中国淡水蛏卵子发生的超微结构

运用透射电镜研究中国淡水蛏Novaculina chinensis卵子发生过程中细胞和细胞器的超微结构变化,结果表明,卵原细胞的胞质含有丰富的核糖体及少量线粒体和内质网,其它细胞器不发达,卵黄合成前期,卵母细胞胞体增大,线粒体较多,量小泡装和条索状的内质网;同时随着发育的进行,出现卵黄膜、合成少量卵黄粒及产生大量脂滴,卵黄全成期卵母细胞胞体迅速增大,细胞核伸出伪足状突起;胞 内出现丰富的线粒体、溶酶体及结构独特的内质网、卵黄粒越来越多,而脂滴越来越少,成熟期卵母细胞胞体达到最大,细胞器不发达,胞质中充满大量卵黄粒,仅少量脂滴。首次观察到卵母细胞表面伸出伪足状突起,这也是外源卵黄发生的证据。讨论了中国淡水蛏卵子发生的特点.     

日本沼虾三种细胞器在精子发生过程中变化的研究

应用透射电镜技术,研究了日本沼虾在精子发生过程中线粒体、溶酶体及内质网的变化．从精原细胞到精子,生精细胞内线粒体数量逐渐增多,结构渐趋复杂化,并形成衍生物,参与精子顶体的形成．溶酶体从初级溶酶体逐渐形成次级溶酶体,其中包括包裹溶酶体及溶噬体;部分溶酶体构成精子顶体的一部分．精子发生的全过程中,未见典型的粗面内质网（ＲＥＲ）,仅见泡状粗面内质网（ＶＲＥＲ）;滑面内质网只在精原细胞期出现．支持细胞的作用包括两个方面：一为支持作用,使生精细胞有一个适宜的发育场所;二为营养作用,为生精细胞的发育提供足够的物质和能量．     

菲、3-甲基菲和菲醌对河鲀(Takifugu rubripes)幼鱼肝组织损伤的比较研究

原油毒性主要源于多环芳烃(PAHs),而烷基化多环芳烃是PAHs的主要组分,氧化衍生物是PAHs降解和代谢过程所产生的重要产物。为评估比较烷基PAHs和氧化PAHs与其母体化合物对海洋生物的毒性,本研究以菲、3-甲基菲和菲醌为研究对象,对海洋经济鱼种——红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)幼鱼进行了肝损伤评价。结果显示,线粒体、内质网是对上述3种化合物最为敏感的细胞器;3种化合物对肝损伤的表现形式不同:1.菲导致线粒体数量增加形态改变、内质网减少纹理模糊、出现脂滴、细胞空泡化、出血,2.3-甲基菲导致内质网减少、出现脂滴、细胞空泡化、出血,3.菲醌导致线粒体和内质网水肿、出现脂滴及细胞空泡化;随化合物浓度升高,肝损伤程度加重;同一浓度下,不同化合物损伤程度也有差异,总体趋势为菲醌3-甲基菲菲。上述结果表明,PAHs衍生物的毒性可能强于其母体化合物;除浓度外,化合物的结构可能对其毒性有重要影响。     

大肠杆菌对赤子爱胜蚓体表超微结构的影响

以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)为实验动物,研究了细菌诱导(浸浴诱导和注射诱导)对蚯蚓体表超微结构的影响.结果表明:(1)用细菌浸浴4h的实验组、用细菌注射4h的实验组及对照组蚯蚓的角质层厚度分别为(0.51±0.03)μm、(0.56±0.02)μm、(0.50±0.01)μm;上角质层突起的高度分别为(0.16±0.02)μm、(0.12±0.01)μm、(0.11±0.01)μm;上角质层游离面中微绒毛的高度分别为(0.18±0.02)μm、(0.11±0.01)μm、(0.11±0.01)μm.统计分析表明,蚯蚓在抵御微生物侵袭过程中,体表角质层中的上角质层突起及上角质层游离面中的微绒毛发挥着重要作用.(2)细菌浸浴4h的实验组、用细菌注射4h实验组及对照组蚯蚓体表的表皮厚度分别为(2.63±0.15)μm、(2.23±0.06)μm、(1.97±0.15)μm;表皮中小颗粒蛋白细胞的颗粒直径分别为(0.38±0.04)μm、(0.26±0.02)μm、(0.24±0.02)μm;大颗粒粘液细胞的颗粒直径分别为(0.50±0.04)μm、(0.26±0.03)μm、(0.21±0.02)μm;网状粘液细胞的直径分别为(0.93±0.06)μm、(0.63±0.06)μm、(0.28±0.03)μm.统计分析表明,蚯蚓在抵御微生物侵袭的过程中,表皮中的腺细胞(小颗粒蛋白细胞、大颗粒粘液细胞及网状粘液细胞)发挥着重要作用.图4表2参17     

