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1.
/ As federal land management agencies such as the USDA Forest Service increasingly choose to implement collaborative methods of public participation, research is needed to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the technique, to identify barriers to effective implementation of collaborative processes, and to provide recommendations for increasing its effectiveness. This paper reports on the findings of two studies focused on the experiences of Forest Service employees and their external partners as they work to implement collaborative planning processes in national forest management. The studies show both similarities and differences between agency employees and their partners in terms of how they evaluate their collaborative experiences. The studies reveal that both Forest Service employees and external partners are supportive of collaborative planning and expect it to continue in the future, both see the trust and relationships built during the process as being its greatest benefit, and both see the Forest Service's organizational culture as the biggest barrier to effective collaborative efforts. The groups differed in terms of evaluating each other's motivation for participating in the process and in whether the process was a good use of time and resources, with external partners seeing it as too drawn out and expensive. The paper concludes with a discussion of the policy implications and changes necessary to increase the effectiveness of collaborative efforts within the Forest Service and other federal land management agencies.KEY WORDS: Public land management; Collaborative planning; National forests; Public participation 相似文献
2.
Developing a spatial framework of common ecological regions for the conterminous United States 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
McMahon G Gregonis SM Waltman SW Omernik JM Thorson TD Freeouf JA Rorick AH Keys JE 《Environmental management》2001,28(3):293-316
In 1996, nine federal agencies with mandates to inventory and manage the nation's land, water, and biological resources signed
a memorandum of understanding entitled “Developing a Spatial Framework of Ecological Units of The United States.” This spatial
framework is the basis for interagency coordination and collaboration in the development of ecosystem management strategies.
One of the objectives in this memorandum is the development of a map of common ecological regions for the conterminous United
States. The regions defined in the spatial framework will be areas within which biotic, abiotic, terrestrial, and aquatic
capacities and potentials are similar. The agencies agreed to begin by exploring areas of agreement and disagreement in three
federal natural-resource spatial frameworks—Major Land Resource Areas of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources
Conservation Service, National Hierarchy of Ecological Units of the USDA Forest Service, and Level III Ecoregions of the US
Environmental Protection Agency. The explicit intention is that the framework will foster an ecological understanding of the
landscape, rather than an understanding based on a single resource, single discipline, or single agency perspective. This
paper describes the origin, capabilities, and limitations of three major federal agency frameworks and suggests why a common
ecological framework is desirable. The scientific and programmatic benefits of common ecological regions are described, and
a proposed process for development of the common framework is presented. 相似文献
3.
Cerveny LK Blahna DJ Stern MJ Mortimer MJ Predmore SA Freeman J 《Environmental management》2011,48(3):644-657
U.S. Forest Service managers are required to incorporate social and biophysical science information in planning and environmental
analysis. The use of science is mandated by the National Environmental Policy Act, the National Forest Management Act, and
U.S. Forest Service planning rules. Despite the agency’s emphasis on ‘science-based’ decision-making, little is known about
how science is actually used in recreation planning and management. This study investigated the perceptions of Forest Service
interdisciplinary (ID) team leaders for 106 NEPA projects dealing with recreation and travel management between 2005 and 2008.
Our survey data show how managers rate the importance of social and biophysical science compared to other potential ‘success
factors’ in NEPA assessments. We also explore how team leaders value and use multi-disciplinary tools for recreation-related
assessments. Results suggest that managers employ a variety of recreation planning tools in NEPA projects, but there appears
to be no common understanding or approach for how or when these tools are incorporated. The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum
(ROS) was the most frequently used planning tool, but the Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP) framework was
the most consistently valued tool by those who used it. We recommend further evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of
each planning tool and future development of procedures to select appropriate planning tools for use in recreation-related
NEPA assessments. 相似文献
4.
