糖蜜酒精废液处理中影响微生物量因素的研究

试验研究了糖蜜酒精废液处理过程中培养基、培养温度及废液中COD、BOD5、TOC浓度等因素对微生物量的影响。结果表明,利用糖蜜酒精废液驯化可以得到微生物优势菌种;在废液培养基及培养温度30℃条件下微生物量最高,为4.61g/L;单位COD、BOD5和TOC的微生物量分别为0.268g/g(COD)、11.92g/g(BOD5)和0.381g/g(TOC),菌体粗蛋白含量可达54.51%。     

完全混和式和阶段曝气组合工艺中微生物常见的冲击及对策

活性污泥法完全混和式和阶段曝气组合工艺，具有抗冲击能力强，有机物去除率高等特点。该工艺组合中微生物经常受到的冲击有进水ＣＯＤ、ＢＯＤ、碱度和曝气池低溶解氧。所采取的措施分别有：终水回流稀释、ＰＨ值控制、营养盐浓度控制、原水预曝气等。     

Comparison between controlled landfill reactor and conditioned landfill bioreactor

Bioreactor landfills allow a more active landfill management that recognizes the biological, chemical and physical processes involved in a landfill environment. The laboratory-scale simulators of landfill reactors treating municipal solid wastes were studied, the effect of solid waste size, leachate recirculation, nutrient balance, pH value, moisture content and temperature on the rate of municipal solid waste (MSW) biodegradation were determined, and it indicated the optimum pH value, moisture content and temperature decomposing MSW. The results of waste biodegradation were compared with that of the leachate-recirculated landfill simulator and conservative sanitary landfill simulator. In the control experiment the antitheses of a decreasing trend of the organic load, measured as biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand, was shown. An obvious enhancement of effective disposal from conservative sanitary landfill (CSL) simulator, to the leachate-recirculated landfill (LRL) simulator and to the conditioned bioreactor landfill(CBL) simulator would be noted, through displaying the compared results of solid waste settlement, heavy, metal concentration in leachate, methane production rate, biogas composition, BOD and COD as well as their ratio.     

PAC强化MBR工艺处理效果的研究进展

膜生物反应器（MBR）是将膜分离技术与活性污泥法相结合而形成的废水处理工艺。由于MBR具有较高的去除率使其被广泛地应用于废水处理中,但是膜堵塞和膜污染问题依旧是阻碍MBR工艺进一步推广的主要原因。颗粒活性炭（PAC）具有高的比表面积,其较强的吸附能力可有效地缓解MBR工艺运行过程中膜堵塞和膜污染问题。通过总结近年来对膜碳生物反应器（PAC-MBR）的研究进展,分析了影响MBR工艺的影响因素（pH、HRT、SRT、曝气量、SS）,综述了PAC-MBR联合工艺对废水中氨氮、BOD₅、COD、TC、TN、浊度的处理效果。     

生物质降解人体排泄物试验研究

采用S-15型生物反应器为试验装置,以生物质秸秆作为反应基质,研究了反应基质营养元素含量变化和人体粪便的减量化过程。试验过程中检测了总氮、总磷、总钾、有机质和pH值等指标,着重分析了总有机质和氮含量变化。试验结果表明生物质秸秆处理人体排泄物具有很好的减量化效果,粪便处理效率97%。终产物中有机质总量70%,pH值9.1,TN、TP、TK含量分别为2.5%、1.22%和3.07%,养分含量明显增加,是一种很好的有机肥。利用生物质降解人体排泄物充分实现了废物的资源化,具有良好的推广前景。     

厌氧-好氧生物反应器填埋工艺特性研究

基于生物反应器填埋技术,研究1种填埋场地循环操作的厌氧-好氧生物反应器填埋工艺,设计了该工艺模拟装置并研究了其运行工艺特性.厌氧阶段主要通过渗滤液回灌控制反应器工艺条件,主要试验结果为,pH值,R1在 6周后可上升至6.7～7.8,R2在17周内一直低于6.8;渗滤液COD浓度,R1在13周时下降至10?617 mg/L,R2在5周后上升至60?000 mg/L后长期趋于稳定;填埋气累计产量,R1在8周达到44%,R2几乎不产气.衡量稳定化可以分别采用渗滤液pH、COD浓度及BOD₅/COD的减少率、填埋气的累计产率等指标来判断,并据此转换为好氧填埋运行.好氧阶段主要是通过强制通风来减少恶臭和水分,主要试验结果为,通风19d氨气浓度降为1.16 mg/m³,通风23d后恶臭浓度降为19;通风14d后含水率降为26%.完成此阶段的工艺指标值可依据矿化垃圾开采的最终用途确定.对主要试验数据进行了数值模拟.厌氧-好氧填埋过程的微生物演替经RISA分析,有4个优势菌群,一些兼性菌群在厌氧-好氧阶段起着重要的承前启后作用.     