玉米多胞质系线粒体数量和结构特征的比较分析

以玉米多胞质系为材料,采用透射电镜的观察方法,比较观察了１１种材料中黄化幼芽细胞的线粒体结构特征的变化．观察表明,１１种材料黄化幼芽线粒体形态及外膜、内膜、泡状嵴和基质颗粒等没有什么显著的差异,而线粒体大小和每个细胞内的线粒体数量却是明显不同的．Ｆ检验说明,线粒体大小和每个细胞线粒体数量上有极显著的差异,也即是说,１１种不同细胞质类型的材料细胞质作用和核质（基因）互作是明显的．试验还观察到线粒体、分裂现象和线粒体、淀粉粒聚集在胞间连丝附近的有趣现象．     

中国对虾血细胞包掩作用的超微结构和组织化学观察

用鳗弧菌注射中国对虾,对其体内血细胞的包掩作用进行了超微结构和组织化学观察．结果表明：在注菌的对虾体内,包囊产生于多种器官和组织,在释放颗粒的过程中,半颗粒细胞和颗粒细胞的表面即发生变化,开始与周围细胞相粘接;在包囊中心是电子不透明的非结构团块;含吞噬泡的透明细胞也常被包围在包囊内,构成包囊的血细胞中细胞器趋于退化,在组织化学上表现为细胞中的ＲＮＡ大为减少,色氨酸几乎消失;然而,包囊从开始形成起,就呈Ｃｈｅｖｒｅｍｅｎｔ铁氰化钾法强阳性反应,此反应可被Ｂａｒｎｅｔ碘液法封闭．推测这一现象与黑色素生成有关．     

灵芝深层发酵生产胞外多糖和灵芝酸的动力学分析

利用Sigmoidi函数构建了灵芝深层发酵生产胞外多精和灵芝酸的非结构动力学模型,并根据Boltzmann拟合求解出模型参数,模型预测值能够较好地吻合实验所测值.细胞最大比生长速率цmax为4.63x10-2 h-1,葡萄糖最大比消耗速率qs,max为6.70x10-2 h-1,胞外多糖最大比合成速率qEPs,max为4.65x10-3h-1,灵芝酸最大比合成速率qGA,max为9.09xlO-4 h-1.灵芝胞外多糖的合成与细胞的生长呈现部分偶联关系;灵芝酸的合成与细胞的生长呈现偶联关系,偶联系数αGA为0.020 4 g g-1.胞外多糖对葡绚糖的最大得率系数(YEPS/S)为O.214 g g-1;灵芝发酵40～80 h代谢碳流迅速从菌体自身生长迁移至胞外多糖合成,用于合成胞外多糖的最大碳流为23.60/0.     

小麦根对镉离子的吸收机制及镉的亚细胞分布

小麦作为毒性实验推荐的标准物种之一,了解其对Cd的吸收过程及其致毒机理具有重要意义.应用Ca离子通道抑制剂LaCl3、巯基抑制剂N-乙烷基顺丁烯二酰亚胺(NEM)及能量代谢抑制剂2,4-二硝基苯酚(DNP),研究了小麦根对Cd的吸收;借鉴水生动物的亚细胞分离方法,在原有植物亚细胞分离方法上进行了改进,考察了Cd在小麦根中的亚细胞分布.8h的暴露吸收实验结果表明,LaCl3作为Ca离子通道抑制剂抑制小麦根对Cd的吸收高达30%;巯基抑制剂NEM没有表现出抑制效应,关于Cd与巯基的结合没有明确证据;在低浓度Cd条件下(0.25、1.0μM),DNP抑制其吸收,表明Cd是需要消耗能量进入细胞内,而在高浓度Cd条件下(5.0μM)则提高了Cd的吸收.Cd进入细胞内依次分布于胞液、细胞残渣、细胞器、微粒体,分布比例:胞液>细胞残渣、细胞器>微粒体;3种抑制剂均通过降低细胞器、提高胞液和微粒体中Cd分布来维持细胞的正常功能,降低Cd的毒性.     

