铬天青S分光光度法测定痕量铝的研究

研究了铝-铬天青S(CAS)-溴化十六烷基吡啶(CPB)分光光度法测定水样中痕量铝的最佳实验条件。结果表明:铝-铬天青S(CAS)-溴化十六烷基吡啶(CPB)三元显色体系的最大吸收波长为640nm;最佳显色时间30m in;显色剂铬天青S(CAS)最佳用量2.00mL(0.5g/L);最佳显色pH5.5。在实验确定的最佳条件下,测定结果有较好的稳定性,较高的准确度。     

分光光度法测定水中微量铝

本文阐述了在pH5．5-6．5的六次甲基四胺缓冲溶液条件下．铝可与5-溴水杨基荧光酮，溴化十六烷基吡啶反应生成红色三元络合物。显色稳定，重现性良好。常见金属离子干扰较小。最大吸收波长约为560nm。线性范围为0～6．5μg／25mL，回收率在95％～101％之间。     

胶束增溶分光光度法测定地表水中微量铝

本文研究了溴化十六烷基三甲铵阳离子表面活性剂(CTMAB)对铝-铬天青(CAS)络合体系性质影响.在pH6.8的醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲溶液中,当邻菲罗啉和抗坏血酸存在时,铝与铬天青形成紫色配合物,加CTMAB后,形成蓝紫色配合物,其最大吸收峰为616nm,表观摩尔吸光系数为1.03×105 L·mol-1·cm-1.铝离子浓度线性工作范围为0.2～1.0mg/L.回收率为95%,相对标准偏差为3.5%,可用于地表水中微量铝的测定.     

钍-铬天青 S-氯化十六烷基吡啶光度法测定矿石中的微量钍

<正> 在表面活性剂存在下,铬天青S(CAS)对多种元素具有良好的显色性质,其摩尔吸光系数多数大于1.0×10~5。四条好雄(1973)研究过CAS与钍的显色反应,但由于干扰元素过多,未能将CAS用于矿石的分析中。史慧明等(1983)用该试剂测定过稀土和铀钍人工合成样中的钍,但对此法用于矿石中钍的测定未作研究。本文研究了在磺基水杨酸存在下CAS-氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)于吡啶介质中与钍形     

FIA-夹层带光度法测定水中微量镉

本文建立了镉—双硫腙—溴化十六烷基吡啶(CPB)三元体系的夹层带光度法流动注射分析.文中对测定条件进行了考察,确定了方法的最佳流路和最佳试验条件,在540nm 处有最大吸收峰.表观摩尔吸光系数为1.0×10~5.测定范围为0—50ppm 镉有线性关系,检测下限达0.39ppm,回收率为99—102%,进样频率为72样次·时~(-1),此法适用于不同类型水中微量镉的测定.     

2，4－二氯苯基荧光酮与铬显色反应的研究及其应用

研究了铬（Ⅵ）－２，４－二氯苯基荧光酮（ＤＣＩＰＦ）－溴化十六烷基三甲铵（ＣＴＭＡＢ）体系的显色条件。试验结果表明，在ｐＨ５．２～７．０范围内，铬与ＤＣＩＰＦ及ＣＴＭＡＢ形成红色三元胶束配合物，其最大吸收波长为５７８ｎｍ，表观摩尔吸光系数为１．４０×１０５ｌ·ｍｏｌ（－１）·ｃｍ（－１），铬（Ⅵ）含量在０～９．０μｇ／２５ｍｌ范围内符合比耳定律，配合物的组成为Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）：ＤＣＩＰＦ＝１：２。拟定方法用于水中铬的测定，结果满意。     

铬天青S-溴化十六烷基三甲铵分光光度法测定天然水中的痕量铬

胶束增溶分光光度法测定微量铬已有过报道。用铬天青S(CAS)测定铬的方法也有过报道。本文在此基础上研究了在溴化十六烷基三甲铵(CTMAB)存在下,用CAS分光光度法测定痕量铬的适宜条件,提出了一个重现性好,灵敏度高,可直接测定三价铬及总铬的新方法。络合物的最大吸收波长在620纳米,表观摩尔吸光系数ε=9.5×10~4,桑德尔灵敏度为0.00055微克/厘米~2,铬含量在0—7微克/25毫升范围内符合比耳定律。     

β修正分光光度法测定水中铍

在十六烷基吡啶存在下，Ｂｅ（Ⅱ）与铬天青Ｓ（ＣＡＳ）作用生成棕红色络合物。本文研究了用β修正光光度法分析水中痕量Ｂｅ。通过对样品测定，相对标准偏差ＲＳＤ≤５％，铍加标回收率为９０．７％－１０７％，铍最低检测浓度５μｇ／Ｌ，该方法适合工业废水等各环境水体分析。     

2,4—二氯苯基荧光酮与铬显色反应的研究与其应用

研究了铬（Ⅳ）－２，４－二氯苯基荧光酮（ＤＣＩＰＥ）－溴化十六烷基三甲胺（ＣＴＭＡＢ）体系的显色条件，试验结果表明，在ｐＨ５．２～７．０范围内，铬与ＤＣＩＰＦ及ＣＴＭＡＢ形成红色三元胶束配合物，其最大吸收波长为５７８ｎｍ，表现摩尔吸光系数为１．４０×１０＾５Ｉ．ｍｏｌ＾－１．ｃｍ＾－１，铬（Ⅵ）含量在０～９．０μｇ／２５ｍｌ范围内符合比耳定律，配合物的组成为Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）：ＤＣＩＰＦ＝１：２，拟定方法     

三元络合物增溶光度法测定废水中微量铍的试验

铍及其化合物对人类有极大的毒性,并且有致癌作用,吸入较高量铍时,会使人致死,目前已成为人们关注的环境污染物。对于水和废水中铍的测定,传统方法为铍试剂Ⅲ法和铬菁R比色法,这两种方法灵敏度均较低,表现摩尔系数一般在0.6×10~4～1.8×10~4。本文选用铬天青S(CAS)作为显色剂,阳离子表面活性剂溴化十六烷基三甲铵(CTMAB)增溶光度法测定环境水样中的微量铍。试验表明:Be-CAS-CTMAB三元铬合物在波长610nm处具有最大吸收,显色适宜pH值为5左右,以     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.