太仓市饮用水水源污染现状和对策

根据太仓市饮用水地表水源和地下水的监测数据，分别采用单因子评价和综合评价方法，对饮用水源的水质进行评价。结果认为地表水水源已受到轻度污染，属Ⅲ类水；地下水的水质较差，已不适合于直接饮用。饮用水水源的主要污染物为COD、氨氮、挥发酚、硝酸盐氮和高锰酸盐指数。对饮用水水源的污染成因进行了全面分析，并从四个方面提出了水源安全保护对策：法律法规与行政手段、技术支撑、经济支持和宣传教育.     

高级氧化技术在含酚废水处理中的应用

合理高效地处理含酚废水是工业废水处理的主要任务之一。重点介绍了高级氧化技术 ,如超声波氧化、超临界水氧化、湿式氧化和光催化氧化等在含酚废水处理中的研究近况和应用前景 ,探讨了各种技术的应用和发展趋势     

Occurrence, distribution, and sources of six phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in the 22 river estuaries around Dianchi Lake in China

The objectives of this study are to track the occurrence, distribution, and sources of phenolic endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in the 22 rivers around Dianchi Lake in China, to estimate the input and output amounts of phenolic EDCs in the water system, and to provide more comprehensive fundamental data for risk assessment and contamination control of phenolic EDCs in aquatic environment. Six phenolic EDCs were systematically evaluated in water and surface sediment in the estuaries of those rivers. The water and sediment samples were preconcentrated by solid-phase extraction system and microwave-assisted extraction system, respectively. Phenolic EDCs were analyzed by GC-MS (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) after derivatization. Phenolic EDCs were found ubiquitously in the aquatic environment. The total concentrations ranged from 248 to 4,650 ng/L in water, and 113 to 3,576 ng/g dry weight in surface sediment. The residue amount of phenolic EDCs in Dianchi Lake was 258 kg/a. Concentrations of the phenolic EDCs in the Lake decreased with increase in distance to the estuaries of those rivers which run through urban and industrial areas. The rivers seriously contaminated by phenolic EDCs were Xin River, Yunliang River, Chuanfang River, Cailian River, Jinjia River, Zhengda River, and Daqing River which run through the old area of Kunming City. Satisfying correlations were observed between the concentrations of the target compounds in water and in surface sediment. NP1EO, NP2EO, and BPA were identified as the three predominant phenolic EDCs. There were significant correlations between phenolic EDCs and many basic water quality parameters. Urban and industrial areas are the major contributors for phenolic EDCs, especially in Kunming City. Compositional profiles of phenolic EDCs in surface sediment were similar to those in river water. The concentrations of phenolic EDCs in the rivers located in the northwest part of the valley were very high, and posed a potential risk to aquatic organisms and even human. The concentrations of NP2EO, NP1EO, and BPA were at moderate levels of other areas. The basic water quality parameters (TOC, TN, DO, and pH) play important roles on the distribution, fate, and behavior of phenolic EDCs in the valley.     

Identification of organic compounds in municipal landfill leachates

Forty-five organic compounds have been identified in leachates from a Swedish municipal landfill. The samples were taken from the interior of the landfill to minimize alterations caused by contact with the surroundings and were identified and quantified by gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. Two analytical procedures were used, one for priority pollutants, the other for a wider range of phenolic and neutral compounds and acids. Analyses of the leachates for water quality parameters indicated that the part of the landfill which was sampled had reached an anaerobic stage in which methane was being produced. Possible origins for most of the compounds identified have been suggested.     

Sources of phenolic compounds in two catchments of southern Portugal - effect of season, land use and soil type

Water quality monitoring in reservoirs used for human water consumption, carried out by the Alentejo Regional Authorities of the Environment (south Portugal), revealed seasonal peaks of phenolic compounds above the water-quality legislation. The main objectives of this work were to identify the main phenolic compounds present in water and soil leachates, and to determine the sources of the seasonal concentrations of phenolic compounds in two catchments with different land use patterns: Roxo and Santa Clara catchments. The main phenolic compound detected was 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), both in stream water and soil leachates, with concentrations higher in Roxo catchment. Roxo catchment represents a larger agricultural area than Santa Clara, and it is likely that the origin of the 2,4-DNP is associated with the use of pesticides. A peak of 2,4-DNP concentrations was observed in stream water of both catchments during February, when farmers plough their fields and apply pesticides. The 2,4-DNP peak was probably caused by a precipitation event shortly after the application of pesticides, increasing their transfer from land surfaces to adjacent streams. The leaching behaviour of 2,4-DNP was strongly dependent on the type of soil and pH. In soils with high clay content and low pH, 2,4-DNP was easily adsorbed, and its runoff from the soil to adjacent streams was reduced. Ribeira de Santa Vitória, from Roxo catchment, was the only stream showing a high abundance of vegetation, and the lowest concentrations of 2,4-DNP in water. Plants may play a role in removing contaminants from stream water.     