胞外聚合物的提取、组成及其对污泥性质的影响

胞外聚合物(Extracellular Polymeric Substances,EPS)即附着于污泥细胞表面的不溶性有机聚合物,主要来源于微生物新陈代谢和细胞自溶。EPS化学组成十分复杂,其主要成分为多糖和蛋白质(占70%-80%)。由于EPS极大地影响着污泥絮体的凝聚性质,因此它在控制和改善污泥处理过程中起着举足轻重的作用。     

小麦根对镉离子的吸收机制及镉的亚细胞分布（Uptake and Subcellular Distribution of Cadmium in Wheat （Triticum aestivum）Roots）

小麦作为毒性实验推荐的标准物种之一,了解其对Cd的吸收过程及其致毒机理具有重要意义. 应用Ca离子通道抑制剂LaCl3、巯基抑制剂N-乙烷基顺丁烯二酰亚胺（NEM）及能量代谢抑制剂2,4-二硝基苯酚（DNP）,研究了小麦根对Cd的吸收;借鉴水生动物的亚细胞分离方法,在原有植物亚细胞分离方法上进行了改进,考察了Cd在小麦根中的亚细胞分布. 8h的暴露吸收实验结果表明,LaCl3作为Ca离子通道抑制剂抑制小麦根对Cd的吸收高达30%;巯基抑制剂NEM没有表现出抑制效应,关于Cd与巯基的结合没有明确证据;在低浓度Cd条件下（0.25、1.0μM）,DNP抑制其吸收,表明Cd是需要消耗能量进入细胞内,而在高浓度Cd条件下（5.0μM）则提高了Cd的吸收. Cd进入细胞内依次分布于胞液、细胞残渣、细胞器、微粒体,分布比例：胞液>细胞残渣、细胞器>微粒体;3种抑制剂均通过降低细胞器、提高胞液和微粒体中Cd分布来维持细胞的正常功能,降低Cd的毒性.     

Oogenesis in the marine mussel Mytilus edulis: an ultrastructural study

Ultrastructural changes occurring during the course of development in oocytes of Mytilus edulis are described for mussels collected at monthly intervals over a period of one year (September 1981 to October 1982) from a site in Cornwall, England. During early stages of oogenesis the oocyte is surrounded by a small number of follicle cells but, as development proceeds, the follicle cells are restricted to the stalk region which attaches the oocyte to the acinar wall. Contact between the follicle cells and the developing oocyte is maintained by means of desmosomelike gap junctions. Organelles and inclusion bodies present in the ooplasm during oogenesis include rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), Golgi bodies, mitochondria, free ribosomes, Balbiani's vitelline body, annulate lamellae and yolk and cortical granules. The RER, in particular, varies considerably throughout the course of development. Evidence for uptake of exogenous macromolecules into oocytes by pinocytosis is presented; it occurs in the basal region of previtellogenic oocytes prior to the formation of the vittelline coat. Lipid-yolk granules invariably have mitochondria in close association and, during the winter months, develop in close proximity to small, apparently glycogen-rich vesicles possibly suggesting that conversion of glycogen to lipid takes place in developing oocytes. Oocyte degeneration was commonly observed and involves initial breakdown of the plasma membrane followed by rupture of the vitelline coat. The oocyte contents once released into the acinar lumen are resorbed by the epithelial cells of the gonoducts, which are prevalent throughout the mantle of ripe individuals.     