Cooperation or conflict? Interagency relationships and the future of biodiversity for US parks and forests 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
R. Edward Grumbine 《Environmental management》1991,15(1):27-37
Cooperation between the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service and the United States Department of
Interior (USDI) National Park Service is most often advocated to protect biological diversity on national forests and parks,
but the agencies, so far, have done little to implement the biodiversity mandates of such laws as the Endangered Species Act
and the National Forest Management Act. The ideological and political history of the Forest Service and Park Service is explored
to determine the roots of interagency conflicts. Several recent models of cooperative reform are also critiqued and found
to be insufficient to stimulate better working relationships. To protect biodiversity, cooperation must be framed within conservation
biology and must place primary emphasis on ecosystem patterns and processes as well as on individual species. Increased education
of agency managers, ecosystem-level research, local and regional public participation, scientific oversight committees, new
legislation, and enlightened leadership also play important roles. Ultimately, management policies must be reframed within
a context of ecocentric values. 相似文献
5.
Watson A Glaspell B Christensen N Lachapelle P Sahanatien V Gertsch F 《Environmental management》2007,40(6):880-888
Many public land management agencies are committed to understanding and protecting recreation visitor experiences. Parks Canada
is deeply committed to that objective for visitors to Canada’s National Parks. This 2004 study, informed by a 2003 qualitative
study of visitor experiences and influences on those experiences at Auyuittuq National Park in Nunavut, worked to bring 50
potential elements of visitor experiences down to five articulated dimensions of the experience that is currently being received
at this remote eastern arctic park. A hypothesized set of 17 influences on experiences, also reduced to just two factors with
similar response patterns, and with some items that did not flow into the two factors, were used in a regression analysis
to understand the relationship between experiences and factors of influence. A sample of 61.8% (84) of the total recreation
visitor population 16 years of age or older was surveyed during deregistration after the trip. Knowledge about the dimensions
of the experiences currently received and factors of influence on those experiences can be used to guide selection of indicators
for describing objectives and prescribing monitoring protocol. 相似文献
6.
Communities neighboring federally protected natural areas regularly weigh the costs and benefits of the administering agency’s
programs and policies. While most agencies integrate public opinion into decision making, efforts to standardize and formalize
public involvement have left many local communities feeling marginalized, spurring acrimony and opposition. A significant
body of research has examined barriers to effective public participation as well as strategies for relationship building in
planning processes; many of which point to trust as a key factor. Trust is especially tenuous in local communities. This paper
explores perceptions of trust, expectations for management, as well as constraints to building trust. In-depth interviews
were conducted with 21 community members and USDA Forest Service personnel at the Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie in northeastern
Illinois. The interviews revealed that trust is perceived as important to effective management. Distinct expectations for
management outcomes and processes emerged, including the values, knowledge, and capacity demonstrated in management decisions
and actions and opportunities provided for communication, collaboration, and cooperation within the agency-community relationship.
The case study identified several constraints to building trust, including competing values, knowledge gaps, limited community
engagement, and staff turnover. 相似文献
7.
Kenneth D. Genskow 《Environmental management》2009,43(3):411-424
Experience with collaborative approaches to natural resource and environmental management has grown substantially over the
past 20 years, and multi-interest, shared-resources initiatives have become prevalent in the United States and internationally.
Although often viewed as “grass-roots” and locally initiated, governmental participants are crucial to the success of collaborative
efforts, and important questions remain regarding their appropriate roles, including roles in partnership initiation. In the
midst of growing governmental support for collaborative approaches in the mid-1990s, the primary natural resource and environmental
management agency in Wisconsin (USA) attempted to generate a statewide system of self-sustaining, collaborative partnerships,
organized around the state’s river basin boundaries. The agency expected the partnerships to enhance participation by stakeholders,
leverage additional resources, and help move the agency toward more integrated and ecosystem-based resource management initiatives.
Most of the basin partnerships did form and function, but ten years after this initiative, the agency has moved away from
these partnerships and half have disbanded. Those that remain active have changed, but continue to work closely with agency
staff. Those no longer functioning lacked clear focus, were dependent upon agency leadership, or could not overcome issues
of scale. This article outlines the context for state support of collaborative initiatives and explores Wisconsin’s experience
with basin partnerships by discussing their formation and reviewing governmental roles in partnerships’ emergence and change.
Wisconsin’s experience suggests benefits from agency support and agency responsiveness to partnership opportunities, but cautions
about expectations for initiating general-purpose partnerships. 相似文献
8.
