水溶性有机质对土壤硝化作用过程的影响

以江苏省宿迁市潮土为供试土壤,设置DOC220、DOC440和DOC880 3个添加水溶性有机质(DOM)处理,分别含有机碳(DOC)220、440和880 mg.L-1。试验结果表明,DOM对硝化过程有一定的抑制作用,在培养第16天时,未添加DOM的对照中NH4 -N几乎100%已经转化为NO3--N,而添加DOM的3个处理硝化率分别比对照降低7.83%、13.60%和19.12%;与对照相比,添加DOM的处理中NH4 -N含量降低缓慢,但培养过程中亚硝酸盐的积累显著增加,对照在第12天时NO2--N达到最大积累量67.83 mg.L-1,而DOC220、DOC440和DOC880处理土壤中NO2--N积累量分别在第12、14和16天达到最大值,与对照相比积累量分别增加21.17%、33.91%和59.90%。此外,DOM的添加也降低了NO3--N的生成速率,到第16天时,对照已经达到最大积累量143.61 mg.L-1NO3--N,但此时DOC220、DOC440和DOC880处理中NO3--N含量比对照分别低41.97、78.09和91.30 mg.L-1。为排除因添加DOM带来外源氮所引起的影响,同时进行了相同初始氮量下添加DOM与单施(NH4)2SO4对硝化作用影响的比较试验,结果同样表现出亚硝酸盐积累量的增加和NO3--N生成速率的降低,表明DOM中所含的有机碳及小分子化合物影响了硝化作用。高有机质环境下存在潜在的亚硝酸盐积累风险,对土壤和水体生态系统健康可能有一定影响。     

红树植物凋落叶分解对土壤可溶性有机质的影响

研究红树林湿地土壤可溶性有机质（DOM）的来源、性质及其归宿对于揭示 DOM 在红树林湿地生物地球化学循环中的作用具有重要意义。采集了木榄（Bruguiera gymnoihiza）、秋茄（Kandelia candel）和桐花树（Aegiceras corniculatum）3种红树植物的新近落叶进行室内48 d分解实验,探讨了凋落叶分解过程对土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）和可溶性总氮（TDN）含量、C/N比（DOC/TDN）及紫外-可见（UV-Vis）光谱特征（A280、A240/A420和A250/A365比值）的影响。在48 d分解期间,3种红树植物凋落叶的输入均明显增加了土壤DOC的含量,其变化在分解第6 d最为显著,各凋落叶添加组比对照组平均增加了149%（秋茄）~196%（桐花树）,随后各凋落叶添加组土壤DOC含量呈下降趋势。与土壤DOC的变化不同,凋落叶输入后土壤TDN的变化与对照组的差异不明显,但木榄和桐花树添加组的C/N比在分解初期（第6天）显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。凋落叶的输入亦在不同程度上增大了土壤DOM的A280值,降低了DOM的A240/A420和A250/A365比值。与土壤DOC的变化相似,凋落叶输入使DOM的UV-Vis光谱特征在分解初期（第6天）的变化最明显,其中桐花树凋落叶的影响最大,秋茄凋落叶的影响最小。结果表明：凋落叶输入使培养初期土壤DOM的含量和性质发生明显改变,DOM中大分子及芳香类组分增多、团聚化程度增加,DOM 的生物可降解性变小。然而,随着分解的进行,不同凋落叶处理组之间土壤DOM的变化差异性逐渐缩小,并在分解后期与对照组趋近。     

鼎湖山马尾松林凋落物分解对凋落物输入变化的响应

为了了解我国南方森林常见的人为干扰（凋落物收取）活动对生态系统养分循环的影响,研究了鼎湖山马尾松林3种主要树种凋落物分解及其养分释放对凋落物输入量变化的响应。这3种树种分别为马尾松（Pinus massoniana）、荷木（Schimasuperba）和锥栗（Castanopsis chinensis）。凋落物输入量变化分别为凋落物去除（L-）、加倍（L＋）和对照（L）3种处理,每种处理25个重复。经过18个月的处理试验,凋落物分解速率及其养分释放随树种、分解阶段和凋落物处理不同而异。荷木、马尾松和锥栗分解物平均残留率分别为0.46±0.01、0.42±0.01、0.40±0.02,其中,荷木与锥栗、马尾松差异性显著。不同处理间的凋落物分解速率差异显著,加倍、对照和去除处理样地凋落物的平均残留率分别为0.51±0.08、0.53±0.09和0.55±0.08。凋落物加倍处理促进了凋落物分解过程中C的释放,而去除凋落物处理则抑制了N、P的释放。以上结果表明,凋落物收取活动不仅直接带走凋落物中的大量养分,而且抑制了凋落物分解及其养分释放。     

