,间歇曝气运行方式有效提高了湿地内部溶解氧水平,曝气时溶解氧浓度可达6~9 mg/L,停止曝气后,溶解氧浓度迅速下降至0.5 mg/L以下,在湿地内部营造了一种交替的好氧和缺氧环境,分别促进好氧硝化和缺氧反硝化作用。在水力停留时间为3 d的情况下,间歇曝气潜流人工湿地系统对氨氮、总氮和COD的去除率分别可达到98.0%、87.6%和96.3%,较常规潜流人工湿地系统分别提高了74.1%、56.4%和18.1%,实现了氨氮、总氮和COD的同步高效去除。     

Wastewater treatment using bamboos in constructed wetlands: experiences and future perspectives

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Wastewater treatment using constructed wetlands (CWs) based on natural wetlands constitute a viable alternative with excellent cost and benefit,...