Wildfire, like many natural hazards, affects large landscapes with many landowners and the risk individual owners face depends
on both individual and collective protective actions. In this study, we develop a spatially explicit game theoretic model
to examine the strategic interaction between landowners’ hazard mitigation decisions on a landscape with public and private
ownership. We find that in areas where ownership is mixed, the private landowner performs too little fuel treatment as they
“free ride”—capture benefits without incurring the costs—on public protection, while areas with public land only are under-protected.
Our central result is that this pattern of fuel treatment comes at a cost to society because public resources focus in areas
with mixed ownership, where local residents capture the benefits, and are not available for publicly managed land areas that
create benefits for society at large. We also find that policies that encourage public expenditures in areas with mixed ownership,
such as the Healthy Forest Restoration Act of 2003 and public liability for private values, subsidize the residents who choose
to locate in the high-risk areas at the cost of lost natural resource benefits for others. 相似文献
9.
In response to protection needs in class I wilderness areas, forest land managers of the USDA Forest Service must provide
input to regulatory agencies regarding air pollutant impacts on air quality-related values. Regional workshops have been convened
for land managers and scientists to discuss the aspects and extent of wilderness protection needs. Previous experience with
a national workshop indicated that a document summarizing workshop discussions will have little operational utility. An alternative
is to create a knowledge-based analytical system, in addition to the document, to aid land managers in assessing effects of
air pollutants on wilderness. Knowledge-based methods were used to design and conduct regional workshops in the western United
States. Extracting knowledge from a large number of workshop participants required careful planning of workshop discussions.
Knowledge elicitation methods helped with this task. This knowledge-based approach appears to be effective for focusing group
discussions and collecting knowledge from large groups of specialists. 相似文献
10.
Intensive Livestock Farming: Global Trends, Increased Environmental Concerns, and Ethical Solutions 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ramona Cristina Ilea 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(2):153-167
By 2050, global livestock production is expected to double—growing faster than any other agricultural sub-sector—with most
of this increase taking place in the developing world. As the United Nation’s four-hundred-page report, Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options, documents, livestock production is now one of three most significant contributors to environmental problems, leading to
increased greenhouse gas emissions, land degradation, water pollution, and increased health problems. The paper draws on the
UN report as well as a flurry of other recently published studies in order to demonstrate the effect of intensive livestock
production on global warming and on people’s health. The paper’s goal is to outline the problems caused by intensive livestock
farming and analyze a number of possible solutions, including legislative changes and stricter regulations, community mobilizing,
and consumers choosing to decrease their demand for animal products. 相似文献
11.
According to the Seventh National Forest Inventory (2004–2008), China’s forests cover an area of 195.45 million ha, or 20.36%
of the total land area. China has the most rapidly increasing forest resources in the world. However, China is also a country
with serious forest pest problems. There are more than 8,000 species of potential forest pests in China, including insects,
plant diseases, rodents and lagomorphs, and hazardous plants. Among them, 300 species are considered as economically or ecologically
important, and half of these are serious pests, including 86 species of insects. Forest management and utilization have a
considerable influence on the stability and sustainability of forest ecosystems. At the national level, forestry policies
always play a major role in forest resource management and forest health protection. In this paper, we present a comprehensive
overview of both achievements and challenges in forest management and insect pest control in China. First, we summarize the
current status of forest resources and their pests in China. Second, we address the theories, policies, practices and major
national actions on forestry and forest insect pest management, including the Engineering Pest Management of China, the National
Key Forestry Programs, the Classified Forest Management system, and the Collective Forest Tenure Reform. We analyze and discuss
three representative plantations—Eucalyptus, poplar and Masson pine plantations—with respect to their insect diversity, pest problems and pest management measures. 相似文献
12.
This article describes the history of the Coachella Valley Multiple Species Habitat Conservation Plan (CVMSHCP), in the Riverside
County region of Southern California. When this collaborative biodiversity conservation planning process began, in 1994, local
participants and supporters had numerous factors working in their favor. Yet, as of April 2007, nearly 13 years had passed
without an approved plan. This is a common problem. Many multiple species habitat conservation plans now take more than a
decade to complete, and the long duration of these processes often results in negative consequences. The CVMSHCP process became
bogged down—despite strong scientific input and many political advantages—due to problematic relationships between the Plan’s
local supporters, its municipal signatory parties, and officials from the state and federal wildlife agencies, particularly
the regional office of the US Fish and Wildlife Service. This case study demonstrates the crucial importance of institutional
structures and relationships, process management, and timeliness in habitat conservation planning. We conclude by offering
several related recommendations for future HCP processes. 相似文献
13.