土壤中溶解性有机质的环境特性与行为

本文就土壤中溶解性有机质(DOM)的吸附-解吸特性、迁移-转化特性及其影响因素、DOM对重金属吸附-解吸及生物毒性的影响、DOM对农药等有机污染物吸附-解吸及生物可降解性的影响进行了评述。同时，对DOM与水体富营养化的关系及DOM对温室气体排放的影响进行了探讨。     

印染外排废水中溶解性有机质的荧光特性

通过三维荧光(EEM)光谱技术,结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC)及荧光区域积分法(FRI),对我国珠三角的五家印染废水处理厂外排废水的溶解性有机质(DOM)进行定性及定量表征.五组水样DOM的EEM光谱中类蛋白荧光峰最为明显,结合荧光指数(FI),自生源指标(BIX)及腐殖化指标(HIX),发现DOM的腐殖质主要来源...     

内蒙古羊草草原凋落物分解过程中营养元素的动态

凋落物分解是生态系统养分循环的关键环节,作为植物体向土壤归还营养物质的主要途径,对维持生态系统的平衡具有重要的意义。以内蒙古锡林河流域的羊草草原优势种羊草(Leymus chinensis)和冰草(Agropyron cristatum)、羊草和冰草双物种、多物种混合凋落物为研究对象,采用凋落物袋法研究了4类凋落物的分解特征及营养元素动态变化过程。结果表明:多物种、双物种、羊草和冰草凋落物的分解常数分别为1.04、0.98、1.01和0.95;4类凋落物各元素表现为不同的动态变化特征,C、P、K、Mg、Ca、Cu为净释放,平均释放率在16.37%~87.43%,Fe为累积模式,累积率为140%~339%;羊草、冰草、多物种凋落物的Mn为净累积,累积率为35.07%~57.28%,而双物种凋落物的Mn为净释放,释放率仅为0.9%;羊草凋落物的Zn为净累积,累积率为70.76%,其它凋落物表现为净释放,释放率为4.09%~22.32%。混合凋落物分解存在非加性效应,在0~305 d内,羊草和冰草凋落物之间存在着抑制作用。羊草和冰草凋落物混合对C、Cu残留率起抑制作用,对Mn、Zn、Ca、Fe残留率起促进作用,而对N残留率先起促进作用后起抑制作用,对P、Mg、K的残留率无显著影响。     

淤泥质潮滩重金属和溶解性有机质的潮汐变化特征及其环境影响评价

淤泥质潮滩是连接陆地和海洋生态系统的过渡带,也是海陆污染物交换的高频地带。为了解淤泥质潮滩地表水和地下水中重金属和溶解性有机质(DOM)在潮汐作用下的变化特征及环境效应,以漳江口自然保护区的淤泥质潮滩为研究场地,在一个潮汐周期内连续监测了浅层地下水动态、地表水和地下水中理化参数、重金属质量浓度和DOM光谱特征参数的时间变化特征。结合广义达西定律和Fick第一定律定量估算了重金属和有机质的向海排泄通量,最后评估了地下水和地表水中重金属污染的潜在风险。主要结论如下：(1)相比于地表水,地下水中DOM的芳香性和分子量更高,并且对pH和DO的变化更敏感。受上游淡水输入和地下水排泄的影响,潮沟地表水中重金属和DOM质量浓度均与潮汐水位相反,即在低潮期间质量浓度达到最大值,并随着潮位的增加而减少。(2)通过地表水-地下水对流作用携带的重金属和DOM通量是扩散通量的20—200倍。7种重金属在沉积物-水界面的对流通量大小顺序为：Ba (155.00μg·m^-2·d^-1,单位下同)>Zn (36.60)>As(2.00)>Cu (0.33)...     

干降尘中高分子有机质的组成及其来源

大气降尘作为地气交换的一种重要物质,一直受到研究学者的关注.传统研究较多的是无机元素和小分子有机物,对于占干降尘有机质中相当部分的高分子有机质研究很少,因此研究降尘原样中有机大分子的组成和来源有着重要意义.用裂解-气相色谱-质谱(pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,Py-GC-MS)技术对分别代表市区和郊区的五山和大学城两个采样点冬夏两季样品中的高分子有机质的组成和来源进行探讨表明,有来源于多糖类的化合物、来源于木质素类的化合物、来源于蛋白质/氨基酸类的化合物、脂肪酸、正构烷烃/烯烃以及一些不能确定其来源的化合物,其中正构烷烃/烯烃和芳香化合物是干降尘中高分子有机质的主要裂解产物.研究同时表明其来源首先取决于采样点的环境,同时也会受到气候的影响.     

