对高校思想政治教育队伍建设的几点思考

高校思想政治教育队伍建设是加强高校思想政治教育的组织保证.文章通过分析高校思想政治教育工作的特点,说明了加强高校思想政治教育队伍建设的必要性.并从加强高校思想政治教育队伍的思想建设、提高思想政治教育队伍的整体素质和加强高校思想政治教育队伍建设的科学研究和管理等三方面阐述了如何建设一支高素质的思想政治教育队伍.     

浅谈辅导员如何做好大学生思想政治教育工作

大学生的思想政治教育工作是高校永恒的主题.作为大学生思想政治教育工作第一线的组织者和教育者——辅导员,是大学生思想政治教育工作的骨干和主力军.在大学生的思想政治教育管理过程中,辅导员起着至关重要的作用.本文试从四个方面对辅导员如何做好大学生的思想政治教育工作进行了探索.     

高校主体性思想政治育人工作体系的研究与建构

该文以主体性教育在高校思想政治教育工作中的重要性为切入点,阐释分析了主体性教育的可行性,从而探究构建高校主体性思想政治育人工作体系.参2.     

高校思想政治工作创新浅论

社会进入二十一世纪,时代的发展,教育观念的转变,对高校学生的思想政治工作提出了新的机遇和挑战,新的时期,如何做好高校学生思想政治工作,这是摆在思想政治工作者面前的重要课题。笔者认为,创新,是高校思想政治工作的生命所在,既是时代发展、教育向素质教育转轨的客观要求,也是高校思想政治工作本身发展的内在动力。思想政治工作的创新是整体的,只有从思想政治工作的内容、形式和方法上全面创新,才能适应社会发展和人才成长的需要。     

试论高校学生思想政治工作与大学生宿舍管理

大学生宿舍是大学生学习、生活和思想交流的基本单位,它是大学生身心健康成长的重要场所,也是高等学校建设社会主义精神文明的窗口,对大学生各方面的发展有直接的影响.因此,加强大学生宿舍管理,是高校思想政治工作的重要组成部分,是加强高校思想政治教育的有效途径.     

浅析高校贫困生励志教育实施的途径

探索贫困生励志教育的新途径和新方法,必须完善资助体制,从实际出发,研究贫困生励志教育的内容,根据贫困生的成长成才需要,实现了经济上帮困、精神上扶贫、成长上助力.参2.     

多元困境中的高校思想政治工作对策研究

我国高校的思想政治工作在扩招后面临着的新形势,市场经济快速发展带来的新问题,网络时代带来的新挑战以及高校思想政治工作队伍薄弱等多元困境.面对这多元困境,笔者认为只有坚持"以人为本",把握正确的的价值导向;加强思想政治工作队伍建设;积极拓展思想政治工作实施途径才能够抓好当前大学生的思想政治教育.     

生态伦理:可持续发展的伦理基础

可持续发展是始源于人类所面面临的生态危机、以人与自然关系的协调发展为基本内容的一种生态化发展模式,它所面对和需要处理的是人类发展需求无限性与自然资源有限性这一矛盾,即人类对自然的价值取向、开发强度是否符合自然规律的问题.目前学界对它的研究已突破"经济-科技-政治"等实践层面,开始深入到"观念-价值-文化"等认识论、价值论领域.生态伦理是对人与自然关系的哲学反思中应运而生的一种革命性的伦理思想,本质上属于人类社会的"观念-价值-文化"领域,其理论构成、研究对象正契合人类的可持续发展.生态伦理作为可持续发展伦理基础是可持续发展的客观要求和必然选择:①生态伦理突破传统的道德定义,将伦理关怀的对象扩展到人与自然界关系的领域,为可持续发展奠定了坚实的思想基础,提供可靠的伦理前提;②生态伦理肯定自然价值和自然权利,直接回应了在可持续发展中人为何要尊重自然价值与权利这一理论课题,为人类对大自然的价值认同寻到理论根基,使可持续发展寻找到坚实的价值支点;③生态伦理在反思和批判传统道德评价标准的基础上,提出全新的道德评价标准,为现实的可持续发展战略的设计与安排提供伦理支持和辩护.     