臭氧/活性炭/紫外光联用处理几种高浓度有机废水影响因素

以对硝基苯甲酸废水、鸟嘌呤废水、乙醛废水和乙醇胺废水为例,对臭氧/活性炭氧化去除废水中有机物的效果进行了初步研究,考察了臭氧投加量、pH值和紫外光等因素对臭氧/活性炭催化氧化高浓度有机废水的影响,并在最优条件下,验证了该工艺作为高浓度有机废水预处理手段,在去除废水中COD和提高可生化性(BOD5/COD)等方面的综合效果.结果表明,活性炭作为催化剂与臭氧共同作用,对对硝基苯甲酸废水COD的去除率明显高于单独臭氧氧化和活性炭吸附;臭氧/活性炭氧化对乙醛废水和乙醇胺废水这类短链类有机物降解作用不大,但对硝基苯甲酸废水、鸟嘌呤废水这些含有苯环类、长链类的有机物,去除效率较高;在中性偏碱时,pH的提高有利于COD的去除,但过高pH对COD的降解效果反而有所减弱,pH=9.0是比较合适的;在紫外光催化的条件下,采用臭氧/活性炭氧化工艺处理对硝基苯甲酸废水,COD去除率可达到52%,废水的生化性(BOD5/COD)由原来的0.10提高到0.32,大大提高了废水的可生化性.     

Treatment of a dyeing wastewater from a woolen mill using an A/O membrane bio-reactor

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Photo-assisted fenton oxidation of refractory organics in UASB-pretreated leachate

Nearly 91% of organic pollutants in Hong Kong leachate could be effectively removed by the UASB(upflow anaerobic sludge blanket)process followed by the fenton coagulation.The COD(chemical oxygen demand)of leachate was lowered from an average of 5620 mg/L to 1910 mg/L after the UASB treatment at 37℃,and was further lowered to 513 mg/L after fenton coagulation.The remaining refractory residues could be further removed by plotochemical oxidation with the addition of H2O2.The BOD/COD ratio was greatly increased from 0.062 to 0.142,indicating the biodegradability of organic residues was improved.The photochemical oxidation for the fenton-coagulation supernatant was most effective at pH3-4,with the addition of 800 mg/L of H2O2,and UV radiation time of 30 minutes.The final effluent contained only 148 mg/L of COD,21 mg/L of BOD(biochemical oxygen demand)and 56 mg/L of TOC (total organic carbon).     

Occurrence and removal of organic micropollutants in the treatment of landfill leachate by combined anaerobic-membrane bioreactor technology

Organic micropollutants,with high toxicity and environmental concern,are present in the landfill leachate at much lower levels than total organic constituents (chemical oxygen demand (COD),biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),or total organic carbon (TOC)),and few has been known for their behaviors in different treatment processes.In this study,occurrence and removal of 17 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs),16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs),and technical 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) in landfill leachate in a comb...     

Treatment of a dyeing wastewater from a woolen mill using an A/O membrane bio-reactor

An anaerobic/oxic membrane bioreactor (A/O MBR) was used for treatment of dyeing wastewater from a woolen mill.COD and color of the wastewater were 54-473 mg/L and 40-400 dilution time (DT) respectively. The ratio of BOD5/COD was less than 0.13. By the A/O MBR process, the average removal of COD, BOD5, color and turbidity was 82％, 96％, 71％ and 99％, respectively. The average COD, BOD5, color and turbidity of effluent was 37 nag/L, 0.8 mg/L, 40 DT and 0.44 NUT respectively. The effluent COD met the local standard of reuse water in Beijing, China. The average COD volume load of the anaerobic biological tank was 0. 0483 kgCOD/(m3·d) and that of the aeration tank of the MBR was 0. 3589 kgCOD/(m3·d). The sludge load of the MBR was 0.19 kgCOD/(kg· MLSS· d) on average and the maximum of that was 0.4 kgCOD/( kg· MLSS· d).The flux of the A/O membrane bioreactor could be remained at larger than 50 L/(h· m2· 0.1MPa). The results indicated that A/O membrane bioreactor has technical feasibility for treatment of woolen mill wastewater.     

