不同磷水平下铜绿微囊藻对砷酸盐的吸收和净化

通过室内培养实验,研究了富磷(+P)和缺磷(–P)环境下,铜绿微囊藻对砷酸盐(As(Ⅴ))的累积和净化动力学特征,探讨了净化过程中培养介质砷形态的变化.结果表明:缺磷环境下虽然可显著提升铜绿微囊藻对砷酸盐的吸收,但该环境下的高砷藻体又具较高的砷释放风险.+P和–P环境下,藻体中分别有41.5%和46.3%的胞内砷可在快速清除阶段(2h)被迅速排出.+P环境下经10μmol/L As(Ⅴ)暴露后的含砷藻体,经13d净化培养后,+P培养介质中藻体以砷酸盐释放为主,-P培养介质中则存在砷的还原和甲基化现象,这表明不同磷水平下藻体对砷的净化机理可能存在明显差异.     

镉对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻的毒性效应

采用不同Cd2+浓度处理铜绿微囊藻(Microcysis aeruginosa Kutz. )和斜生栅藻[Scenedesmus obliquus (Turp.) Kutz.],研究Cd对两种淡水藻的毒性效应.结果表明,Cd2+浓度低于0.1mg/L促进斜生栅藻生长,高于0.15mg/L时才转变成抑制作用,表现为毒物的低浓度促进高浓度抑制的Hormesis效应;但铜绿微囊藻对Cd2+的毒性非常敏感,0.05mg/L Cd2+作用72h后,其生长就受到明显抑制,随着浓度的升高,抑制作用越明显;受到Cd2+的胁迫,两种藻细胞均表现为细胞膜受损,藻液可溶性蛋白质和核酸含量升高,扫描电子显微镜观察显示,藻细胞表面的絮状物随着Cd2+的升高增多,尤其是铜绿微囊藻改变更为明显;同时,氧自由基( )含量升高,过氧化物酶(POD),过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性早期均可随Cd2+浓度的增加而上升;两种藻对Cd2+均有一定吸收作用,单位藻细胞内,斜生栅藻对Cd2+的吸收能力明显好于铜绿微囊藻.镉对这两种藻的毒性机制之一可能是通过刺激氧自由基产生以及由其引起藻细胞生理生化改变而使这两种藻受到损伤,相比铜绿微囊藻,斜生栅藻不仅对Cd2+胁迫具有较好的耐受性,且对其具有良好的吸收作用,提示斜生栅藻具有开发成水体Cd2+生物处理材料的潜质.     

镉对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻的毒性效应

采用不同Cd2+浓度处理铜绿微囊藻(Microcysis aeruginosa Kutz.)和斜生栅藻[Scenedesmus obliquus(Turp.)Kutz.],研究Cd对两种淡水藻的毒性效应.结果表明,Cd2+浓度低于0.1mg/L促进斜生栅藻生长,高于0.15mg/L时才转变成抑制作用,表现为毒物的低浓度促进高浓度抑制的Hormesis效应;但铜绿微囊藻对Cd2+的毒性非常敏感,0.05mg/L Cd2+作用72h后,其生长就受到明显抑制,随着浓度的升高,抑制作用越明显;受到Cd2+的胁迫,两种藻细胞均表现为细胞膜受损,藻液可溶性蛋白质和核酸含量升高,扫描电子显微镜观察显示,藻细胞表面的絮状物随着Cd2+的升高增多,尤其是铜绿微囊藻改变更为明显;同时,氧自由基(2Oi)含量升高,过氧化物酶(POD),过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性早期均可随Cd2+浓度的增加而上升;两种藻对Cd2+均有一定吸收作用,单位藻细胞内,斜生栅藻对Cd2+的吸收能力明显好于铜绿微囊藻.镉对这两种藻的毒性机制之一可能是通过刺激氧自由基产生以及由其引起藻细胞生理生化改变而使这两种藻受到损伤,相比铜绿微囊藻,斜生栅藻不仅对Cd2+胁迫具有较好的耐受性,且对其具有良好的吸收作用,提示斜生栅藻具有开发成水体Cd2+生物处理材料的潜质.     

