不同相伴阴离子对镉污染红壤微生物区系及群落功能多样性的影响

通过外加醋酸镉和氯化镉的室内培养试验研究了不同相伴阴离子对镉污染红壤中微生物区系及群落功能多样性的影响 .结果表明 :在相同镉浓度下相伴OAc-对镉污染红壤的细菌、放线菌和真菌数量及微生物群落功能多样性的抑制作用大于相伴Cl-.统计分析显示 ,在供试红壤中OAc-与Cl-对其微生物区系及微生物群落代谢剖面 (AWCD值 )、Shannon指数的影响均达到显著差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,且在红砂土上表现更为明显 .外加醋酸钾和氯化钾的培养试验结果表明 ,阳离子为钾时 ,相伴OAc-与Cl-对红壤微生物区系结构及群落功能多样性没有产生明显抑制作用 ,相伴OAc-甚至存在一定的刺激作用 .可见 ,相伴OAc-对镉污染红壤微生物的毒害作用大于相伴Cl-,其原因并非是阴离子本身的毒性效应 ,而镉的生物有效性变化可能是不同相伴阴离子镉盐导致毒性差异的原因之一 .     

固定污染源排气中颗粒物测定的质量保证

固定污染源排气中颗粒物的监测是一个复杂的过程,它综合了实验室分析、现场采样及生产工艺等因素,是环保管理部门监控、考核企业污染物是否排放达标的重要因子之一。本文从滤筒的选择、实验室称量、采样仪器、采样点位置、运行工况等几方面提出了固定污染源排气中颗粒物测定中应注意的问题,并对实验室湿度和滤筒烘烤温度对滤筒称重的影响进行了测定,得出实验室的湿度应控制在两次称量土5％范围之内,同时应根据排气筒类型不同,选择不同的温度烘烤滤筒,否则会直接影响滤筒称量的准确度。只有做好固定污染源排气中颗粒物监测过程中各个环节的质量控制,才能获得科学、准确的监测数据。     

水质氨氮AQC实验的探讨

环境监测质量保证包括环境监测全过程的质量管理和措施,实验室质量控制是环境监测质量保证的重要组成部分。质量控制的目的是将分析误差控制在容许限度内,以保证数据（检验结果）在给定的置信水平内达到要求的质量。实验室质量控制包括实验室内的质量控制（内部质量控制）和实验室间的质量控制（外部质量控制）。精密度偏性实验（AQC实验）是对一组样品的连续多日测试,将所得测试结果进行统计分析,检查试验是否存在影响测试结果的偏性,其目的是确定实验室测试结果的精密度和准确度,是环境监测实验员培训工具之一。     

A critical review of the influence of effluent irrigation on the fate of pesticides in soil

The impact of effluent irrigation on the transformation and mobility of organic contaminants is poorly understood. The objectives of this review paper are: (i) to discuss the fundamental processes influencing the transformation and transport of pesticides in soil; (ii) to present a critical analysis of the impact of effluent irrigation on the transformation and transport of pesticides in soils; (iii) to suggest research areas that need attention. Effluent irrigation affects the fate of pesticides through its direct effect on the transformation and transport of pesticides that are already present at the irrigation sites, and its indirect effect on soil properties that are important in controlling the transformation and transport of organic contaminants. It has often been noticed that the effluent-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) facilitates the movement of soil-borne pesticides by forming soluble pesticide complexes, and enhances their biodegradation by providing energy sources for the microorganisms that are involved in pesticide degradation. However, the results of field and laboratory experiments that examined the effect of effluent irrigation on the fate of pesticides are inconsistent; in some cases reduced mobility resulting from enhanced pesticide sorption has been observed, but enhanced pesticide mobility has also been reported. The inconsistency may be related to the inherent spatial variability of soil properties and/or the heterogeneity of effluent quality. For example, effluents vary in the nature and concentration of DOM that play a vital role in the degradation, sorption and transport behaviour of pesticides. Similarly, they vary in the concentrations of solvents and surfactants that have been shown to impact sorption and transport of organic contaminants. Field-based investigations on the impact of effluent irrigation on pesticide fate coupled with an accurate characterisation of the effluent are urgently required to assess the long-term risk associated with effluent irrigation in relation to pesticide transformation and transport.     