序列间歇式好氧活性污泥法处理生物制药废水研究

本研究采用好氧ＳＢＲ法处理生物制药废水。试验结果表明，废水中不需另加氮磷营养物质，当进水ＣＯＤＣｒ为９１１～３２８０ｍｇ／Ｌ时，在曝气１６ｈ条件下，出水ＣＯＤＣｒ在３５０ｍｇ／Ｌ以下，ＢＯＤ５在８０ｍｇ／Ｌ以下，ＳＳ在１５０ｍｇ／Ｌ以下，皆达到生物制药工业废水二级排放标准。本文还对好氧ＳＢＲ法的有机物降解动力学过程进行了研究。     

稠油乳化段废水厌氧处理过程中COD与BOD5的协同变化及可生化性研究

稠油乳化段废水中的主要污染物为有机聚合物和石油类污染物，BOD5／COD值极低，可生化性差，通过厌氧处理可使污染物发生水解反应，BOD5／COD值由0．08升为0．15（288h)，与其它难降解有机废水的厌处理结果不同，在BOD5增加的同时，COD亦大幅度增加，而在全部厌氧反应过程中，TOC一直呈下降趋势，表明水样中的污染物在生物作用下不断得到消减；在COD达到最高时，石油类污染物中胶质的浓度大幅度降低，烷烃的浓度升高，说明以胶质为代表的大分子污染物因子解反应，由K2Cr2O7不能氧化状态变为可氧化状态，导致COD测量值显著升高。     

基于微气泡曝气的生物膜反应器处理废水研究

微气泡曝气有助于强化氧传质过程,在废水好氧生物处理中具有潜在的应用优势;生物膜反应器是应用微气泡曝气的可行工艺形式.本研究在生物膜反应器中采用SPG膜微气泡曝气处理模拟生活废水,探讨反应器连续运行过程中,SPG膜空气通透性、溶解氧变化、污染物去除效果及氧利用情况.结果表明,基于SPG膜微气泡曝气的生物膜反应器能够实现长期连续稳定运行,是微气泡曝气与废水好氧生物处理结合的可行方式.SPG膜表面性质及膜孔径影响其空气通透性,疏水性膜的空气通透性优于亲水性膜;膜孔径越大,空气通透性越好.一定的SPG膜空气通量下,反应器内的溶解氧浓度主要受有机负荷影响.SPG膜微气泡曝气生物膜反应器较优的COD处理负荷(以SPG膜面积计算)为6.88 kg·(m2.d)-1.氨氮的去除主要受溶解氧浓度及生物膜内氧扩散传质的影响,在高有机负荷下生物膜内出现同步硝化反硝化.微气泡曝气的氧利用率显著高于传统曝气方式,在优化的运行条件下,氧利用率可以接近100%.     

SPG膜微气泡曝气生物膜反应器运行性能影响因素研究

SPG膜微气泡曝气生物膜反应器是微气泡曝气与废水好氧生物处理结合的可行方式.本研究采用SPG膜微气泡曝气生物膜反应器处理模拟生活废水,探讨运行条件、SPG膜污染及膜孔结构变化等因素对系统运行性能的影响.结果表明,空气通量、进水有机负荷、填料类型及床层孔隙率对COD去除性能影响较小,各运行条件下COD平均去除率保持在80%～90%.随着空气通量降低或进水有机负荷提高,溶解氧(DO)浓度显著下降,造成氨氮去除性能恶化,其平均去除率可由80%～90%降至20%～30%;同步硝化反硝化过程受此影响,总氮(TN)平均去除率也由30%～40%降至20%左右.此外,采用环形填料并提高床层孔隙率,有助于改善污染物去除性能.低空气通量或高进水负荷条件下,微气泡曝气的氧利用率接近100%.长期运行中,SPG膜表面生物膜生长及有机物累积会造成SPG膜污染,而在线清洗中碱性NaClO溶液侵蚀SPG膜孔结构,使SPG膜的平均孔径及孔隙率显著增大,从而影响SPG膜空气通透性.     

上层曝气式生物反应器填埋工艺特性的研究

通过实验室模拟填埋柱,将厌氧生物反应器与上层曝气式生物反应器进行对比研究,以探究好氧预处理-厌氧运行方式下生物反应器内固体垃圾、渗滤液性质以及填埋气回收率的变化特征.结果表明,厌氧生物反应器A1受酸抑制影响,实验过程中几乎无甲烷气体产生,垃圾层沉降高度5.4 cm,且主要归结于垃圾自身重力下的压实作用,渗滤液COD、VFA浓度高达70 000 mg·L-1和30000 mg·L-1,尚未出现降低趋势.好氧预处理则有效缓解了填埋柱内酸抑制现象,垃圾降解速度明显加快,产甲烷环境于曝气60 d内建立.至反应器运行结束,垃圾层沉降高度11.5 cm,渗滤液COD、VFA浓度分别降低至14000mg·L-1和8900 mg·L-1,甲烷累积产量61976 mL,回收利用率高达95%以上.然而,上层曝气式生物反应器操作模式相对比较复杂,其反应器运行效果还受到回灌操作和曝气条件等多方面因素的影响和制约.因此,需调节渗滤液回灌操作与曝气条件以实现反应器的高效运行.     

