extended study of atmospheric heavy metal deposition in lithuania based on moss analysis

The use of different moss species – Hylocomium splendens,Pleurozium schreberi, Eurhynchium angustirete, Sphagnum and Rhytidiadelphus – was tested for the investigation of atmosphericheavy metal deposition. Maps representing heavy metal depositionpattern in Lithuania are presented for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and V.The most suitable species for heavy metal deposition studies was Hylocomium splendens in which the concentrations of metalswere found to be up to 25% higher than in other species. Interspeciesand interelemental comparison was also performed. Several well definedlocal pollution sources were identified.     

Heavy Metal Accumulation in the Gastropod, Cetithium Scabridum L., from the Kuwait Coast

An in-depth study on various locations along the Kuwait Coastdifferentiated by the nature of coastal topography, humanhabitation and industrialization was made during the year1995–1997 in relation to the gills of the gastropod, Cerithium scabridum, a bio-indicator of heavy metal pollution.The maximum concentration of heavy metals in the gills of C. scabridum, seawater and particulate matter was observed inStations III when compared to the metal concentrations in theother seven stations. Co-efficient Variance (CV) revealed anincrease in the accumulation of Cu and Pb in gills, seawater andparticulate matter in winter than in summer. However, the CV wasnoted to be lower in winter than in summer in the case of Cr andV, in gills of C. scabridum and Ni in the case of seawatersamples. Further, by ANOVA, except V, significant relationshipswere noted between the heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Pb and Ni) andvarious locations in the gills of C. scabridum.     

城市环境中磁学响应的研究进展

利用磁学方法研究城市环境中重金属元素的污染受到普遍关注和重视。比较系统地探讨了城市环境中磁性矿物的来源和特征,阐述了城市环境磁学的研究内容,探讨了城市磁学研究的发展趋势,强调了运用简便、经济的磁学方法研究城市环境中重金属等污染物是今后环境磁学的一个重要的发展方向。     

Determination of Heavy Metals in Honey in Kahramanmaraş City, Turkey

Heavy metals in honey are of interest not only for quality control, but also for determination environmental contamination. The objective of this work was to determine distribution of the levels of selected heavy metals. Levels of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg) and nickel (Ni) in honey samples (21) in Kahramanmaraş region were determined by atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). The mean values for Cu, Cd, Mn, Fe, and Mg were 0.01, 0.32, 0.03, 0.36 and 10.45 ppm, respectively. Nickel was not detected in honey samples. Kahramanmaraş honey samples were not free of heavy metals but the levels of them were found well below the permitted levels. The results suggested that honey may be useful for assessing the presence of environmental contaminants.     

Metals in Feathers of Bonin Petrel, Christmas Shearwater, Wedge-Tailed Shearwater, and Red-Tailed Tropicbird in the Hawaian Islands, Northern Pacific

Levels of environmental pollutants are usually higher in mainland and coastal areas than in offshore or oceanic islands due to higher inputs from agricultural and industrial sources. Levels of heavy metals are usually higher in adult than in young birds, because they have had longer to accumulate metals in their tissues, and/or because they may eat larger, more contaminated, prey. We examined the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury, and selenium in the adults and young of Bonin petrel (Pterodroma hypoleuca), Christmas shearwater (Puffinus nativitatis) and red-tailed tropicbird (Phaethon rubricauda) on Midway Atoll, and adult wedge-tailed shearwater (Puffinus pacificus) on Midway Atoll and on Manana Island (off Oahu) in the northern Pacific. All birds were analyzed individually except for Christmas Shearwater chicks where samples were pooled to obtain sufficient quantities for analysis. Significant (p<0.05) age-related differences were found for mercury, selenium, manganese and chromium in Bonin petrels, for selenium and mercury in Christmas shearwaters, and for chromium and mercury in Red-tailed Tropicbirds. Lead approached significance for all three species. Adults had higher levels than young except for chromium and manganese in the petrels and arsenic in all three species. There were significant interspecific differences in concentrations of all metals except arsenic for the adults nesting on Midway. Christmas shearwaters had the highest levels of all metals except mercury and chromium. Bonin petrels, the smallest species examined, had mercury levels that were over three times higher than any of the adults of the other three species. For wedge-tailed shearwaters, levels of chromium and lead were significantly higher, and manganese and selenium were lower on Midway than Manana. Knowledge of the foraging ranges and habits of these far-ranging seabirds is inadequately known, but does not currently explain the observed differences among species. We could not find a consistent pattern of differences between the burrow nesting species (Bonin petrel, Wedge-tailed shearwater) and the surface nesting tropicbirds. There was no consistent pairwise correlation between any metals across all species.     