投影寻踪新算法在水质评价模型中的应用

用实数编码的遗传算法给出了一种投影寻踪方法中投影方向优化的新途径．在一个简单投影指标下,用新的优化途径建立了多元数据分类模型,并将其用于多指标的标准水质分类．两个实例样本水质评判结果表明,用投影寻踪新算法可以揭示高维数据的结构特征,所建立的分类与综合评价模型不仅有效,而且结果简单、直观和易于理解．     

Fe2+EDTA络合-铁屑还原连续脱除烟气中NO

研究了铁屑塔式反应器连续脱除烟气中NO的过程,建立了该过程的数学模型,并对其主要影响因素进行了讨论.结果表明,铁屑塔式反应器可连续稳定地脱除烟气中NO,进气NO浓度的变化对脱硝效率没有影响,脱硝效率随烟气流量的增加而下降,随脱硝溶液流量和填料层高度的增加而增加.所建模型的计算值和实测值能够很好地吻合,该模型可用于预测脱硝过程参数对脱硝效率的影响.     

Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings

Cereal straw is one of the most abundant biomass burned in China but its contribution to fine particulates is not adequately understood. In this study, three main kinds of cereal straws were collected from five grain producing areas in China. Fine particulate matters （PMzs） from the cereal straws subjected to control burnings, both under smoldering and flaming status, were sampled by using a custom made dilution chamber and sampling system in the laboratory. Element carbon （EC） and organic carbon （OC） was analyzed. 141 compounds of organic matters were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrum （GC-MS）. Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings were obtained. The results indicated that organic matters contribute a large fraction in fine particulate matters. Levoglucosan had the highest contributions with averagely 4.5% in mass of fine particulates and can be considered as the tracer of biomass burnings. Methyloxylated phenols from lignin degradation also had high concentrations in PM2.5, and contained approximately equal amounts of guaiacyl and syringyl compounds. 13-Sitostrol also made up relatively a large fraction of PMz5 compared with the other sterols （0.18%-0.63% of the total fine particle mass）. Normal alkanes, PAHs, fatty acids, as well as normal alkanols had relatively lower concentrations compared with the compounds mentioned above. Carbon preference index （CPI） of normal alkanes and alkanoic acids showed characteristics of biogenic fuel burnings. Burning status significantly influenced the formations of EC and PAHs. The differences between the emission profiles of straw and wood combustions were displayed by the fingerprint compounds, which may be used to identify the contributions between wood and straw burnings in source apportionment researches.     

Loss of legs: is it or not a handicap for an orb-weaving spider?

Leg loss is a common phenomenon in spiders, and according to the species 5% to 40% of the adults can present at least one missing leg. There is no possibility of regeneration after adult moult and the animal must manage with its missing appendages until its death. With the loss of one or more legs, female orb-weaving spiders can be penalized twice: firstly, because the legs are necessary for web construction and secondly, the legs are essential for the control of the prey after its interception by the web. During development, spiders may be also penalized because regeneration has energetic costs that take away resources for survival, growth and reproduction. All these consequences should influence negatively the development of the spider and thus its fitness. We investigated the impact of leg loss in the orb-weaving spider, Zygiella x-notata by studying its frequency in a natural population and web building and prey capture behaviours in laboratory. In field populations, 9.5% to 13%, of the adult females presented the loss of one or more legs; the majority of individuals had lost only one leg (in 48% of cases, a first one). Leg loss seems to affect all the adult spiders, as there is no difference of mass between intact spiders and those with missing leg. Data obtained with laboratory-reared spiders, showed that the loss of legs due to the moult is rare (less than 1%). Considering changes in web design, spiders with missing legs decreased their silk investment, increased the distance between spiral turns but did not change the capture surface of the web. Under our laboratory experimental conditions, spiders with one or two lost legs did not present any difference in prey capture efficiency. In laboratory conditions, spiders with lost leg(s) did not show any difference in egg sac production or in longevity (adult lifespan) compared to intact spiders.     

植物对纳米颗粒的吸收、转运及毒性效应

随着工程纳米颗粒的广泛使用,这些纳米材料不可避免地进入环境,对环境造成未知影响.植物是高等生物暴露于纳米颗粒的一条主要途径,工程纳米颗粒可能通过食物链使其在高营养水平生物中积累.植物与纳米颗粒间的相互作用应该受到关注和重视.已有的文献表明纳米颗粒能被植物选择性地吸收并引起植物毒性,但纳米颗粒进入植物体内的机制仍不明确.多数关于植物吸收纳米颗粒的研究是在理想条件如水培实验下开展,并且集中在植物的种子发芽或是幼苗生长阶段.描述纳米颗粒在植物体内的生物转化和在植物体内分配的报道较少,而且这方面的机制没有阐述清楚.目前有许多研究者关注纳米颗粒的植物毒性效应,但这方面的研究需要进一步深入.     

