重金属对猪场废水厌氧消化蓄积抑制

为了探明重金属离子在猪场废水厌氧消化中的蓄积抑制作用,用急性抑制试验法和蓄积抑制试验法,研究了Cu2+、Zn2+、Cr3+对厌氧消化的半抑制浓度和蓄积特性.结果表明,Cu2+、Zn2+、Cr3+对厌氧消化的半抑制浓度分别为1.26、1.79和2.10 mg·g+1(以VSS计),当Cu2+、Zn2+、Cr3+的浓度分别累积到1.92 mg·g-1,0.96 mg·g-1和2.24 mg·g-1(以VSS计)时,甲烷产生速率被抑制50%,说明Zn2+属于高度蓄积,Cu2+和Cr3+为明显蓄积.     

有机负荷对秸秆床反应器厌氧生物产沼气的影响

在实验室条件下,以打捆麦秸为固定相,以猪场废水为流动相,采用半连续进料方式,考察了不同猪场废水容积负荷对秸秆床反应器产沼气的影响.结果表明:发酵前25d,较高的猪场废水有机负荷对反应器产气有一定抑制,之后日产气量和容积产气量迅速增加,并明显高于低猪场废水有机负荷的处理,当猪场废水容积负荷为7.2kgCOD/(m3×d)时,厌氧反应器最大容积产气量达2.29m3/(m3×d),产气稳定后维持在1.52~1.76m3/(m3×d),较猪场废水容积负荷为2.4,1.44kgCOD/(m3×d)的处理分别提高了50%和130%以上,对产气中甲烷含量无明显影响;较高的猪场废水容积负荷不利于麦秸厌氧发酵产沼气,发酵后麦秸干物质损失率、纤维素和半纤维素分解率均与猪场废水容积负荷成反比,红外的结果与之一致.对发酵后麦秸水浸提液的DGGE检测表明,维持反应器高有机负荷、低发酵液HRT,促进了厌氧微生物在麦秸表面定植,微生物种群数量和丰富度均明显高于低有机负荷、高发酵液HRT的处理,反应器耐高有机负荷冲击的能力增强.采用秸秆床反应器处理农村常见的秸秆和畜禽养殖污水产沼气是可行的,且较高的废水有机负荷有利于提高反应器容积产气率.     

间歇式厌氧折流板反应器处理分散养猪冲洗水的影响因素

针对分散养猪冲洗水间歇产生的特点,采用间歇式厌氧折流板反应器(ABR,装置B)对其进行处理,考察COD负荷、冲洗次数、进水时间和温度对处理性能的影响,并与连续运行ABR(装置A)进行对比。结果表明:与进水COD相比,装置B对进水量更敏感,且其能承受的COD负荷较装置A低,但在平均COD负荷分别为1.03、2.06、1.39和1.82 kg/(m³·d)时,对应的COD平均去除率分别为76.2%、77.3%、86.0%和85.4%;增加冲洗次数至每天2次,有利于提升装置B的处理能力;延长进水时间至2 h,对装置B的处理性能没有影响;低温严重影响ABR的性能,温度降至15 ℃以下时,装置B对COD的平均去除率由17 ℃时的75.8%降至60.0%。     

氨氮负荷对膜曝气生物膜反应器部分亚硝化性能的影响

对不同进水氨氮负荷下中试膜曝气生物膜反应器(MABR)部分亚硝化性能进行了考察,旨在确定在MABR中启动、优化和维持稳定亚硝化的控制策略.在进水氨氮表面负荷由(4.9±0.4)g·m-2·d-1(以N计,下同)升至(9.1±0.5)g·m-2·d-1的过程中,MABR氨氮去除负荷可以达到(5.7±0.5)g·m-2·d-1.当进水氨氮负荷为7.4 g·m-2·d-1时,本试验MABR部分亚硝化效果最佳,亚硝化率可达96.3%.部分亚硝化的维持需要控制合适的生物膜厚度,当生物膜厚度在110~170μm之间时,MABR亚硝化率在90%左右,能够有效实现对亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的抑制和亚硝酸盐的积累.利用微生物比氧利用率(SOURAOB)来反映生物膜中氨氧化菌(AOB)的活性,发现MABR生物膜的SOURAOB可达(133.9±31.1)mg·g-1·h-1(以每g SS利用的O2量(mg)计).实时定量PCR结果也表明AOB为MABR生物膜中的优势菌群,其微生物丰度比接种污泥高出3个数量级.通过调控进水氨氮负荷和生物膜厚度,维持AOB的种群优势和高活性并同时抑制NOB的活性,可以实现MABR的稳定部分亚硝化.     