崇明岛前卫湖水中有色溶解性有机质的分布和来源

通过溶解性有机碳(DOC)、紫外-可见吸收光谱及三维荧光激发发射矩阵(3DEEM)分析,研究崇明岛前卫湖有色溶解性有机质(CDOM)的分布和来源.结果发现,表层水中DOC的空间分布比较均匀,变化范围为5.87～7.02mg*L-1,平均值为6.35mg*L-1.吸收光谱分析表明,校正吸收系数a355在养殖区最高,为4.58m-1,并呈向两边逐渐递减的趋势,暗示养殖区CDOM可能存在陆源之外的其他来源.进一步的荧光指数(f450/500)分析证实了水生生物源的存在,同时也表明前卫湖水体的CDOM总体上并没有明显偏向陆源或者水生生物源(f450/500为1.50～1.84),而a355与DOC含量的比值和荧光指数存在显著正相关(r=0.787,n=10,P<0.01),说明养殖区存在一个比较明显的生物信号,其可能来源为藻类.三维荧光的分析结果表明,类腐殖酸组分普遍存在于前卫湖CDOM中,且空间差异不大;而类蛋白组分的分布差异较大,可能是影响前卫湖CDOM空间分布的主要因素,这与上述生物源的分析结果相吻合.     

固相萃取法分离富集环境水体中溶解性有机质的研究进展

溶解性有机质(dissolved organic matter,DOM)是具有芳香族和脂肪族碳氢化合物结构以及富含多种官能团和元素的复杂有机混合物,在陆生和水生环境中的物理、化学和生物过程中起着至关重要的作用.DOM巨大的复杂性和异质性,以及在环境水体中的浓度较低并与无机盐共存,给分离富集DOM并对其组成和结构进行全面...     

Effects of oxidizing environment on digestate humification and identification of substances governing the dissolved organic matter (DOM) transformation process

• Liquid digestate humification was investigated under different oxidizing environment. • Tryptophan-like substances dominated the transformation of the liquid digestate DOM. • The humification sequence of the liquid digestate DOM was identified. • UV₃₂₅ was first identified as a pre-humus intermediate during humification reaction. The formation of humic-like acids (HLAs) is an essential process for converting liquid digestate into organic soil amendments to enhance agricultural sustainability. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of oxygen and/or MnO₂ on the production of HLAs. Herein, abiotic humification performance of the digestate dissolved organic matter (DOM) is investigated with fluxes of air and N₂ in the absence and presence of MnO₂. Our results demonstrated that the fate of digestate DOM greatly depends on the oxidizing environment, the MnO₂ enhanced nitrogen involved in the formation of HLAs. The synergistic effects of MnO₂ and oxygen effectively improved the production of HLAs, and the corresponding component evolution was analyzed using spectroscopic evidence. The two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy results demonstrated that the reaction sequence of digestate DOM followed the order of protein-like substances, substances with an absorbance at 325 nm, substances with UV absorbance at 254 nm and HLAs. Additionally, excitation emission matrix fluorescence combined with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) showed that tryptophan-like C3 was more prone to transformation than tyrosine-like C2 and was responsible for the humification process. The substance with an absorbance at 325 nm was a reaction intermediate in the transformation process of protein-like substances to HLAs. The above findings can be used to promote the production of liquid fertilizer associated with carbon sequestration as well as the sustainable development of biogas production.     

Fluorescence spectroscopic studies of the effect of granular activated carbon adsorption on structural properties of dissolved organic matter fractions