营养盐及Ca~(2+)对微囊藻和栅藻生长及竞争的影响

为了解营养盐及Ca2+浓度对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长及竞争关系的影响,以M11培养基为基础,设置了不同的营养盐水平和Ca2+浓度组,进行了2种藻的单独培养试验和混合培养试验。结果表明:在单独培养试验中,2种藻在试验Ca2+浓度范围内的生长规律均为:超富营养条件>富营养条件>贫营养条件,其中铜绿微囊藻的生物量总体表现为随Ca2+浓度的升高而减少,而斜生栅藻的生物量变化规律不明显;在混合培养试验中,贫营养水平条件下,在试验Ca2+浓度范围内斜生栅藻的竞争生长能力一直强于铜绿微囊藻,而在富营养和超富营养水平条件下,低Ca2+浓度组(≤20 mg/L)铜绿微囊藻的竞争生长能力强于斜生栅藻,高Ca2+浓度组(100 mg/L)其竞争生长能力不如斜生栅藻。     

铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长的氮营养动力学特征

利用批量培养试验比较研究了氮限制条件下铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aerugiuosa)和斜生栅藻(Scendesmus obliquus)对氮的生长反应,并应用Monod方程计算了2种藻的营养动力学参数(μ_max和K_s). 结果表明,ρ(氮)为0～2.00 mg/L时铜绿微囊藻比增长率快速增长;ρ(氮)为0～4.00 mg/L时斜生栅藻比增长率快速增长. 铜绿微囊藻的最大比增长率(μ_max)为0.23 d-1,半饱和常数(K_s)为0.14 mg/L;斜生栅藻的μ_max为0.41 d-1,K_s为0.24 mg/L. 根据生长动力学参数可以预测,当氮缺乏时,铜绿微囊藻容易形成优势,当氮丰富时,斜生栅藻容易形成优势.      

氮磷形态与浓度对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长的影响

以铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）和斜生栅藻（Scendesmus obliquus）为研究对象,分别以硝酸钠、氯化铵和尿素为氮源,以磷酸氢二钾、甘油磷酸钠和三磷酸腺苷为磷源,配置不同浓度的氮磷培养基（氮浓度1.00,4.00,8.00mg/L,磷浓度0.20,2.00mg/L）,通过一次性培养实验研究2种藻氮、磷饥饿时对不同形态和不同浓度氮磷的生长响应.结果表明,2种藻对氮、磷的形态和浓度响应均不同,且藻种之间也有明显的响应差异.铜绿微囊藻在3种浓度硝酸钠培养下比生长速率无显著差异,而斜生栅藻的比生长速率在硝酸钠4.00mg/L时达到最高,说明1.00mg/L的硝酸钠已满足铜绿微囊藻对氮的生长需求,斜生栅藻对氮的需求高于铜绿微囊藻.铜绿微囊藻在1.00,4.00mg/L氯化铵和尿素培养下的比生长速率相同,且比生长速率和现存量均高于同浓度硝酸钠培养组,说明相比于硝酸钠,铜绿微囊藻更喜欢利用还原态的氯化铵和尿素.但当氯化铵浓度高达8.00mg/L时,铜绿微囊藻比生长速率低于相同浓度尿素和硝酸钠培养组,也低于低浓度氯化铵培养组,说明高浓度氯化铵不利于铜绿微囊藻的生长.然而,斜生栅藻在8.00mg/L氯化铵培养下比生长速率和现存量与尿素培养时无显著差异,而且均高于硝酸钠培养组,说明斜生栅藻对氯化铵的耐受能力比铜绿微囊藻高.3种形态的磷均能被铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻利用,但铜绿微囊藻用高浓度有机磷培养时的现存量更高,斜生栅藻则在高浓度无机磷培养下生长更好,说明铜绿微囊藻比斜生栅藻能更好的利用有机磷,高浓度的无机磷不利于铜绿微囊藻生长.太湖目前铵氮浓度降低显著,水体无机磷占比很低,溶解态有机磷浓度占比较高,这些都更有利于蓝藻形成优势.     

铁对太湖常见藻类生长及Ca2+、Mg2+离子吸收的影响

相对于海水来说,淡水中铁的含量较高,但铁对淡水藻类的生长和营养吸收的影响还少有人进行研究.文章选取太湖水体中三种常见藻类铜绿微囊藻、小颤藻、四尾栅藻作为试验材料,重点研究培养基中铁浓度对其生长和吸收Ca2+、Mg2+离子的影响.结果表明,高铁浓度(30 000 nmol/L)抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长,但对小颤藻和四尾栅藻的...     