Oocyte development in the kuruma prawn Penaeus japonicus

Female kuruma prawns (Penaeus japonicus Bate) with undeveloped, early developing, developing, nearly ripe and ripe ovaries, were collected from Ise Bay, Japan, in 1984. Oocyte development of the kuruma prawn was classified into ten stages according to morphological characters, namely: (1) synapsis stage, (2) chromatin nucleolus stage, (3) early perinucleolus stage, (4) late perinucleolus stage, (5) oil globule Stage I, (6) oil globule Stage II, (7) yolkless stage, (8) yolk granule stage, (9) prematuration stage, and (10) maturation stage. The synapsis stage is a multiplication stage. The chromatin nucleolus stage, early and late perinucleolus stages are previtellogenesis and primary growth stages. Oil globule Stage I is an initial stage of primary vitellogenesis and secondary growth. Follicle cells on the oil globule Stage I oocytes expand rapidly and reach maximum size during oogenesis. Yolk granule stage oocytes are in the initial stages of secondary vitellogenesis. Strongly acidophilic yolk granules accumulate within basophilic vesicles of the cytoplasm. The yolk granules are first concentrated in the inner part of the cytoplasm, then gradually spread to the periphery. Cortical crypts, which are separated from the oocyte cytoplasm by the cytoplasmic membrane, are situated outside of oocyte cytoplasm. Germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) is initiated in the late phase of prematuration and continues until the late phase of maturation immediately prior to spawning. At the beginning of the maturation stage, the oocytes are ovulated, after which the nuclei further shrink and migrate out-wards. After ovulation, meiotic division of the ovarian oocyte progressed up to the metaphase of primary maturation division. Finally, the meiotic metaphase is visible just beneath the cytoplasmic membrane in the mature oocyte. Though ovulation is synchronous within the same ovary, GVBD is not completely synchronous. Ovulated mature oocytes have many club-shaped cortical crypts in the peripheral part of the cytoplasm and contain extensive accumulations of yolk granules dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. The apical end of the club-shaped cortical crypts and cytoplasmic membrane are coated by the vitellin envelope in the mature oocyte.     

Ovarian maturation of the multi-spawning spider crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Maja brachydactyla</Emphasis> (Decapoda: Majidae) with special reference to yolk formation

In the study of the reproductive biology of the spider crab Maja brachydactyla, the morphology of the female reproductive system and yolk formation have long been overlooked. Females spawn two or three times during their annual reproductive cycle in northern Spain (Galicia). The ovaries consist of two lobes. The right and left lobes are connected by a small cross-lobe at the level of the heart and merge at the posterior edge. Before merging, the ovaries descend to the ventral part of the body, joining the spermathecae in the vagina, which opens through a chitin tube to the gonopore, located in the sternite, at the level of the third walking leg. No morphological changes have been observed between either the different parts of the ovaries or the different annual spawning periods. At the start of vitellogenesis, the oocyte of M. brachydactyla is characterized by a large number of vesicles in the cytoplasm. These vesicles are surrounded by a unit membrane whose size increases as the oocyte matures and contain fine granular material including a variable number of ovoid, electron-dense granules. The vesicles are of diverse origin, although most of them develop directly from the mitochondria and the Golgi complex (endogenous phase of vitellogenesis). In a subsequent phase, a series of substances (principally lipoproteins) are incorporated into the ooplasma by means of micropinocytosis. These substances are also involved in yolk formation (exogenous phase of vitellogenesis). During vitellogenesis in M. brachydactyla, mitochondria play the most important role since they are not only the energetic centre of the cellule, but they also act as containers of high-energy reserve substances: the yolk granules.     

Route of egg yolk protein uptake in the oocytes of kuruma prawn,Penaeus japonicus

The route of egg yolk protein uptake into the oocytes of kuruma prawn, Penaeus japonicus, was studied using immunohistochemical and electron microscopical methods. Although a significant immunofluorescence with anti-vitellin-immunoglobulin was observed in the enlarged follicle cells surrounding oil globule stage oocytes of the early vitellogenic ovary, no fluorescence was detected in shrunken follicle cells surrounding oocytes in the yolk granule stage. Electron microscopically, yolk granule stage oocytes have an irregular surface with numerous well-developed microvilli. In contrast, the surface of follicle cells is relatively smooth. The irregular surface of yolk granule stage oocytes was covered with a layer of electron dense material. Similar dense material was found in the spaces between the neighboring follicle cells on the yolk granule stage oocytes. The outer surface of the follicle cells on yolk granule stage oocytes was covered by dense materials which were similar to those found on the irregular surface of oocytes. Micropinocytotic vesicles containing dense material were found in the ooplasm near the irregular surface with numerous well-developed microvilli. Dense material was concentrated in the peripheral part of the small forming yolk bodies of yolk granule stage oocytes. This suggests that the electron dense material, probably egg yolk protein, transferred to the surface of yolk granule stage oocytes from the spaces between the neighboring follicle cells may be incorporated into the ooplasm by pinocytosis through the microvilli and subsequently aggregate to form yolk bodies.     