Presence of chlorodibenzo dioxins in a sealed 1933 sample of dried municipal sewage sludge

Analysis of a sample of MILORGANITE® fertilizer which had been sealed in glass for exhibition in 1933 shows a broad range of chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins remarkably similar to that of more recent material. It is speculated that the compounds were formed mainly by condensation reactions after chlorination of phenolic substances in the water supply and wastes.     

Rate constants for reactions of singlet oxygen with phenols and other compounds in water

Rate constants for some environmentally important organic model compounds reacting with singlet oxygen in water have been determined in laboratory experiments using rose bengal as a sensitizer. Dimethylfuran, furfuryl alcohol, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene and diethylsulfide react about three times faster in water than in non-aqueous solutions. Phenolic compounds react faster at higher pH values. Their rate constants exactly increase with their degree of dissociation. Rate constants for the ionized species of these phenolic compounds are greater than 10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹. In natural surface water under solar irradiation reaction with singlet oxygen is important only for a few classes of especially reactive organic compounds.     

A convenient test method for photochemical transformation of pollutants in the aquatic environment

A test method, based on a modified Xenotest 1200, is described, and has been proved to be convenient for determination of the rate of photolytical degradation and by that it can make a valuable contribution to the evaluation of environmental stability of organic compounds. The test method was applied to testing of photochemical degradation of organic chemicals in aquatic media. Solutions of six chlorinated phenolic substances, 8-quinolinol and 9,10-anthraquinone were illuminated with filtered light, simulating daylight at controlled conditions. Quantum yields of photochemical degradation and half lifetimes (of conversion) were calculated using a sun spectrum at 60°N. Chlorophenols absorbing light at 295 – 350 nm were converted and theoretical half lifetimes of 0.75 –2.6 hours were obtained. The photochemical conversion of 8-quinolinol was slow. Anthraquinone was studied in ethanol/water and the degradation corresponded to a half lifetime of 2.8 hours.     

Selective removal of some polyhydric phenols from aqueous solution by ferric antimonate

Ferric antimonate, a cation-exchanger, has been investigated as an adsorbent for the removal of phenol and polyhydric phenols from aqueous solution. It has been found that ferric antimonate in H+ form selectively adsorbs polyhydric phenols having hydroxyl groups on adjacent positions. While phenol, resorcinol, and quinol did not show any appreciable adsorption, catechol, pyrogallol, and gallic acid having hydroxyl groups on adjacent positions exhibited considerable adsorption on ferric antimonate. Batch equilibrium experiments were carried out to study the effect of contact time, initial concentration of phenolic compounds, and temperature on the adsorption of phenolic compounds on ferric antimonate. The equilibrium time was found to be 1.5 hours for gallic acid and pyrogallol and 2 hours for catechol and salicylic acid. The adsorption data of the phenols at temperatures of 30 degrees, 40 degrees, and 50 degrees C have been described by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The best fit was obtained with the Langmuir model in the whole range of concentrations studied at all temperatures, indicating a monolayer adsorption onto a homogeneous adsorption surface. On the basis of the Langmuir isotherm, the maximum adsorption capacity of ferric antimonate for gallic acid, pyrogallol, catechol, and salicylic acid was found to be 3.915, 3.734, 2.397, and 2.758 mg/g, respectively at 30 degrees C. The maximum sorption capacity of ferric antimonate for the phenolic compounds studied is in the following order: gallic acid > pyrogallol > salicylic acid > catechol. The adsorption of phenolic compounds was found to decrease with an increase in temperature. Thermodynamic parameters like free energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes were calculated and discussed. The adsorption of polyhydric phenols on ferric antimonate is exothermic and spontaneous in nature.     

Kinetic model for phenolic compound oxidation by Fenton's reagent

A kinetic model is developed for the oxidation of phenolic compounds by Fenton's reagent. In the first stage a rigorous kinetic model is applied to calculate the different kinetic rate constants for the oxidation process of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. In a second phase a competitive method is applied to calculate these kinetic constants for another 10 phenolic compounds present in agroindustrial and pulp paper wastewaters. These 10 phenolic compounds were: beta-resorcylic acid, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid, ferulic acid, protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, veratric acid and 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid.     

Occurrence and behavior of wastewater indicators in the Santa Ana River and the underlying aquifers.