Effect of the chlortetracycline addition method on methane production from the anaerobic digestion of swine wastewater

Effects of antibiotic residues on methane production in anaerobic digestion are commonly studied using the following two antibiotic addition methods：（1） adding manure from animals that consume a diet containing antibiotics, and（2） adding antibiotic-free animal manure spiked with antibiotics. This study used chlortetracycline（CTC） as a model antibiotic to examine the effects of the antibiotic addition method on methane production in anaerobic digestion under two different swine wastewater concentrations（0.55 and 0.22 mg CTC/g dry manure）. The results showed that CTC degradation rate in which manure was directly added at 0.55 mg CTC/g（HSPIKE treatment） was lower than the control values and the rest of the treatment groups. Methane production from the HSPIKEtreatment was reduced（p 〈 0.05） by 12% during the whole experimental period and 15% during the first 7 days. The treatments had no significant effect on the pH and chemical oxygen demand value of the digesters, and the total nitrogen of the0.55 mg CTC/kg manure collected from mediated swine was significantly higher than the other values. Therefore, different methane production under different antibiotic addition methods might be explained by the microbial activity and the concentrations of antibiotic intermediate products and metabolites. Because the primary entry route of veterinary antibiotics into an anaerobic digester is by contaminated animal manure, the most appropriate method for studying antibiotic residue effects on methane production may be using manure from animals that are given a particular antibiotic, rather than adding the antibiotic directly to the anaerobic digester.     

高温厌氧膜生物反应器处理餐厨废水的启动

以除油后的实际餐厨废水为原料,在高温（50±1）℃条件下利用浸没式纤维膜生物反应器（AnMBR）进行连续厌氧消化试验,以水力停留时间（HRT）20d启动,HRT 15d运行,直到发生膜污染,试验共进行了50d.研究了反应器启动和运行期间的发酵特性和膜过滤性能.研究表明,反应器30d完成了启动,在HRT 15d条件下,甲烷产量达到578L/kgVS_in,COD和挥发性固体（VS）去除率均达到94%以上,膜出水总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）浓度为（103±77） mg/L,其中乙酸浓度为（98±28） mg/L.系统pH 8.26,具有良好的稳定性.膜通量设定为9L/（m²·h）,运行30d后发生了明显的膜污染,伴随着反应器内挥发性悬浮固体（VSS）浓度由8.1g/L逐渐增加到18/L.在处理高浓度餐厨废水时,AnMBR可以短时间启动且在8.5kgCOD/（m³·d）的高负荷条件下稳定运行,反应器中污泥浓度和溶解性微生物产物的增加导致膜过滤性能下降是导致膜污染的主要因素.     

高温厌氧膜生物反应器处理餐厨废水的启动

以除油后的实际餐厨废水为原料,在高温（50±1）℃条件下利用浸没式纤维膜生物反应器（AnMBR）进行连续厌氧消化试验,以水力停留时间（HRT）20d启动,HRT 15d运行,直到发生膜污染,试验共进行了50d.研究了反应器启动和运行期间的发酵特性和膜过滤性能.研究表明,反应器30d完成了启动,在HRT 15d条件下,甲烷产量达到578L/kgVS_in,COD和挥发性固体（VS）去除率均达到94%以上,膜出水总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）浓度为（103±77） mg/L,其中乙酸浓度为（98±28） mg/L.系统pH 8.26,具有良好的稳定性.膜通量设定为9L/（m²·h）,运行30d后发生了明显的膜污染,伴随着反应器内挥发性悬浮固体（VSS）浓度由8.1g/L逐渐增加到18/L.在处理高浓度餐厨废水时,AnMBR可以短时间启动且在8.5kgCOD/（m³·d）的高负荷条件下稳定运行,反应器中污泥浓度和溶解性微生物产物的增加导致膜过滤性能下降是导致膜污染的主要因素.     

