荧光法测定土壤中总的多环芳烃含量

用常规荧光法分析了土壤中多环芳烃总体特征光谱,同时以多环芳烃蒽作参比,定量估测了多环芳烃在土壤中的含量。蒽的线性范围0~2.0μg/mL,相关系数0.9996,检测限0.61ng/mL;测得土壤中的多环芳烃的测量浓度均>1.01μg/g。     

高速路沿线土壤多环芳烃赋存特征及生态风险

文章以上海市5 条典型高速公路的通行段及收费站土壤为研究对象,对比分析其表层土壤中 15 种多环芳烃含量、组成分布特征,并以毒性当量法和风险熵值法评价其生态风险。结果表明,高速公路沿线表层土壤中∑₁₅PAHs 的含量为 150～18 160μg/kg,平均值为 3 529μg/kg,∑₇PAHs 含量占 PAHs 总量的 55.9%,占比相对较高。通行段土壤中∑₁₅PAHs 的含量为 150～1 951μg/kg,平均值为 590μg/kg;收费站土壤中∑₁₅PAHs的含量为421～18 160μg/kg,平均值为6 467μg/kg,收费站土壤中PAHs含量是通行段土壤的2.5～66.3倍,存在显著差异。高速公路沿线土壤中多环芳烃组成均以中高环为主,收费站土壤多环芳烃中环占比要高于通行段,其中荧蒽、苯并[a]蒽和芘单体占比明显更高,通行段土壤中茚并[123-cd]芘和苯并[ghi]苝占比较高。收费站土壤多环芳烃的生态风险高于通行段土壤,其中葛隆和临港2个收费站土壤中多环芳烃的总毒性当量分别为土壤风...     

大清河流域表层土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源分析

采集大清河流域72个表层七壤(0～20cm)样品,利用GC/MS分析技术,研究了土壤中16种优控多环芳烃的含量和组分特征,根据多环芳烃分布特征和苯并[a]蒽/(苯并[a]蒽+麓)和荧葸/(荧蒽+芘)比值分析了其污染来源,并初步评价了其污染水平.结果表明,表层土壤中16种多环芳烃含量范围为54.2-3231.6μg·kg-1,均值和中位数分别为405.1和233.2μg·kg-1.多环芳烃组分特征表现出以萘、菲等2-3环多环芳烃为主,其含量占到总含量的49%,4环和5～6环含量分别为31%和20%.大清河流域土壤多环芳烃污染主要来自于燃烧源,并表现出以生物质和煤的燃烧为主要来源的特征.相对于国内外其它地区多环芳烃检测结果和土壤标准,大清河流域土壤多环芳烃处于中等偏低污染水平,Nap和Fla是主要的超标化合物.     

武汉城区土壤剖面多环芳烃的分布特征及来源分析

研究分析了位于武汉市城区附近的南望山土壤剖面样品.表层土壤检测到了美国EPA优控的16种多环芳烃,含量为991 ng/g.之外还检测到了联苯、苯并[e]芘、苝、二苯并呋喃、二苯并噻吩、惹烯以及一些多环芳烃的烷基取代物.多环芳烃含量随着深度的增加急剧降低.表层土壤以萤蒽、苯并萤蒽、芘、苯并[a]芘等为主,菲次之.与高环相...     

4种多环芳烃对海胆耗氧率和排氨率的影响研究

在实验室条件下研究了4种多环芳烃(菲、三甲基菲、蒽和二甲基蒽)对海胆(Strongylocentrotus intermendius)的耗氧率和排氨率及氧氮比(O∶N)的影响。结果显示:(1)海胆耗氧率在10、20、50、100和150μg/L菲、三甲基菲、蒽和二甲基蒽的作用下显著低于对照组,说明这4种多环芳烃在实验浓度条件下对海胆的呼吸耗氧率产生了显著的影响(P0.05);(2)海胆的排氨率随着四种多环芳烃浓度的升高而升高,呈现出一定的剂量-效应关系。(3)海胆的O∶N比随着4种多环芳烃浓度的升高而下降,并在一定浓度(10~50μg/L)条件下达到稳定。     