论高职院校新生的心理特点及教育方法

针对高校新生心理特点，提出教育的四种方法．即：帮助新生克服思想上的满足感，树立新的奋斗目标；帮助新生克服生活上的依赖性，增强自主意识和自理能力；帮助学生克服心理上的孤独感，学会正确处理人际关系；切实改进高校新生思想政治教育方法．     

同一学校多层次、多类型学生的教育方法探索

高等教育大众化,特别是扩大高校包括招生在内的办学自主权以后,出现了同一学校办学层次的多样性、招生类别的多样化,导致了同一学校学生在生理、心理和社会特点方面差异很大.这些特点给高校的学生管理工作和思想政治工作带来了新的问题和机遇,作为施教者应当在教育观念、原则、内容、方法和手段上做出相应的调整和转变,以适应这一变化.参13.     

Who counts in evaluating the effects of air pollution policies on households? Non-market valuation in the presence of dependencies

Individuals who are likely to realize the largest benefits from improvements in air quality often depend on other members of their households to make time or monetary contributions to their care. The presence of these dependency relationships among household members poses challenges for benefit estimation since it is unlikely that the conditions necessary for recovering the underlying individual preferences from household choices are satisfied in this setting. We propose a conceptual framework that highlights the role of these dependencies in the choice models used to estimate the willingness to pay for environmental quality improvements. We design a complementary stated preference survey that describes hypothetical dependency relationships for household members of different ages to test the implications of our conceptual model. Respondents' stated choices take into account the proposed care-giving responsibilities for young children and teenagers but not for older adults.     

Social and ecological factors affecting paternity allocation in American robins with overlapping broods

Factors that affect extra-pair mating in birds are likely to vary across the breeding season. Changing densities of active nests may alter the opportunities for extra-pair mating, and parental duties may alter a male’s opportunity to guard his mate from extra-pair mating. The latter affects species with multiple broods, where males care for fledglings from first nests while females initiate second nests. We studied a population of multi-brooded American robins (Turdus migratorius) to assess how seasonal changes in nesting density and changes in mate-guarding opportunity influenced paternity patterns over successive breeding attempts. Extra-pair paternity (EPP) occurred in 71.9% of broods and accounted for 48.1% of young. High nesting densities in the study population may explain the high overall rate of EPP, but seasonal variation in breeding density did not explain patterns of EPP among nests. Contrary to the predictions of the mate-guarding hypothesis, EPP did not increase in the second nests that followed successful first nests, and the percentage of extra-pair young in second nests did not decline as the overlap between successive nests increased. The fact that EPP was actually lower when the interval between clutches was shorter suggests that the sooner the males can assume sole care of first broods and allow their mates to renest (indicative of superior paternal quality), the more paternity they realize in the next nest. These results suggest that mate-guarding opportunity does not influence paternity in this population of American robins and that female robins may allocate paternity based on their assessment of male parental performance at first nests.     

Offspring recognition and the influence of clutch size on nest fostering among male sand gobies, Pomatoschistus minutus

When parental care is costly, parents should avoid caring for unrelated young. Therefore, it is an advantage to discriminate between related and unrelated offspring so that parents can make informed decisions about parental care. In the present study, we test the hypothesis that male sand gobies (Pomatoschistus minutus) recognize and differentially care for their own offspring when given a choice between a nest with sired eggs and a second nest with eggs sired by an unrelated male. The sand goby is a species with exclusive and costly paternal care. Male parasitic spawnings (e.g., sneaking) as well as nest takeovers by other males are common. Our results show that nests containing sired eggs were preferred and received significantly more care, as measured by nest building and nest occupancy, than nests with foreign eggs even when males cared for both nests. These findings suggest that males respond to paternity cues and recognize their own clutches. Relative clutch size also had a significant effect on male parental care. When sired clutches were larger than foreign clutches, males preferred to care for their own nest. In the few cases where males chose to take care of foreign nests, the foreign clutch was larger than their own clutch. Taken together, our results provide evidence that both paternity cues and clutch size influence parenting decisions among male sand gobies.     