矿物材料对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的影响研究

在试验的基础上研究了3种矿物材料膨润土、斜发沸石、粉煤灰对富含钠离子的餐厨垃圾厌氧消化过程的影响.结果表明,在发酵温度为35℃、底物固含量(TS)为10%、添加物用量为1%(质量分数,以消化底物计)时,膨润土、沸石粉、粉煤灰对含盐餐厨垃圾的厌氧发酵消化液中的钠离子具有良好的吸附性能,吸附率分别为13.75%、10.11%、7.99%.在未使用无机矿物的情况下,当钠离子浓度为3000～4000mg·L-1时,含盐餐厨垃圾的的厌氧消化过程受到Na 离子的明显抑制.从产气量分析,3种矿物材料均能明显促进餐厨垃圾的厌氧消化过程,与空白对照试组相比,膨润土、斜发沸石、粉煤灰分别使产气量提高了131%、82%和45%.三者对甲烷气产量的促进影响强弱顺序是,膨润土＞斜发沸石＞粉煤灰.初步讨论了这3种矿物材料提高餐厨垃圾厌氧消化甲烷产量的作用机理.     

高浓度有机废水厌氧膜生物工艺处理的中试研究

高浓度有机废水ADUF工艺处理的中试研究结果表明 ,(1)厌氧池污泥SRT为 5 0d时 ,不仅COD去除率高 ,膜水通量也更稳定 ;(2 ) pH值宜采用在线控制为 7 0 ,温度则应在材质允许范围内尽可能高些 (本实验中为 39℃ ) ;(3)污泥负荷在1 0— 3 5kg/ (kg·d)之间时 ,污泥负荷对ADUF工艺的运行效果没有影响     

有机负荷和进料频率对高含固厨余垃圾厌氧消化系统性能的影响

以系统降解效能和产甲烷量最大化为目标,分别考察不同有机负荷（8.93、10.71、13.39 kg·m^-3·d^-1）及进料频率（1、2、3次·d^-1）下厨余垃圾中温厌氧消化系统运行过程中甲烷产量、SCOD、氨氮、pH和挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）的变化,旨在明确系统负荷边界及进料频率对系统稳定性的影响.结果表明,系统的有机负荷存在最优值,系统累计产甲烷量随负荷的增加而升高,随后降低,有机负荷为10.71 kg·m^-3·d^-1时获得最大累计产甲烷量37.17 L,VS降解率72.58%.负荷增加系统稳定性下降甚至失稳,各物质出现积累,不利于反应的进行.增加进料频率可优化系统运行参数,显著提高系统产气和产甲烷量,进料频率较高时,运行周期内系统的甲烷产量及产率最高,分别达到45.03 L和0.738 L·g^-1,呈线性增长,增加进料频率可提高系统对氨氮的耐受能力,显著提高系统稳定性,明显改善VFA和丙酸积累问题.     

Characteristics of contaminants in water and sediment of a constructed wetland treating piggery wastewater effluent

Constructed wetland (CW) is the preferred means of controlling water quality because of its natural treatment mechanisms and function as a secondary or tertiary treatment unit. CW is increasingly applied in Korea for secondary effluent of livestock wastewater treatment. This study was conducted to recognize the characteristics of contaminants in the accumulated sediment at the bottom soil layer and to reduce the phosphorus release from sediments of the free water surface CW for the treatment of secondary piggery wastewater effluent from a livestock wastewater treatment facility. The results revealed that the dominant phosphorus existence types at near the inlet of the CW were non-apatite phosphorus (59%) and residual phosphorus (32%) suggesting that most of the particles of the influent are made up of inorganic materials and dead cells. Sediment accumulation is important when determining the long-term maintenance requirements over the lifetime of CW. Continuous monitoring will be performed for a further assessment of the CW system and design.     

不同氮源对麦秆厌氧消化过程的影响

在中温[(35±1)℃]条件下,采用批式发酵方式,研究了不同氮源对麦秆厌氧消化过程的影响.结果表明,不添加氮源时,麦秆挥发性固体(VS)产气量为323.97mL/g,甲烷含量为64.38%;厌氧发酵后发酵液中各形态氮含量均大幅增加,发酵液中的氮以铵态氮和有机氮为主;发酵后的麦秆中木质素含量增加,纤维素结晶区受到一定程度的破坏.添加氮源提高了微生物的活性,产气速率大幅提高,VS产气量提高了35.37%~50.20%,但对甲烷含量的影响不大.除硝酸钾外,添加氮源的各处理发酵液中均以铵态氮为主,占总氮的70%以上,添加硝酸钾的处理最低,仅为54.60%,均远高于对照的38.49%.添加氮源及不同氮源对发酵液中硝态氮含量的影响不大;添加氮源促进了微生物对麦秆中纤维素和半纤维的破坏,但对纤维素结晶区的影响不大.在各种氮源中,以添加尿素的效果最好.     