This work investigated the effect of granular activated carbon adsorption (GACA) on fluorescence characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in secondary effluent, by means of excitation–emission matrix (EEM) spectra, the fluorescence regional integration (FRI) method, synchronous spectra, the fluorescence index defined as the ratio of fluorescence emission intensity at wavelength 450 nm to that at 500 nm at excitation (λ_ex)=370 nm, and the wavelength that corresponds to the position of the normalized emission band at its half intensity (λ_0.5). DOM in the secondary effluent from the North Wastewater Treatment Plant (Shenyang, China) was fractionated using XAD resins into 5 fractions: hydrophobic acid (HPO–A), hydrophobic neutral (HPO–N), transphilic acid (TPI–A), transphilic neutral (TPI–N) and hydrophilic fraction (HPI). Results showed that fluorescent materials in HPO–N and TPI–N were less readily removed than those in the other fractions by GACA. The relative content of fluorescent materials in HPO–A, TPI–A and HPI decreased whereas that in HPO–N and TPI–N increased as a consequence of GACA. Polycyclic aromatics in all DOM fractions were preferentially absorbed by GACA, in comparison with bulk DOM expressed as DOC. On the other hand, the adsorption of aromatic amino acids and humic acid-like fluorophores exhibiting fluorescence peaks in synchronous spectra by GACA seemed to be dependent on the acid/neutral properties of DOM fractions. All five fractions had decreased fluorescence indices as a result of GACA. GACA led to a decreased λ_0.5 value for HPO–A, increased λ_0.5 values for HPO–N, TPI–A and HPI, and a consistent λ_0.5 value for TPI–N.     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液溶解性有机质特性及其去除技术综述

垃圾填埋场渗滤液所含物质种类繁多,理化特性复杂,且随填埋时间等条件而变化.本文综合分析了垃圾渗滤液溶解性有机质的组成特征、结构特征及随年代变化特征.针对垃圾渗滤液难降解有机质的特性而研发的处理技术包括物化法、高级氧化法和微电解法等,并在实际工程中得到应用.随着越来越严格的渗滤液排放要求,溶解性有机质的去除应充分考虑投资的经济、运行的稳定性和可靠性.     

臭氧深度处理垃圾焚烧厂沥滤液时溶解性有机质（DOM）特性分析

采用荧光光谱、红外光谱和紫外-可见光谱技术分析了臭氧氧化深度处理沥滤液生化处理水过程中废水中DOM组成及结构变化.同步荧光光谱显示,反应过程中340—370 nm处的特征峰强度明显下降,小于270 nm的短波长范围内荧光强度有一个从高到低再升高的变化过程.三维荧光光谱表明,沥滤液生化处理水中含有两个类富里酸荧光峰（UV-FA：Ex/Em=250—255/410—450 nm;Vis-FA：Ex/Em=315—320/400—405 nm）,反应过程中荧光峰强度不断降低,其中UV-FA荧光峰的发射波长存在明显的蓝移现象,最大蓝移量40 nm.红外光谱表明,沥滤液生化处理水中含有多种芳香性特征峰,臭氧氧化过程中峰强度逐渐降低,部分特征峰消失,并有过氧化合物的CO伸缩振动峰生成.沥滤液生化处理水经臭氧氧化深度处理60 min后,其SUVA254值由3.01 L.mg-.1m-1降低到1.16 L.mg-.1m-1,A3/A4值由4.06上升到8.43.综合分析表明,臭氧氧化能够有效将沥滤液生化处理水中结构复杂的大分子芳香族化合物降解为芳构化程度较低、分子量较小的有机物.     

Changes in chromium distribution during the electrodialytic remediation of a Cr (VI)-contaminated soil

A laboratory study has been carried out to determine the feasibility of in situ remediation of chromium (VI)-contaminated soil using electrodialysis in relation to its speciation in soil. This technique is best suited for low-permeability soils or sediments, which may be difficult to remediate by other means and implies the application of a low-intensity direct current to the soil, which is separated from the electrode compartments by ion-exchange membranes. A clayey soil was prepared for use in the experiments and was characterized before being mixed with a solution of potassium dichromate for several days to produce a final Cr content of 4,056 mg/kg of soil dry wt. Remediation tests were carried out under constant-voltage conditions for periods of 7–14 days and the evolution of applied current to the cell, pH, and conductivity of the electrolytes were recorded periodically. Fractionation of chromium was determined for soil samples before and after remediation using a standardized four-step sequential extraction procedure (SEP) with acetic acid, hydroxylamine, hydrogen peroxide, and aqua regia solutions. Results show that chromium is mobilized from the most labile phases (soluble/exchangeable/carbonate). In a 15 V test, SEP results show that the amount of chromium extracted in the first step drops from 80% to 9%, but also that changes in the total chromium distribution occur during the treatment with some transferred to other soil phases that are more difficult to mobilize.     