The occurrence and behavior of wastewater indicator compounds in the Santa Ana River (SAR) water and the underlying aquifer recharged by the SAR has been studied. The SAR contains a high proportion of tertiary treated wastewater effluents, up to 100% during summer and fall. The following water quality parameters were quantified: four specific wastewater indicator compounds, ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), a naphthalene dicarboxylate (NDC) isomer, alkylphenol polyethoxy carboxylates (APECs), and selected haloacetic acids (HAAs), nitrate, dissolved oxygen (DO), DOC, total carbohydrate, and phenolic substances. Statistical analysis indicated that normal distribution was adequate to describe the probability distribution of the constituents in most cases. In the river, the concentrations of wastewater indicator compounds decreased as the fraction of storm runoff increased. EDTA and NDC were detected in a monitoring well near the river and in two production wells 1.8 and 2.7 km down gradient with little apparent attenuation. By contrast, NTA, APECs, bromochloro- and dibromoacetic acids appeared to be attenuated significantly during infiltration of river water and groundwater transport.     

Antioxidant activity shown by olive pomace extracts

In this study, the effects of experimental variables such as type of solvent, sample/solvent ratio, and time of extraction have been evaluated to individuate the best results in phenolic recovery by Olive Pomaces (OP) belonging to Carolea and Ottobratica cultivars. Folin–Ciocaulteu procedure and DPPH and ABTS assays were used, respectively, for total phenol quantification and total antioxidant activity of pomace extracts. The ethanol/water mixture was resulted the most efficient extraction solvent for both olive cultivars. The highest amount of phenolic compounds (171 ± 4 mg of gallic acid 100 g^?1 of dry pomace) was obtained after extraction at 120 min with 2:1 solvent/OP (v/w) of Ottobratica Olive Pomace. The recovery of phenol compounds from olive wastes increases the sustainability of sector, allowing obtaining an extract that could be a suitable alternative in the food industry to the use of synthetic antioxidants in order to improve the quality of foods.     

Removal capacity and pathways of phenolic endocrine disruptors in an estuarine wetland of natural reed bed

Phenolic compounds are partly known as endocrine disruptors with various harmful effects including feminization and carcinogenesis at very low concentrations. Consequently, the pathways and removal of these compounds in natural and artificial sewage treatment systems such as wetlands have received wide concern. In this paper, a natural reed bed wetland with an area of 695 ha located in the Liaohe River estuary in Northeast China was employed as a demonstration site to study the retention and removal efficiency of phenolic compounds including 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), bisphenol A (BPA), 4-t-octylphenol (4-t-OP), and 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP), and to evaluate their purification capacity via water and mass balance analyses during an irrigation period from May 9 to September 8, 2009. The results showed that the phenolic compounds could be retained in the wetland system and removed through various processes. On average, 27.5% of phenolic compounds could be retained by the wetland substrate during the initial three-day irrigation period with a retention capacity order of 4-t-OP > 4-NP > BPA > DCP. During the following 120 d irrigation period, the phenolic compounds could be efficiently removed with an average percentage of 91.6%. It is estimated that 1.76 kg d⁻¹ of phenolic compounds could be removed by the Liaohe River estuarine wetland (∼8 × 10⁴ ha). The reed bed wetland system therefore provides a feasible mitigation option for phenolic pollutants in sewage and wastewater.     

Distribution characteristics of nonylphenol in Jiaozhou Bay of Qingdao and its adjacent rivers

Nonylphenol (NP) is an endocrine disruptor and causes harmful effects including feminization and carcinogenesis to various organisms. Consequently, its contamination in natural waters has received wide concerns. This study aims to investigate the seasonal variation and contamination level of nonylphenol in Jiaozhou Bay of Qingdao and its adjacent rivers. A total of 10 phenolic compounds including alkylphenol, chlorophenol and bisphenol A were measured in water, suspended solids and sediments in winter (January), spring (April) and summer (July) of 2005. The results showed that nonylphenol accounted for the majority of phenolic compounds and that its concentrations in Jiaozhou Bay ranged between 20.2-269 ng l(-1), 17.1-77.5 ng l(-1) and 3.6-299 ng g(-1)dw in surface water, suspended solids and surface sediment, respectively. There existed a significant correlation between nonylphenol in water and in suspended solids. The concentration of nonylphenol in water varied with seasons and generally showed a decreasing order of July>April>January. The concentrations of nonylphenol in the adjacent rivers were much higher with the maximum of 28600 ng l(-1) in surface water. The spatial distribution of nonylphenol in Jiaozhou Bay was influenced by freshwater discharge from the adjacent rivers as well as current circulation system within the bay. The pollution level of nonylphenol in Jiaozhou Bay was comparable to other highly polluted areas of the world and its possible effects on local organisms were discussed.     