Allopaternal care in the fathead minnow,Pimephales promelas: stepfathers discriminate against their adopted eggs

Summary Some species of fishes with exclusive male parental care exhibit the phenomena of allopaternal care and female preference for males with eggs. In these species, newly reproductive males adopt and care for the eggs of other males, apparently as a part of their mating strategy. Assuming that adoption is adaptive, I would expect males to discriminate between adopted eggs and eggs that they sired themselves. Specifically, I predicted that adopted eggs would receive less care and suffer heavier mortality than sired eggs. I examined the allocation of care and egg survival for adopted and sired eggs in the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, and corroborated both predictions.     

Allopaternal care in the fathead minnow,Pimephales promelas: females prefer males with eggs

Summary Some species of fishes with exclusive male parental care exhibit the phenomenon of allopaternal care; that is, some males acquire and care for other males' eggs. We conducted a series of experiments to investigate the dynamics and evolution of allopaternal care in one such species, the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). In choosing a nest site, a newly reproductive male tended to take over the nest site of a parental male by evicting the resident male, rather than occupy a physically identical empty nest site. The new male generally cared for the old male's eggs, and in most cases, daily egg survival improved under the new male's care. When males were given a choice among unguarded nest sites, they preferred to occupy nest sites already containing eggs. When eggs were randomly assigned to nesting males, females preferred to spawn with males who had eggs in their nest sites. Thus, it appears that female preference for males with eggs led to the evolution of allopaternal care in the fathead minnow.     

Effects of paternal care on reproductive success in the polygynous spotless starling Sturnus unicolor

For males of socially polygynous avian species like the spotless starling, there may exist a trade-off between investing in paternal care and controlling several nests. To determine how the intensity of paternal care affects reproductive success per brood sired or expressed as the total number of young raised in all nests controlled by the same male, it is necessary to manipulate paternal care. Testosterone (T) has been shown to depress the tendency for males to care for their young, and induces them to acquire more mates. The effects of paternal care on reproductive success were studied by treating certain male starlings with exogenous T and others with the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate (CA), and comparing the parental behavior of T- and CA-males throughout the breeding season with that of controls. CA-males fed their chicks more during the first week after hatching than T-males, with controls feeding at intermediate rates, both on a per nest basis and as total effort for all nests controlled by the same male. Paternal feeding rates during the first week of chick life had a significant positive effect on the number of fledged young. The hormone treatment significantly affected the number of chicks raised per nest, CA-males having a higher breeding success per nest than T-males, and controls showing intermediate levels of success. There was no significant effect of treatment on total reproductive success attained by males throughout the season. In the polygonous spotless starling, the intensity of paternal care of young affects reproductive success per nest positively but not on a seasonal basis. Received: 6 February 1999 / Received in revised form: 30 June 1999 / Accepted: 11 July 1999     

High paternal investment in unrelated young: extra-pair paternity and male parental care in house martins

The response of males to reduced paternity has important consequences for the evolution and maintenance of a mixed reproductive strategy. Paternity is predicted to affect directly the level of male parental care in some cases but not in others. The response of males to reduced paternity will be influenced by their ability to assess their paternity, the predictability of cuckoldry and the costs and benefits of parental care. Although male house martins (Delichon urbica) provide among the highest levels of male parental care known in passerines (incubation, brooding and feeding nestlings), there was no evidence that cuckolded males substantially reduced their level of parental care, and, as a result, all young fledged successfully. Thus, extra-pair fertilizations enhanced the reproductive success of some males because they were able to parasitize the parental care of cuckolded males. We discuss several conditions which may favor extensive male parental care even when the male's paternity is very low.     