深圳湾浮游植物的季节变化

2008年2月至11月对深圳湾的浮游植物和理化环境因子进行了4个季度月的调查,结果共检出浮游植物150种（包括变种和变型）：春季66种、夏季72种、秋季54种、冬季50种,其中硅藻门36属108种,甲藻门14属36种,绿藻门3属3种,蓝藻门2属3种。优势种共有湖沼圆筛藻Coscinodiscus lacustris、中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum、夜光藻Noctiluca scientillans 3种：春季1种、夏季1种、秋季1种、冬季2种,优势种群由春夏季的湖沼圆筛藻演替至秋季的中肋骨条藻、冬季的中肋骨条藻和夜光藻,没有全年广布优势种;4季均出现的种类共有9种,其中硅藻8种,甲藻1种,各季节间共有种类数在13～31种,Jaccard种类相似性指数范围在0.12~0.35,季节更替明显。多样性指数和均匀度的变化范围分别为0.006~1.724和0.001~0.306,群落结构较脆弱。细胞密度在1.25×107~217.90×107 cells.m-3,夏季最高,春季次之,冬季最低,属季节单峰型变化,与一般亚热带春、秋季出现密度高峰不一致,这与深圳湾陆源营养物质的扰动有关,其无机氮和活性磷酸盐含量均劣于国家海水水质标准的四类水,因此,该海域水质营养类型属于亚热带富营养型。细胞密度与硅酸盐呈极显著的负相关,相关系数为-0.446（p〈0.01,n=36,双尾）,与水温呈显著的正相关,相关系数为0.371（p〈0.05,n=36,双尾）,与其他因子的相关性不明显。从优势种的种类数和多样性指数分析,深圳湾浮游植物的群落结构已趋于单一化,生态系统抗干扰能力极为脆弱。     

Changes in the Biochemical Composition of Tetraselmis Suecia and Isochrysis Galbana During Growth and Decay

The variations of the biochemical composition of Tetraselmis suecica and Isochrysis galbana during growth and decay were determined. the content of chlorophyll a (Chl-a) of the cultures, as expected, slowly degraded into phaeopigments during decay, confirming that chlorophyll measurements do not always provide an accurate estimate of phytoplanktonic biomass and, consequently, may fail if used to measure the food availability of particulate matter for consumers. Measurements of total amounts of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, related to the nutritional value of particles in terms of caloric content, are shown to provide information on the readily available food for consumers, particularly during the blooms. the protein/carbohydrate, C/N and POC/Chl-a ratios were used to evaluate the differences between these two species during the growth and the decomposition processes. A comparison between experimental and field conditions was undertaken to implement our understanding of the growth and degradation processes of particulate organic matter of phytoplanktonic origin in the sea and its role on natural systems, during and after phytoplankton blooms.     

苏州河底栖动物群落恢复过程动态研究

2000年10月至2003年4月,对苏州河8个采样点的底栖动物群落恢复状况的调查结果表明,苏州河底栖动物群落优势种主要为铜锈环棱螺、梨形环棱螺、中华颤蚓和霍甫水丝蚓,种类数比1999年有所增加,但仍以耐污种为主。对不同水体间生态环境的对比分析表明,底栖动物群落结构与水体污染程度之间具有较强的相关性,由此建立了底栖动物恢复指数,该指数可以客观地指示底栖动物群落恢复的动态过程。结合历史资料研究显示,苏州河底栖动物恢复指数呈持续上升趋势,恢复迹象比较明显。     

Temporal changes in the fluoride levels of jaws of European deer in industrial regions of Western Pomerania,Poland

The factories processing natural phosphates and apatites in Poland release into the atmosphere considerable amounts of fluorine compounds. Fluoride is known to accumulate in the hard tissues of animals and humans. This paper describes the determination of fluoride in mandibles of deer in the years 1982 and 1990. In recent years, the establishments have restricted their output and modernized the technology of phosphate fertilizer production. The fluoride content in jaws has decreased, particularly in those animals having their habitat in the vicinity of the two factories.     

Effects of Contaminant Decay on the Diffusion Centre of a River

Many contaminants exhibit decay (radioactive decay, consumed by bacteria, heat loss or evaporation through the surface, dissolution by turbulence). For a non-symmetric river with non-reversing flow, the effects of decay are allowed for in specifying the diffusion centre, i.e. the optimal position for a steady discharge. Three families of exact solutions are presented that illustrate the effect on the diffusion centre of cross-channel variation in the decay (uniform, decreasing or increasing with depth). The diffusion centre is shifted to deeper or to shallower water accordingly as the temporal decay divided by flow speed decreases or increases with water depth.