Fractionation and Sequential Extraction of Heavy Metals in the Soil of Scrapyard of Discarded Vehicles

Chemical and physical size fractionation of heavy metals were carried out on 20 soil samples from the scrap yard area. Tessier method was used in sequential extraction. Cadmium showed the highest levels among the other elements studied in the exchangeable fraction (about 33%), while other elements showed low levels in this fraction (≥1%). Lead and manganese were mostly found in the Fe–Mn oxide fraction, zinc and iron were mostly in residual fraction, while copper was mostly found in the organic fraction of the soil. Soil samples were size-fractionated into four sizes: 1000–500, 500–125, 125–53, and less than 53 μm. The highest levels of Fe, Cu, Pb, Mn, and Cd were found in the medium fraction (500–125 μm), while zinc showed its highest levels in the fine fraction (125–53 μm). The order of heavy metal load in the size fractions was found to be medium > fine > coarse > silt for Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, and Cd, where it was found as fine > medium > coarse > silt for zinc.     

Levels of Selected Metals in Canned Fish Consumed in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

In the present paper, seven heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr and Fe) in canned salmon, sardine and tuna fish were determined by using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Cadmium and lead levels were determined by graphite tube AAS whereas Ni, Cu, Cr and Fe were determined by flame AAS. Analytical results were validated by spiking the samples with various concentrations of these metals for recovery. The metal contents, expressed in μg/g, wet weight, varied depending upon the specie studied. The levels of Pb ranged from 0.03–1.20 μg-g⁻¹ with an average of 0.313 μg-g⁻¹ for salmon; 0.03–0.51 μg-g⁻¹ with an average of 0.233 μg-g⁻¹ for tuna and 0.13–1.97 μg-g⁻¹ with an average of 0.835 μg-g⁻¹ for sardines. The levels of Cd ranged from 0.02–0.38 μg-g⁻¹ with an average of 0.161 μg-g⁻¹ for salmon; 0.07–0.64 μg-g⁻¹ with an average of 0.227 μg-g⁻¹ for tuna and 0.010–0.690 μg-g⁻¹ with an average of 0.183 μg-g⁻¹ for sardines. Comparative evaluation of these metals in three varieties of fish showed that average concentration of lead in sardines is about 4 times and Ni about 3 times higher as compared to tuna. Generally, the levels of these metals follow the order sardine > salmon > tuna. The data generated in the present study compared well with the similar studies carried out in different parts of the world. The results indicate that canned fish, in general and tuna in particular, have concentrations within permissible limits of WHO/FAO levels for these heavy metals. Therefore, their contribution to the total body burden of these metals can be considered as negligibly small.     

Heavy Metals and Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Concentrations in the Red Fox in Relation to Some Biological Paramaters

Heavy metals and organochlorine contamination were analyzed in tissues of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from the Province of Siena (central Italy). Mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentrations were assessed in liver tissues and the data were analyzed for differences in relation to sex and age. Overall Hg, Cd and Pb mean values were 0.16, 0.62 and 0.64 g g^_1 d.w., respectively. HCB, DDT and PCB concentrations were assayed in fatty tissues and muscle. The highest levels of those pollutants were found in muscle (0.47, 1.16 and 20.2 g g^_1 lipid basis of HCB, DDTs and PCBs respectively), rather than in fat (0.23, 0.49 and 7.2 g g^_1 l.b. of HCB, DDTs and PCBs respectively). Pollutant accumulation was analyzed in relation to sex, age and sexual maturity of females.     