酚类化合物对硝化颗粒污泥活性抑制的定量结构-活性相关研究

测定了酚类化合物对硝化颗粒污泥活性抑制的logIC50值,以量子化学参数为自变量,应用偏最小二乘法（PLS）,建立了酚类化合物对硝化颗粒污泥活性抑制的定量结构-活性相关（QSAR）模型。模型所提取的PLS主成分所能解释的因变量总方差的比例Qc2um为0.820,表明模型具有较好的稳定性和预测能力。模型的结果表明,影响酚类化合物对硝化颗粒污泥活性抑制的主要因素是logkow、CCR和Ehomo,酚类化合物对硝化颗粒污泥活性抑制的logIC50随着分子logkow的增大而减小,随着Ehomo和CCR的增大而增大。     

Novel applications of red mud as coagulant, adsorbent and catalyst for environmentally benign processes

Red mud (RM) is a by-product of bauxite processing via the Bayer process. Its disposal remains an issue of great importance with significant environmental concerns. In the past decades, a lot of research has been done to utilize red mud for environmental-benign applications such as a building material additive and for metal recovery. In recent years, red mud has also been explored for gas cleaning and wastewater treatment. In this paper, we review varying novel applications of red mud as a coagulant and adsorbent for water and gas treatment as well as catalyst for some industrial processes. The environmental compatibility of red mud is discussed. Some directions of future research are also proposed. Red mud presents a promising application in water treatment for removal of toxic heavy metal and metalloid ions, inorganic anions such as nitrate, fluoride, and phosphate, as well as organics including dyes, phenolic compounds and bacteria. In addition, red mud can also be employed as catalysts for hydrogenation, hydrodechlorination and hydrocarbon oxidation. Moreover, leaching and eco-toxicological tests indicate that red mud does not present high toxicity to the environment before or after reuse.     

Determination of selected quaternary ammonium compounds by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Part I. Application to surface, waste and indirect discharge water samples in Austria

A method for simultaneous quantitative determination of alkyl benzyl, dialkyl and trialkyl quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) has been developed, validated and subsequently applied to real water samples in Austria. The method employs liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) followed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), using electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive mode. The overall method quantification limits range from 4 to 19ng/L for the enrichment of 500mL water samples and analyte recoveries are between 80 and 99%. The method was applied to 62 of the respective water samples without filtration to avoid the loss of the analytes due to the high adsorption capacity of these compounds. Maxima in the mg/L range, especially in the wastewater of hospitals and laundries, could be detected for the selected target compounds.     

Partitioning of endocrine disrupting compounds in inland waters and wastewaters discharged into the coastal area of Thessaloniki,Northern Greece

Background, aim, and scope  

In the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC, environmental objectives for the proper quality of inland, surface, transitional, coastal, and ground waters have been set. Member states are required to identify chemical pollutants of significance in the water bodies, to establish emission control measures, and to achieve quality standards. A specific category of pollutants are the compounds that may possess endocrine-related functions known as endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). This means that member states have the obligation to take action in order to prevent human exposure to these compounds via aquatic environment. The objective of this research was to study the occurrence and distribution of phenolic and steroid EDCs in inland waters and wastewaters discharged in the area of Thermaikos Gulf, Thessaloniki, Northern Greece.     

Use of ozone and/or UV in the treatment of effluents from board paper industry

The aim of this work has been to study the viability of ozone and/or UV in the treatment of cardboard industry effluents. Several model compounds have been chosen for the experiments: guaicol, eugenol, glucose, acetate and butyrate. Significant differences in the ozonisation rates are observed between phenolic products coming from lignin (eugenol and guaiacol) and aliphatic compounds. Reactions fit in all cases a pseudo-first order kinetics and are influenced by the pH of the solution. Real effluents have also been tested, and the COD decrease has been found to depend on the fatty acids/phenols ratio. Finally, respirometric studies have shown an increase in the BODst in effluents subjected to a mild oxidation, while under stronger conditions a BODst decrease is observed.     

Seasonal and spatial distribution of nonylphenol in Shihwa Lake, Korea

Alkylphenols (APs) have been known as endocrine disruptors and consequently received much environmental concern. This study focused on seasonal variation and spatial distribution of nonylphenol (NP) in various matrixes including dissolved water, particulates, surface sediment, sediment trap and sediment core taken from Shihwa Lake and its adjacent areas. A total of 11 phenolic compounds including nonylphenol, t-octylphenol (t-OP) and bisphenol A (BPA) were measured in February, June and October 2002. NP is the most abundant chemical among the phenolic compounds and its concentrations in dissolved water, particulates and surface sediments from Shihwa Lake were measured as 17.4-1533.1 ng/l, 4.3-831.2 ng/l and 10.4-5054.1 ng/g dw, respectively. NP concentration in dissolved water varied with seasons and generally showed a decreasing order of June > October > February, while the seasonal trend was hardly found in sediment. High levels of NP were measured in surrounding industrial complexes, the concentrations was decreased gradually with distance from the industrial areas. NP in core samples showed an increasing trend toward the core depth. There exists a reasonable correlation between NP in dissolved water and in particulates, whereas the correlation between NP in dissolved water and in sediments is not significant. APs concentrations in Shihwa Lake were comparable to other highly polluted areas of the world and their possible effects on various organisms in the lake are discussed.