海参(Apostichopus japonicus)对三种多环芳烃的富集动力学研究

应用半静态双箱动力学模型模拟了海参对苯并[a]芘、2-甲基蒽、3-甲基菲三种PAHs的生物富集实验,通过对这三种多环芳烃在海参体内含量进行非线性拟合,得到富集动力学参数。结果表明,海参对三种多环芳烃的富集能力和速率随着海水中的这三种多环芳烃的浓度增加而增加。海参在苯并[a]芘5 μg/L、2-甲基蒽10 μg/L和3-甲基菲100 μg/L浓度条件下的吸收过程符合双箱动力学模型。在5 μg/L条件下,海参对三种多环芳烃的平均富集系数,2-甲基蒽148.3>苯并[a]芘126.9>3-甲基菲88.0。     

高效液相色谱法检测临沂化工厂四周土壤中的多环芳烃研究

利用快速溶剂提取-高效液相色谱-紫外/荧光检测器串联的方式检测土壤中16种多环芳烃,重点优化了梯度洗脱程序和紫外荧光检测波长程序,优化后的方法检出限在0.2~7.8μg/kg,回收率在88%~113%之间.对临沂某化工企业四周1000米以内的20个土壤样品进行了检测,结果发现,多环芳烃总量范围为27.4~553μg/kg,平均值为120μg/kg,参照Maliszewska-Kordybach建议的欧洲土壤中多环芳烃污染程度分级方法,在检测的20个土壤样品中有3个样品属于轻度污染,其他属于无污染.     

珠江三角洲典型城市农业土壤及蔬菜中的多环芳烃分布

2003年5月采集佛山顺德区8个乡镇36个土壤以及29个蔬菜样品,采用气相色谱.质谱仪对其中的16种优先控制多环芳烃(PAH.)进行分析.结果显示,蔬菜中PAHs的平均含量为183.0μg·kg-1,蔬菜中主要的PAHs为低分子量的菲、蒽、(屈)、芘.萘;不同种类蔬菜间PAHs含量差异很大,叶菜类较瓜果、豆荚类蔬菜中的PAHs含量高,这主要取决于蔬菜种类间不同的生长结构特征.蔬菜中PAHs含量与土壤中PAHs含量不相关,蔬菜中的PAHs含量与PAHs的辛醇/水分配系数(10gKow)大小密切相关.土壤中PAHs平均含量为233.0μg·kg-1土壤中主要的PAHs是菲、荧蒽、芘、(屈)、苯并[b]荧蒽,多数土壤中PAHs含量高于蔬菜中PAHs含量.土壤、蔬菜中分别以4环、2-3环PAHs占优势.     

超声波萃取-同步荧光法同时测定土壤中的多环芳烃

采用超声提取-同步荧光法测定了龙岩市区不同功能区土壤中的多环芳烃(PAHs)。结果表明,闽西监狱良种繁殖园土样中含有苯并[a]芘和荧蒽,龙洲工业园土样中含有苯并[a]芘、荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、咔唑和艹屈,龙岩三德水泥厂土样中含有苯并[a]芘、荧蒽、菲和蒽。该法简便快速,无需对混合物进行分离,就可实现多组分的同时鉴别和定量测定。方法的检出限在0.052~12.37ng/mL,标准偏差为0.017~4.12,此方法用于分析闽西监狱良种繁殖园土样、龙洲工业园土样和龙岩三德水泥厂土样中的多环芳烃取得良好效果,回收率分别为68.15%~99.28%、75.40%~109.9%、78.31%~103.1%。     

武汉市长江北岸耕地中多环芳烃垂向与纵向分布特征

文章对武汉市长江北岸农用耕地中多环芳烃的含量进行了调查。结果表明除紧靠马路边一个点位的荧蒽浓度高于荷兰制定的土壤修复标准之外,其余各点各类多环芳烃均在此标准值之内;随着点位距污染源越远多环芳烃的含量越来越低;并且多环芳烃在垂直方向上的迁移存在色谱效应。通过分析不同采样点土壤中的多环芳烃含量,分析得出结论汽车尾气所排放的...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.