Egg development and the reproductive cycle in the pycnogonid Endeis laevis

Endeis laevis (Grube) is the more littoral of the two British members of the Endeidae (Pycnogonida). The process of vitellogenesis is examined. It closely resembles that of annelids and Limulus polyphemus, in which the majority of the yolk is synthesised within the oocyte with only a small contribution from outside the oocyte. This contrasts with the method in insects in which most of the yolk comes from outside the oocyte. The vitellogenic process is slow, the eggs accumulating yolk over the winter. Although E. laevis has two reproductive cycles each year, only one brood is produced, juveniles occurring over a restricted period (July and early August).     

Mineral concentration in tissues during ovarian development of the white shrimp Penaeus vannamei (Decapoda: Penaeidae)

Levels of calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, iron, and manganese were examined in the muscle, hepatopancreas, and gonad of white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, females at different stages of ovary maturation. Eyestalk-ablated shrimp were sampled during the intermolt stage and classified using the following maturation stages evaluated histologically: cortical stage, vitellogenesis, previtellogenesis, and without gonadic development. In muscle, the copper concentration was significantly lower in the vitellogenic stage than in other stages of ovary development. In the hepatopancreas, manganese levels were higher in the cortical and vitellogenic stages than in animals in previtellogenesis and without gonadic development. No other influence of ovary maturation on muscle and hepatopancreas mineral content was found. In contrast, in the ovary, significant differences of some mineral concentrations were detected. Zinc, iron, and magnesium concentrations were significantly increased in the cortical stage compared to the vitellogenic and previtellogenic stages. Our results indicate that these elements are selectively accumulated during ovary development, especially when the ovaries reach the cortical stage. Received: 14 March 2000 / Accepted: 30 November 2000     

Growth and reproductive biology of the small penaeid shrimp Trachysalambria curvirostris in Tokyo Bay

We investigated the growth and reproductive biology of the penaeid shrimp Trachysalambria curvirostris in Tokyo Bay, Japan, by monthly bottom-trawl surveys from May 2002 to December 2004. We also examined oogenesis in T. curvirostris by histological observation of the ovary. Females grew faster and attained a larger body size for age than males. The growth rate was high in summer and low in winter and was likely to be associated with seasonal changes in water temperature. The carapace length (CL) at which 50% of females contained vitellogenic oocytes was estimated to be 17.0 mm. The reproductive season extended from May to October. Young-of-the-year appeared in October and could be traced across the months on CL histograms to the following September or October, indicating a 1-year life cycle. This extended reproductive season, together with our observation of asynchronous development of oocytes in the ovary, suggests that multiple spawning by individual females may occur during the reproductive season. Postovulated oocytes were not found among the samples we collected during the daytime, suggesting that final oocyte maturation and spawning occur at night. Cortical crypts in the cytoplasm of the oocyte, considered to be a general feature of oogenesis in penaeid shrimps, were not found in T. curvirostris, even in oocytes undergoing germinal vesicle breakdown. This result implies that the cortical reaction after spawning of T. curvirostris may be different from that of other penaeid shrimps.     

Studies on digestion and the fine structure of digestive caeca in Eurydice pulchra (Crustacea: Isopoda)

In the carnivorous isopod Eurydice pulchra Leach the mid-gut caeca have a pH of 5.6 and produce a strong acid proteinase, a lipase and a carbohydrase. Electron microscope studies of the digestive caeca of starved and fed animals show that secretion is merocrine and may originate from a complex involving the basal cell membrane and associated mitochondria, producing lysosomes. Absorbed materials, in fed animals, appear to take the form of neutral lipid bodies, glycogen, and proteinaceous crystals, the latter forming within the golgi complex. Digestion of both lipid and protein inclusions was observed to occur intra-cellularly by fusion with free lysosomes. Secretion and absorption may occur in the same cell, and the scheme for the sequence of epithelial cell stages is proposed.