Kin recognition in the common lizard

The ability to recognize parents has never been reported in species in which parents do not provide care to their young; in such species, only sibling recognition has been found. However, there may be several advantages of parent recognition, even in the absence of parental care. We investigated the ability of neonates to recognize olfactory cues from both their mother and siblings in the common lizard, Lacerta vivipara, a species without parental care. Juveniles from 264 gravid females were reared for 2 days either with their mother, with another female, or separated from all other adults. Juveniles from some families were split into two or three groups so that each juvenile was unfamiliar with a subset of its siblings. After 2 days, we offered the juveniles a choice of two nocturnal shelters: one containing a lizard odor and the other without odor. The response to the odor of an unrelated and unfamiliar adult was influenced by both the sex of the adult and the sex of the juvenile. Juveniles of both sexes recognized the odor of their mother whether they were familiar with her or not (pre-natal determinism). Juveniles recognized familiar but not unfamiliar siblings (post-natal determinism). In the wild, spatial association with kin declines shortly after birth. Thus, recognition of the mother is likely to have biological relevance. Recognition of the mother may reduce competition and/or enhance juvenile establishment. Received: 15 May 1997 / Accepted after revision: 29 December 1997     

Differential effects of offspring condition-dependent signals on maternal care regulation in the European earwig

Parent–offspring conflict theory predicts the evolution of offspring solicitation signals that can influence the amount and/or the duration of parental investment. Short-term effects of offspring solicitation signals on parental food provisioning have been widely demonstrated, but persistent effects of offspring signals on the maintenance of parental care have been rarely studied. Also, the relation between the amount of care provided to the brood and how it is distributed among individual offspring within a brood is not well enough understood. Here, we investigated in the European earwig (Forficula auricularia) the effects of offspring condition-dependent chemical signals on the maintenance of maternal care among broods and the distribution of maternal food within broods. Mothers were isolated from their brood for 3 days and continuously exposed to chemical signals extracted from broods of experimentally manipulated nutritional state. After re-introducing mothers to their brood, a range of maternal behaviours were quantified. We found that earwig mothers groomed their offspring significantly more after exposure to chemical extract from high-food brood in comparison with mothers exposed to extract from low-food brood, which in turn displayed significantly more aggressive behaviour. Furthermore, we manipulated offspring individual nutritional condition within the brood to evaluate the effect of offspring state on the within-brood food distribution. Within broods, poorly fed individuals received significantly more food than well-fed individuals, probably due to scramble competition. These results show that earwig nymphs express multi-component condition-dependent signals and behaviours differentially affecting maternal care provisioned to the brood and the distribution of care within broods.     

Paternity and condition affect cannibalistic behavior in nest-tending bluegill sunfish

Theory of parental care evolution predicts that a parent should invest more in a brood when its fitness value is greater than alternative investments such as the parent's own survivorship or future broods. In fish, filial cannibalism (eating one's own offspring) is widespread and represents a challenge to parental care evolution. In this study, I investigated filial cannibalism in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Bluegill are characterized by alternative mating tactics referred to as "parentals" and "cuckolders". Parentals delay maturation, construct nests, court females and provide sole parental care for the developing offspring. Cuckolders mature precociously and parasitize parentals using two tactics called "sneakers" and "satellites". I found that parentals that obtained fewer eggs during spawning appeared more likely to completely cannibalize their brood (total filial cannibalism: P=0.07), regardless of their condition. Among parentals that provided care, partial cannibalism was greater during the egg phase as compared to the fry phase of care, but it was unrelated to brood size. Throughout the care period, parentals in better condition were less likely to partially cannibalize their brood, indicating that parentals use cannibalism to replenish energy reserves. Independent of condition, parentals that were cuckolded more were more likely to eat part of their brood. This relationship was evident only after the eggs had hatched, which is consistent with data showing that parentals can use olfactory cues produced by fry but not eggs to assess their paternity. This latter result proposes that parentals may be selectively culling cuckolder offspring from their nest. These data provide empirical support for parental care theory, and the first evidence for the importance of paternity on cannibalistic behavior.Communicated by M. Abrahams