Environmental monitoring of heavy metals and arsenic from Ag-Pb-Zn mining: a case study over two millennia

2000 years of mining activity at Wiesloch, Germanyleft behind a legacy of mining wastes, some of which haveextremely high contents of toxic elements like As, Cd, Tl,Sb, Pb and Zn. To evaluate their long-term impact ondifferent environmental compartments, the detailedenvironmental monitoring presented here focused on themineralogical and chemical characterization of thedifferent waste materials, consisting of dumpings with orefragments, flotation tailings and medieval metallurgicalslags. Leaching experiments with these materials, usingeluents of different compositions and pHs were carried outto assess the conditions governing the mobilization and re-fixation of these species. It was shown, that the carbonatehost rock of the mineralization, the loess blanket coveringthe area and the organically rich municipal sewage sludgesdeposited on top of the tailings, represent potentialbarriers to the dispersion of toxic elements over a muchlarger area. Moreover, particulate emissions from thesteep, unvegetated escarpments of the tailing heapsrepresent a continuous thread to the environment.     

乌鲁木齐采暖期TSP、PM10、PM5、PM2.5中重金属污染水平评价

采用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法、双道原子荧光光谱法研究乌鲁木齐市采暖期前期与后期不同粒径大气颗粒物(TSP、PM_(10)、PM_5、PM_(2.5))中Hg、As、Zn、Pb、Ni等5种重金属元素的质量浓度,并对重金属污染水平进行评价。Hg质量浓度为0.3~5.7 ng/m3;As质量浓度为15.3~122.5 ng/m~3;Zn质量浓度为298.0~1 686.5 ng/m~3;Pb质量浓度为0.5~88.8 ng/m~3;Ni质量浓度为10.4~25.5 ng/m~3。Igeo计算得出采暖期后期的TSP、PM_(10)、PM_5、PM_(2.5)中各重金属Igeo值均高于采暖期前期,其中Hg元素为严重污染;富集因子分析得出Hg、Zn元素的EFi值大于10,说明这些元素是人为源贡献。通过研究乌鲁木齐市不同时期、不同粒径大气颗粒物中各种重金属污染状况,为乌鲁木齐大气污染治理提供科学支持。     

Heavy metals in sandy sediments of the Rías Baixas (NW Spain)

We studied the concentrations of certain heavy metals in the total and labile fractions of sandy sediments from four embayments situated on the northwestern coast of Spain. In orderto compensate for the effects of the heterogeneity in texture ofthe different samples, data were normalized. Organic carbon was the most suitable normalizing factor for copper, lead and zinc inthe total fraction and copper in the labile fraction, and iron was the most suitable for the other metals in both fractions.Enrichment of copper, lead and zinc in these sediments may have been caused by sewage contamination. The percentages of extractability for chromiun were remarkable.     

The Influence of Age on Cadmium Concentrations in Seabirds

The effects of age on cadmium concentrations was investigated in Cory's shearwater, Calonectris diomedea, Lesser black-backed gull, Larus fuscus, and great skuas, Catharacta skua. There was no evidence for the continued accumulation of cadmium with increasing adult age. Adult shearwaters did have higher concentrations of cadmium compared to young fledglings, but there was no significant difference between cadmium concentrations in adult and sub-adult gulls. In addition, the sample of great skuas were of known age (3–22 yrs old) and showed no evidence of increasing cadmium concentrations with adult age in liver or kidney. However, it is possible that age accumulation of cadmium in great skuas was masked by individual dietary preferences overriding the effects of increasing age. It is often assumed that cadmium concentrations continue to accumulate with increasing adult age, but seabirds may have evolved some as yet unknown mechanism for excretion or more rapid turnover of cadmium than previously thought. The implications of this for the use of seabirds as biomonitors is discussed.     

土壤中重金属形态的化学分析综述

土壤中重金属的赋存形态决定其在土壤中的迁移性、生物可利用性以及毒性.土壤中重金属形态的化学分析法是依据不同浸取能力的提取剂分别提取出与土壤颗粒有着不同结合力的化学形态并测定其浓度而建立起来的.文章对土壤重金属形态分析中选用的提取试剂以及分析流程进行了综述,比较了各种试剂和方法的优缺点.同时对形态分析的土壤样品的前处理方式进行了简要概述.     