农副食品加工业高浓度废水的厌氧膜生物反应器技术

农副食品加工业COD年排放量在41种行业废水中排名第2,污染减排刻不容缓.农副食品加工业废水COD浓度高达8 000~30 000 mg·L-1,目前主要采用厌氧-好氧组合工艺处理,存在工艺流程长、管理难和成本高等问题.厌氧膜生物反应器(anaerobic membrane bioreactor,AnMBR)由于高效的膜与厌氧微生物协同作用,具有COD去除率高(92%~99%),COD负荷率高[2.3~19.8 kg·(m3·d)-1]等工艺特征,同时排泥少(SRT>40 d),基建成本低(HRT为8~12 h).根据高浓度COD的不同构成,COD甲烷化的限速步骤可分为水解酸化限速型、产甲烷限速型.AnMBR的膜污染特征及其控制比好氧MBR更为复杂和困难,现有膜污染控制措施包括错流过滤、曝气冲洗和膜松弛等.针对我国农副食品加工业高浓度废水达标排放的技术需求,AnMBR主要研究方向为提高COD去除率、控制膜污染和提高能源回收率,从而实现短流程厌氧的出水一步达标.     

高浓度炼油化工废水HA/O_1/O_2处理工艺及应用

主要探讨了一种新的A O工艺组合HA O1 O2 工艺及其技术特点 ,并成功应用于高浓度炼油化工废水处理。工艺采用膜法水解酸化 (HA)、一级泥法好氧 (O1 )和二级膜法好氧 (O2 ) ,设计总停留时间 5 0h。在设计进水水量30 0m3 h、CODCr=12 0 0mg L、BOD5=5 0 0mg L ,Oil≤ 2 0mg L ,pH =6～ 9的条件下 ,出水CODCr≤ 10 0mg L ,去除率达 92 %以上     

Integration of biological method and membrane technology in treating palm oil mill effluent

Palm oil industry is the most important agro-industry in Malaysia, but its by-product-palm oil mill effluent (POME), posed a great threat to water environment. In the past decades, several treatment and disposal methods have been proposed and investigated to solve this problem. A two-stage pilot-scale plant was designed and constructed for POME treatment. Anaerobic digestion and aerobic biodegradation constituted the first biological stage, while ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane units were combined as the second membrane separation stage. In the anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor, about 43% organic matter in POME was converted into biogas, and COD reduction efficiency reached 93% and 22% in EGSB and the following aerobic reactor, respectively. With the treatment in the first biological stage, suspended solids and oil also decreased to a low degree. All these alleviated the membrane fouling and prolonged the membrane life. In the membrane process unit, almost all the suspended solids were captured by UF membranes, while RO membrane excluded most of the dissolved solids or inorganic salts from RO permeate. After the whole treatment processes, organic matter in POME expressed by BOD and COD was removed almost thoroughly. Suspended solids and color were not detectable in RO permeate any more, and mineral elements only existed in trace amount (except for K and Na). The high-quality effluent was crystal clear and could be used as the boiler feed water.     

Integration of biological method and membrane technology in treating palm oil mill e uent

Palm oil industry is the most important agro-industry in Malaysia, but its by-product–palm oil mill e uent (POME), posed a great threat to water environment. In the past decades, several treatment and disposal methods have been proposed and investigated to solve this problem. A two-stage pilot-scale plant was designed and constructed for POME treatment. Anaerobic digestion and aerobic biodegradation constituted the first biological stage, while ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane units were combined as the second membrane separation stage. In the anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor, about 43% organic matter in POME was converted into biogas, and COD reduction e ciency reached 93% and 22% in EGSB and the following aerobic reactor, respectively.With the treatment in the first biological stage, suspended solids and oil also decreased to a low degree. All these alleviated the membrane fouling and prolonged the membrane life. In the membrane process unit, almost all the suspended solids were captured by UF membranes, while RO membrane excluded most of the dissolved solids or inorganic salts from RO permeate. After the whole treatment processes, organic matter in POME expressed by BOD and COD was removed almost thoroughly. Suspended solids and color were not detectable in RO permeate any more, and mineral elements only existed in trace amount (except for K and Na). The high-quality e uent was crystal clear and could be used as the boiler feed water.