Using data from a study conducted in the Cranberry Wilderness Area of West Virginia, United States, this paper describes how
a modified importance—performance approach can be used to prioritize wilderness indicators and determine how much change from
the pristine is acceptable. The approach uses two key types of information: (1) indicator importance, or visitor opinion as
to which wilderness indicators have the greatest influence on their experience, and (2) management performance, or the extent
to which actual indicator conditions exceed or are within visitor expectations. Performance was represented by calculating
indicator performance estimates (IPEs), as defined by standardized differences between actual conditions and visitor preferences
for each indicator. The results for each indicator are then presented graphically on a four-quadrant matrix for objective
interpretation. Each quadrant represents a management response: keep up the good work, concentrate here, low priority, or
possible overkill. The technique allows managers to more systematically and effectively utilize information routinely collected
during the limits of acceptable change wilderness planning process.
This paper is submitted with the approval of the Director of the West Virginia Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station
as Scientific Article No. 541. The study was funded in part, through a grant from the USDA Forest Service, Monongahela National
Forest. 相似文献
14.
The city of Bangalore in southern India is rapidly expanding, resulting in major transformations in land use, wetland management,
and the distribution of green spaces. This paper examines how transformations in land use and governance consequent to urbanization
can change people’s perceptions of and interactions with an urban ecological commons, using the case study of the Agara lake
in the south Indian city of Bangalore. In less than four decades, the landscape surrounding the lake has altered from a fundamentally
agricultural area, dependent on the lake for irrigation and drinking water, to a densely urbanized area where the lake is
used predominantly for recreation. A change in governance from community management to state management has sidelined the
fishers, fodder collectors and agricultural users who traditionally maintained this lake. The governmental agencies that are
supposed to maintain the lake are unable to do so due to a complex governance structure, with overlapping jurisdictions, compounded
by an ongoing litigation. Over the past decades, the lake has largely transitioned into an urban green space primarily used
for recreation and nature watching. This case study provides us with a broader understanding of how changes in governance
consequent to urbanization and city expansion can impact interactions between people and ecological commons in a rapidly growing
Indian city. 相似文献
15.
Gilbert Gude 《The Environmentalist》1984,4(1):47-50
Summary When people are in government, they are always involved in some type of information communication, but for more than five
years now I have been involved with the Congressional Research Service, CRS, an institution which is totally committed to
research and transfer of information to the United States Congress. The Congressional Research Service works exclusively for
congress—for al the members and all the committees; and CRS’s scope—information, reference and research—covers all subject
areas, including environmental issues, which are of congressional interest. The inquiries from members and staff—by phone,
letter or in person—exceed 400 000 a year, and the number of requests has increased at an average rate of almost 9 percent
each year over the past decade. Small wonder the service employs about 825 people, 550 of whom are professionals.
Gilbert Gude is Director of the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress, appointed by Librarian Daniel J.
Boorstin in January 1977. Mr Gude’s career in public service began in 1953 when he was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates;
he served as a Member of the Maryland State Senate from 1962–1966, before being elected to the US House of Representatives
for the 8th District of Maryland in 1967. During his 10-year career in the House he served as ranking member of the Subcommittee
on Conservation, Energy and Natural Resources of the Government Operations Committee and ranking member of the Committee on
the District of Columbia; he was also a member of the Select Committee on Aging. Mr Gude’s legislative work concentrated in
the areas of urban and regional affairs and environmental issues. He was a key sponsor of the bill creating the C&O Canal
National Historical Park and developed a number of legislative initiatives involving the Potomac River. Mr Gude is Vice Chairman
of the Board of Trustees of The Catholic University of America and a member of the National Academy of Public Administration.
He is a former member of Members of Congress for Peace Through Law and former chairman of the 1976 Anglo-American Conference
on Africa. Mr Gude received a B.S. from Cornell University in 1948 and an M.A. in public administration from George Washington
University in 1958. 相似文献
16.