鞍山市郊蔬菜基地土壤重金属污染状况调查

通过对鞍山市郊蔬菜基地土壤中重金属含量的分析表明,所采集的菜地土壤中Cd的超标率为44．4％,Cu、Pb、Cr、As、Hg无超标现象。大田菜菜地土壤中As、Hg、Pb含量比大棚菜菜地略高,Hg、Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd含量超背景值。     

石河子燃煤电厂重金属排放研究

选取石河子市典型燃煤电厂,对其燃煤烟气重金属排放浓度及飞灰、底渣、脱硫石膏重金属的富集进行定量分析。结果表明,烟气中各重金属排放浓度从高到低依次为Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb、Cu、Hg、Co、Cd、As。各重金属元素在飞灰中的富集程度较高,除Hg、Cd、Ni外,其他重金属元素在飞灰的富集因均值均大于5。其中,As在飞灰的富集因子均值为5.76。研究结果可为石河子重金属污染控制提供基础数据。     

青岛市饮用水源地重金属污染物健康风险初步评价

对青岛市某饮用水源地饮用水的钼、铍、硼、锑、钡、钒、钛、铊、砷、镉、铅、汞、镍、铜、锌共15种重金属元素进行了分析,并应用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对其所引起的健康风险作了初步评价。结果表明,通过饮水途径所致健康风险中,由致癌物砷所致的健康风险为8.15E-6 a-1,低于国际辐射防护委员会ICRP推荐的最大可接受风险水平5.0×10-5a-1;由非致癌物所致的健康风险中砷最大,铜和硼次之,二者的风险水平为10-9a-1和10-10a-1,均低于ICRP推荐的最大可接受风险水平。     

北方某市环境空气颗粒物中重金属污染状况研究

对我国北方某市大气颗粒物的污染状况进行了研究。在主导风向上设置采样点,于冬季、夏季分别采集TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5 3种不同动力学直径的大气颗粒物。采用ICP-MS对TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5中的元素浓度进行分析,并对3种不同粒径颗粒物中的10种重金属采用富集因子法进行评价。结果表明,北方某市环境空气颗粒物中富集程度最严重的为Cd、Pb;在采暖期,随着颗粒物粒径变小,Pb、Cd的富集指数呈现逐渐增大的趋势;非采暖期则无此趋势。     

土壤中有效态重金属的化学试剂提取法研究进展

土壤重金属污染是国内外关注的热点问题，针对采用全量重金属评价土壤污染存在的问题，本文综述了近年来土壤有效态重金属的化学提取方法研究进展，比较分析了各种单一提取法和影响土壤重金属提取率的因素。在此基础上，评价了各类提取方法的特点及其在应用上的优势和局限，指出了筛选通用提取剂的原则和依据。结合实验初步提出以去离子水作为通用提取剂的可行性及尚需研究解决的问题。     

Honeybees and their products as potential bioindicators of heavy metals contamination

The concentrations of three representative heavy metals(cadmium, chromium and lead) were measured by atomic absorptionspectroscopy in honeybees and in apiary's products (honey,pollen, propolis, and wax). Samples were collected from fivedifferent sampling points: four from areas surrounding the cityof Rome, and the fifth in the city center which receives intensevehicular traffic. All apiaries employed for this study werespecifically constructed without any metal part in order toavoid the risk of contamination of the assayed materials.Sample collection was conducted over a 3-month period (6samplings for honey and pollen, 3 sampling for propolis and wax,2 samplings for honeybees, all of which were collected in duplicate). Experimental data revealed, in general,statistically significant differences between the backgroundlevels of heavy metals recorded from the reference sites and thelevels measured in the site located in the center of the city ofRome.These results indicate that honeybees and, to a lesser extent,some of their products (pollen, propolis, wax, but not honey),can be considered representative bioindicators of environmentalpollution.     

河北曹妃甸农田土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

以河北曹妃甸项目区农田土壤为研究对象,分析测定土壤基本性质和Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd含量,并依据有关标准和模型对土壤环境质量和潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明:农田土壤总体偏碱性,属壤质和黏壤质水稻土,有机质含量低;土壤中Cu的污染指数最大,Zn、Pb次之,Cd虽没超过国家标准但已出现污染累积现象。在单因子评价中,有76%的土样中Cd元素呈中等或强潜在生态风险,其余元素均无潜在生态风险;在多因子评价中,有95%的土样属于无生态危害或一般生态危害,只有5%是强生态危害。项目区农田土壤质量虽总体良好,但个别区域存在严重生态危害问题,尤其是Cd元素的潜在生态风险十分突出。在今后的土地整理和污染修复工程中,应注意保护清洁农田,防止污染交叉转移,促进农业可持续发展。