A laboratory study of the efficiency with which aerosol particles are scavenged by snow flakes

An evaluation is made of presently available efficiencies with which aerosol particles are collected by snow crystals and aggregates of snow crystals (snow flakes). In this evaluation we incorporated our own recent experiments, carried out with naturally as well as with laboratory grown snow flakes inside a large walk-in cold chamber. Our evaluation shows that snow flakes are considerably more efficient in scavenging aerosol particles than single snow crystals. This result is supported by the recent wind tunnel studies of Lewet al. (1986,J. atmos. Sci.43, 2410–2417) on the uptake of supercooled drops by snow flakes, and by the theoretical studies of Redkin (1973,Hydrodynamics and Thermodynamics of Aerosols (edited by Voloshichok and Sedunov), pp. 220–238. Wiley, New York), who both attributed the high collection efficiency of snow flakes to a filtering effect involving the open mesh structure of the snow flakes. This conclusion can be understood on the basis of an analysis of the available collection efficiencies of aerosol particles by single snow crystals and snow flakes in terms of the Stokes number. The analysis shows that scavenging of aerosol particles of diameter larger than 0.2 μm by snow crystals larger than 1 mm in diameter is controlled by inertial capture. This mechanism plays only a very minor role in the capture of aerosol particles by snow flakes.     

Prenatal diagnosis of chromosome mosaicism

The frequency of mosaicism and pseudomosaicism in the prenatal diagnosis of cytogenetic disorders is reported, based on 3000 pregnancies studied in our laboratory. Diagnosis of true mosaicism was only made when an abnomality was detected in two or more independent cultures established from an amniotic fluid sample. On this basis, 0.37 per cent of all cases were diagnosed as true mosaics. 1.07 per cent of all cases had pseudomosaicism involving more than one cell from the same culture with an identical abnormality. 4.13 per cent of cases had a single abnormal cell with an extra chromosome, loss of a sex chromosome (or part of a sex chromosome), or translocation. Details of the outcome and follow-up of cases is given. Particularly problematical were cases where multiple cells from one culture contained an abnormality which could have been clinically significant. A crude estimate of the extent to which true mosaicism might currently be misinterpreted as pseudomosaicism or entirely missed has been made, based on data from the U.S. survey (Hsu and Perlis, in press). It was concluded that even when two, and if necessary a third culture is extensively analysed with an average of 24 cells per culture counted, at least 4.5 per cent of cases of true mosaicism may be completely missed and at least 7 per cent could be misdiagnosed as pseudomosaicism. There is an urgent need for improved laboratory techniques which allow growth of a greater number of cell colonies and therefore a more broadly based analysis. Detailed long term follow-up of prenatally diagnosed mosaics is also essential for assessing the clinical significance of the laboratory findings.     

Bioaugmentation: a new strategy for removal of recalcitrant compounds in wastewater—a case study of quinoline

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一种快速实现比较分析的方法

比较分析法是监测部门分析数据的常用方法,使用EXCEL的数据库和列表函数可方便快捷地获得复杂条件下同比、环比或其它比较分析的结果。掌握EXCEL的单元格引用,可极大减轻大量重复类型公式的输入,迅速地完成数据比较分析。以城市环境空气监测数据的比较分析为例,展示了一种快速实现比较分析的方法与步骤。     

论环境监测站的能力验证工作

能力验证是利用实验室比对来确定实验室能力的活动,它是实验室认可、管理机构和实验室的用户评定实验室校准和检测能力的主要依据之一,对于实验室既是一种有效的外部质量保证活动,也是内部质量控制技术的重要补充,本文对环境监测站的能力验证活动作了阐述和分析。     

稳定塘污泥降解的静态模拟研究

通过人工控制下的实验室内静态模拟,研究了稳定塘污泥降解过程中的pH值变化趋势?有机物浓度?淤积时间?温度对污泥降解速率的影响以及污泥降解的数学模型?结果表明:污泥降解过程的pH值先降低?后回升,继而趋于稳定;有机物浓度对污泥降解速率无影响,污泥降解速率与降解时间的关系为r∝t-α;温度对降解速率常数的影响符合Arhenius指数关系式;实验室内的污泥降解符合零级反应规律?      