模拟废水高温厌氧消化出水中SMP的特性研究

为考察废水高温厌氧消化出水中溶解性微生物产物(SMP)的特性,采用高温厌氧序批式反应器处理葡萄糖模拟废水,运用尺寸排除色谱(SEC)分离厌氧消化出水溶解性有机物(DOM),结合溶解性有机碳(DOC)、UV254吸光度和三维荧光光谱分析方法,对不同分离组分进行了定性和定量研究.结果表明,SMP在出水DOM(356mg/L,以DOC计)中占90.8%,其在高分子量(MW)(10k~100kDa)、中等MW(1k~10kDa)和低MW(<1kDa)内的含量分别为46.8%、45.4%和7.8%.高MW内的SMP比中等、低MW内的SMP有更高的芳香度.废水高温厌氧消化出水中SMP的荧光物质以高的酪氨酸类物质含量,低的富里酸和腐殖酸类物质含量为主要特征.低MW区域的SMP主要包括酪氨酸类物质,而富里酸和腐殖酸类物质主要集中于中等MW区域,色氨酸类和微生物副产物类物质在各MW区域内均有分布.高、中等MW区域(不含630Da相似文献   

Characteristics of high-sulfate wastewater treatment by two-phase anaerobic digestion process with Jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed

A new anaerobic reactor, Jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed （JLAFB）, was designed for treating high-sulfate wastewater. The treatment characteristics, including the effect of influent COD/SO42 ratio and alkalinity and sulfide inhibition in reactors, were discussed for a JLAFB and a general anaerobic fiuidized bed （AFB） reactor used as sulfate-reducing phase and methane-producing phase, respectively, in two-phase anaerobic digestion process. The formation of granules in the two reactors was also examined. The results indicated that COD and sulfate removal had different demand of influent COD/SO4^2- ratios. When total COD removal was up to 85%, the ratio was only required up to 1.2, whereas, total sulfate removal up to 95% required it exceeding 3.0. The alkalinity in the two reactors increased linearly with the growth of influent alkalinity. Moreover, the change of influent alkalinity had no significant effect on pH and volatile fatty acids （VFA） in the two reactors. Influent alkalinity kept at 400-500 mg/L could meet the requirement of the treating process. The JLAFB reactor had great advantage in avoiding sulfide and free-H2S accumulation and toxicity inhibition on microorganisms. When sulfate loading rate was up to 8. 1 kg/（m^3.d）, the sulfide and free-H2S concentrations in JLAFB reactor were 58.6 and 49.7 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, the granules, with offwhite color, ellipse shape and diameters of 1.0-3.0 mm, could be developed in JLAFB reactor. In granules, different groups of bacteria were distributed in different layers, and some inorganic metal compounds such as Fe, Ca, Mg etc. were found.     

聚丙烯微塑料对污泥厌氧消化效能作用影响

以聚丙烯（PP）微塑料为研究对象,考察不同浓度PP微塑料对污泥厌氧消化产CH₄和产酸效能的作用影响,同时采用荧光定量PCR方法定量检测了乙酸激酶（AK）和mcrA基因在不同PP微塑料作用下的丰度变化.结果表明,PP微塑料对污泥厌氧消化产CH₄和产酸效能具有促进影响,CH₄和乙酸累计产量随PP微塑料投加量的增大而升高,当PP微塑料投加量为0.2g/g VSS时,CH₄和乙酸累计产量与空白对照相比分别提高148.2%和15.2%,达227.1mL/g VSS和1291.2mg/L.相应地,mcrA基因丰度随之提高98.2%,表明PP微塑料对产甲烷菌的生长和繁殖具有促进作用,进而强化污泥厌氧消化产CH₄效能.     