The concept of resilience is now frequently invoked by natural resource agencies in the US. This reflects growing trends within
ecology, conservation biology, and other disciplines acknowledging that social–ecological systems require management approaches
recognizing their complexity. In this paper, we examine the concept of resilience and the manner in which some legal and regulatory
frameworks governing federal natural resource agencies have difficulty accommodating it. We then use the U.S. Forest Service’s
employment of resilience as an illustration of the challenges ahead. 相似文献
17.
18.
Representative Landscapes in the Forested Area of Canada 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Canada is a large nation with forested ecosystems that occupy over 60% of the national land base, and knowledge of the patterns
of Canada’s land cover is important to proper environmental management of this vast resource. To this end, a circa 2000 Landsat-derived
land cover map of the forested ecosystems of Canada has created a new window into understanding the composition and configuration
of land cover patterns in forested Canada. Strategies for summarizing such large expanses of land cover are increasingly important,
as land managers work to study and preserve distinctive areas, as well as to identify representative examples of current land-cover
and land-use assemblages. Meanwhile, the development of extremely efficient clustering algorithms has become increasingly
important in the world of computer science, in which billions of pieces of information on the internet are continually sifted
for meaning for a vast variety of applications. One recently developed clustering algorithm quickly groups large numbers of
items of any type in a given data set while simultaneously selecting a representative—or “exemplar”—from each cluster. In
this context, the availability of both advanced data processing methods and a nationally available set of landscape metrics
presents an opportunity to identify sets of representative landscapes to better understand landscape pattern, variation, and
distribution across the forested area of Canada. In this research, we first identify and provide context for a small, interpretable
set of exemplar landscapes that objectively represent land cover in each of Canada’s ten forested ecozones. Then, we demonstrate
how this approach can be used to identify flagship and satellite long-term study areas inside and outside protected areas
in the province of Ontario. These applications aid our understanding of Canada’s forest while augmenting its management toolbox,
and may signal a broad range of applications for this versatile approach. 相似文献
19.
/ The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) was intended to promote a systematic, comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach to planning and decisionmaking, including the integration of the natural and social sciences and the design arts. NEPA critics have cited three key shortcomings in its implementation: (1) a lack of engagement with the NEPA process early in the planning process through interdisciplinary collaboration; (2) a lack of rigorous science and the incorporation of ecological principles and techniques; and (3) a lack of emphasis on the Act's substantive goals and objectives. In recent years and independent of NEPA, a policy of ecosystem management has been developed, which represents a fundamental change from a fragmented, incremental planning and management approach to a holistic, comprehensive, interdisciplinary land and resource management effort. We postulate that by incorporating ecosystem management principles in their planning and decisionmaking, federal agencies can address the shortcomings in NEPA implementation and move closer to NEPA's intent. A case analysis of EISs prepared by the USDA Forest Service before and after adopting an ecosystem management approach supports our hypothesis. 相似文献
20.
In this article, we examine how issues of scale affect the integration of recreation management with the management of other
natural resources on public lands. We present two theories used to address scale issues in ecology and explore how they can
improve the two most widely applied recreation-planning frameworks. The theory of patch dynamics and hierarchy theory are
applied to the recreation opportunity spectrum (ROS) and the limits of acceptable change (LAC) recreation-planning frameworks.
These frameworks have been widely adopted internationally, and improving their ability to integrate with other aspects of
natural resource management has significant social and conservation implications. We propose that incorporating ecologic criteria
and scale concepts into these recreation-planning frameworks will improve the foundation for integrated land management by
resolving issues of incongruent boundaries, mismatched scales, and multiple-scale analysis. Specifically, we argue that whereas
the spatially explicit process of the ROS facilitates integrated decision making, its lack of ecologic criteria, broad extent,
and large patch size decrease its usefulness for integration at finer scales. The LAC provides explicit considerations for
weighing competing values, but measurement of recreation disturbances within an LAC analysis is often done at too fine a grain
and at too narrow an extent for integration with other recreation and resource concerns. We suggest that planners should perform
analysis at multiple scales when making management decisions that involve trade-offs among competing values. The United States
Forest Service is used as an example to discuss how resource-management agencies can improve this integration. 相似文献