氟喹诺酮类抗生素对淡水微藻的毒性效应研究

工农业生产及人类生活使用了大量抗生素及其衍生品,抗生素的大量使用造成严重的环境污染。该研究选取在水环境中检测频率较高、生态风险较大的氧氟沙星（OFL）、环丙沙星（CIP）以及诺氟沙星（NOR）等代表性氟喹诺酮类抗生素为研究对象,以典型原核微藻铜绿微囊藻以及真核藻类斜生栅藻作为受试生物,通过藻细胞密度、叶绿素a以及抗氧化应激水平的变化综合分析喹诺酮类抗生素对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻的潜在毒性效应及作用机理。结果表明,典型氟喹诺酮类抗生素暴露会显著抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长,各抗生素处理组藻密度下降1～2个数量级,抑制率高达99.37%,同时叶绿素a浓度急剧下降直至低出检测限。氟喹诺酮类抗生素可引发藻细胞产生大量活性氧自由基（ROS）,进而引起脂质过氧化。铜绿微囊藻经暴露后,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）与对照组相比有着十分显著的升高,丙二醛（MDA）与对照组相较有着显著的降低（P≤0.01）。而氟喹诺酮类抗生素暴露对斜生栅藻则起到促进作用,藻密度随着环丙沙星浓度的升高而增加。处理组SOD的波动水平与对照组差异不显著,但处理组MDA的含量变化与对照组差异显著升高（P≤0.05）,斜生栅藻虽受到一定氧化损伤...     

竞争条件下光照对两种淡水藻生长的影响

研究了铜绿微囊藻与斜生栅藻在单种和三种配比(10:1、1:1、1:10)共同培养条件下,不同的光照强度对其生长的影响,计算了不同培养体系中两种藻的磷吸收半饱和常数。结果表明:单独培养时,铜绿微囊藻在3000lx获得最大增长率,而斜生栅藻在5000lx时增值最快;共同培养时,两种藻的生长速率相对单独培养条件下均有不同程度的下降,两种藻之间存在着互相的竞争抑制作用;在10:1共培养条件下,栅藻对微囊藻的抑制作用超过了微囊藻对栅藻的抑制作用;在1:1和1:10共培养条件下,光强低于6600lx时,微囊藻对栅藻的抑制作用相对于栅藻对微囊藻的抑制作用更大。从光吸收半饱和常数看,微囊藻的光吸收的半饱和常数总是小于栅藻,可见微囊藻对光更具亲和性。总体上看,较低光照下,微囊藻的竞争能力强于栅藻,微囊藻竞争成为优势种具有较高的概率;而光照强度较大时,栅藻竞争成为优势种具较高的概率。     

氮磷比对水华蓝藻优势形成的影响

通过批量培养实验研究了不同磷水平下N/P比对铜绿微囊藻(蓝藻)和斜生栅藻(绿藻)生长速率的影响,并在太湖蓝藻水华暴发期间,监测了梅梁湾和湖心区水体叶绿素a浓度和氮磷营养盐结构变化,以探讨N/P比对蓝藻优势形成的影响.结果表明, N/P比对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长的影响并不表现在一个确定值上,而与水体氮磷的绝对浓度有关,在0.02mg/L磷浓度下,铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻在N/P比为4:1~32:1范围内生长速率均较低(0.067~0.074,0.018~0.022d-1),说明受到营养盐的限制;当磷浓度达到0.20mg/L时, 铜绿微囊藻在N/P比为32:1时生长速率达到最大值(0.240d-1),斜生栅藻在N/P比为64:1时生长速率达到最大值(0.380 d-1);而在磷浓度升高到2.00mg/L时,不同N/P比下铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻均达到最大生长速率(0.24~0.25, 0.378~0.381d-1),说明氮磷浓度均比较充足,N/P比对生长速率已经没影响.可见,氮磷浓度比N/P比对两种藻的生长影响更大.与斜生栅藻相比,铜绿微囊藻对氮磷营养的生理需求和最大生长速率均相对较低,属K策略物种,易在低氮磷浓度下形成优势.梅梁湾在水华暴发期间氮浓度一直远低于水华较轻的湖心区,而磷浓度远高于湖心区,进而导致梅梁湾N/P质量比(低于20:1)在水华期间一直低于湖心区(124:1),低N/P比是蓝藻水华暴发导致氮浓度下降,磷浓度升高的结果.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.