石化废水剩余污泥厌氧消化预处理技术

石化废水剩余污泥在厌氧消化时,污泥停留时间长,且产气量较低,并且反应器容积较大,所需资金投入较高。污泥厌氧消化预处理能够改变污泥特性,缩短了后续消化时间,提高甲烷产量,减少剩余污泥量。综述了各种污泥预处理技术的最新进展,分析了石化污泥厌氧消化预处理的可行性。     

Characteristics of contaminants in water and sediment of a constructed wetland treating piggery wastewater e uent

Constructed wetland (CW) is the preferred means of controlling water quality because of its natural treatment mechanisms and function as a secondary or tertiary treatment unit. CW is increasingly applied in Korea for secondary e uent of livestock wastewater treatment. This study was conducted to recognize the characteristics of contaminants in the accumulated sediment at the bottom soil layer and to reduce the phosphorus release from sediments of the free water surface CW for the treatment of secondary piggery wastewater e uent from a livestock wastewater treatment facility. The results revealed that the dominant phosphorus existence types at near the inlet of the CW were non-apatite phosphorus (59%) and residual phosphorus (32%) suggesting that most of the particles of the influent are made up of inorganic materials and dead cells. Sediment accumulation is important when determining the long-term maintenance requirements over the lifetime of CW. Continuous monitoring will be performed for a further assessment of the CW system and design.     

矿物材料预处理对餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化过程的影响

选用4种矿物材料对400g餐厨垃圾在35℃下进行4h好氧预处理,比较了预处理前后餐厨垃圾水解率的变化,并且详细研究了预处理对餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化过程及产沼气效果的影响.结果表明:在同等条件下,添加矿物材料可以有效促进餐厨垃圾的水解,其中添加1.25%(质量分数,以餐厨垃圾湿基计)膨润土和添加2.5%轻烧MgO的处理水解率分别达到了96.79%和96.51%.轻烧MgO有效地缓解了餐厨垃圾由于酸化引起的pH值下降,使产气高峰期较早来到;而在总产气量上添加白云石粉的促进作用显著.膨润土次之,其中添加2.5%白云石粉的总产气量最高,为10925mL.添加矿物材料降低了消化液中钠离子的浓度,可减轻对产甲烷细菌的抑制作用.     

含油率对餐厨垃圾干式厌氧发酵的影响

餐厨垃圾含油率高,且随着地域的变化有显著差别,含油率的高低对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产气有一定影响.在中温(35℃)和高温(55℃)条件下,研究了不同含油率(0、2%、4%、6%、8%、10%)对餐厨垃圾干式厌氧发酵过程中日产气量、累计产气量、总固体(TS)、挥发性固体(VS)及甲烷产量的影响.结果表明:在中温和高温条件下,当含油率为6%时,200 g餐厨垃圾的累计产气量达最大值,分别为1391.6 m L和2165.9 m L.此时,TS和VS的去除率也最高,中温时去除率分别为29.4%(TS)和33.9%(VS),高温时去除率分别为33.2%(TS)和38.0%(VS).在餐厨垃圾干式厌氧发酵过程中,甲烷的产量占可燃气的体积分数逐渐升高.在中温厌氧发酵条件下,含油率为10%的餐厨垃圾发酵进行到26 d时,甲烷的体积分数最高,为80.5%.在高温干式厌氧发酵条件下,含油率为10%的餐厨垃圾发酵进行到23 d时,甲烷的体积分数最高,为84.2%.     

水热+厌氧消化对污泥碳、氮、磷溶出的影响

研究了水热预处理和厌氧消化联合作用时温度对污泥中碳、氮、磷溶出的影响。结果表明:水热处理温度越高越有利于污泥中碳氮磷的溶出,当水热温度为200 ℃时,SCODCr的溶出率较原泥提高了5.9倍;氨氮和总氮的溶出率分别提高了7.2和8.7倍;磷酸根和总磷的溶出率分别提高了0.2和6.1倍。厌氧消化后污泥中碳磷浓度下降,而氮浓度上升。厌氧消化后累积产气量与水热温度有关:当温度为160 ℃时,最大累积产甲烷量为12 223 L/mg-CO D C H 4 (以每mg COD的产甲烷量计),较原泥提高了14.5倍。根据试验结果,提出了从水热和厌氧消化污泥中回收氮磷的策略,即水热处理污泥后可在污泥清液中投加镁源进行磷的回收,厌氧消化中溶出的氮可通过加入吸附材料进行吸附回收。在污泥中氮磷资源回收的同时,可通过水热过程提高污泥厌氧过程中累积产甲烷量。