黄河水体颗粒物对硝化过程的影响研究

针对黄河高含沙量的特点,通过模拟实验研究了颗粒物对氨氮硝化速率的影响.结果表明:颗粒物含量对水体的硝化速率存在着较显著的影响,颗粒物含量越高,硝化过程进行越快.其影响机制主要是:(1)水体颗粒物对氨氮存在吸附作用;(2)水体中颗粒物的含量影响体系氨化细菌、亚硝化细菌和硝化细菌的生长;(3)各种菌在固液两相生长规律不同.     

Simple systems for calibrating and auditing SO2 monitors at remote sites

Described are compact, lightweight, rugged, and simple-to-operate pollutant generating systems that can be used to calibrate and to audit SO₂ and possibly other ambient air monitors located at inaccessible sites. The field and laboratory experiments done during the development of these systems are also described. The laboratory studies indicated that the systems could also be used for NO₂, but the field tests were inconclusive. The portion of the systems used to generate the dilution air is sufficiently inexpensive and modular that many networks could dedicate one zero (dilution) air system to each field site. The systems use a diaphragm pump, a cartridge containing Purafil/silica gel, a cartridge containing silica gel, a flow measuring system, and a low output permeation tube to generate pollutant concentrations between 1 and 30 ppbv with an accuracy (for SO₂) of better than 2 ppbv. To avoid using a temperature control device such as a bath or oven, the output of the permeation tube as a function of temperature is determined in the laboratory. At the field site, the temperature of the dilution air flowing over the permeation device and the barometric pressure are used to determine the output of the permeation device.     

中国大气降水δ~(18)O区域特征及其对古气候研究的意义

系统地收集和分析IAEA/WMO数据库GNIP/ISOHIS与文献报道的中国及周边大气降水和石笋的δ18O等数据,发现大气降水δ18O值和降水量效应在大尺度上均与前人研究结果相似,但在小尺度上具有显著的区域性特征:以塔里木盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地和潢川-合肥盆地等为中心的区域大气降水δ18O值明显高于其它地区,而以拉萨和川-滇-黔为中心的区域明显低于其它地区;在川-滇-黔三省交界地区和湖南中东部分别出现了强和弱降水量效应。大气降水出现δ18O较高值或降低值的主要原因可能与当地蒸发和季风等因子控制的水汽来源特征有关;而降水量效应的区域性特征可能与水汽来源结构变化密切相关。对区域上的大气降水和石笋δ18O进行比较分析表明,以单一水汽来源为主的地区,石笋δ18O值能较好地反映太阳辐射强度或季风强度;两种水汽来源强度相当的地区,石笋δ18O值反映的是两种水汽来源的综合信息;在太阳辐射强度变化对不同水汽影响差异性明确之前很难直接解析为太阳辐射或季风强度信息。     

黄河水体颗粒物对石油类污染物生物降解过程的影响研究

采用模拟实验的方法，研究黄河水体颗粒物对石油类污染物生物降解速率的影响及影响机制．结果表明．水体颗粒物的存在显著影响石油类污染物的生物降解过程，且在降解的不同阶段表现出不同的影响效果；其影响机制主要包括：颗粒物的存在影响体系中石油降解菌的生长，且固液两相中石油降解菌的生长规律不同，颗粒物影响石油类污染物在固液两相的分配，两相中石油类污染物的降解动力学不同，液相的降解符合一级动力学规律，而固相的降解符合3/4级反应动力学规律．     

统计方法在污染场地修复验收评估中的应用

为合理评估污染场地修复验收结果,运用2种统计学方法——平行样t检验和UCL(置信上限)评估方法,对修复案例场地土壤样品的检测结果进行评估. 结果表明:采用传统的逐一对比方法,有8个采样点的w(As)和1个采样点的w(Hg)超过修复目标;平行样t检验法显示,这9个超标采样点中,S48采样点w(As)和S1采样点w(Hg)略微超过修复目标,是由采样与实验室误差引起,可视为已经达到修复效果;95%UCL评估方法结果则显示,w(As)和w(Hg)的95%UCL分别为23.81和5.83mg/kg,均小于对应的修复目标值,只有S26采样点w(As)大于修复目标值的2倍,可判定该场地土壤中除S26采样点w(As)外,其他均已达标. 研究说明:①运用适当的统计分析方法对修复效果进行评估,可节省不必要的修复成本;②传统的逐一对比方法适用于修复场地面积较小、采样数量有限的情况,平行样t检验则可剔除采样过程或实验室分析误差导致的超标值的影响;③95%UCL评估方法可从整体上判断场地修复效果,适合于修复面积较大、采样数量相对较多的情况,应用时注意95%UCL应小于修复目标值,污染物含量的最高检测值应不超过修复目标的2倍且不出现局部连续超标区域.