Achieving and maintaining biological nitrogen removal via nitrite under normal conditions

The principal aim of this paper is to develop an approach to realize stable biological nitrogen removal via nitrite under normal conditions. Validation of the new method was established on laboratory-scale experiments applying the sequencing batch reactor（SBR） activated sludge process to domestic wastewater with low C/N ratio. The addition of sodium chloride（NaCI） to influent was established to achieve nitrite build-up. The high nitrite accumulation, depending on the salinity in influent and the application duration of salt, was obtained in SBRs treating saline wastewater. The maintenance results indicated that the real-time SBRs can maintain stable nitrite accumulation, but conversion from shorter nitrification-denitrification to full nitrification-denitrification was observed after some operation cycles in the other SBR with fixed-time control. The presented method is valuable to offer a solution to realize and to maintain nitrogen removal via nitrite under normal conditions.     

前置反硝化生物脱氮工艺实现亚硝酸氮积累的试验研究

通过试验实现了前置反硝化工艺亚硝酸氮的积累,从温度、pH值、游离氨(FA)浓度、污泥龄、溶解氧(DO)浓度等几个影响亚硝酸氮积累的主要因素逐一分析.采用中试装置在常温条件下处理实际生活污水.在试验开始阶段DO浓度维持在0.5mg/L,出现了亚硝酸氮的积累,随后提高DO浓度到1.5 mg/L以上,亚硝酸氮积累现象随之消失,最后又降低系统中的DO浓度到0.5 mg/L附近,亚硝酸氮积累现象再次出现,由此得出DO是实现亚硝酸氮积累的关键因素.试验发现有效地控制DO浓度在0.5 mg/L可实现亚硝酸氮比较持久稳定的积累.     

生物流化床内亚硝酸积累试验

利用下向流生物流化床反应器研究了生物膜在硝化过程中亚硝酸积累现象．结果表明,挂膜后反应器运行初期出现亚硝酸积累,但氨氮去除率仍可达到97％.随着硝酸菌的适应与增殖,出水中硝化产物以硝酸为主．进水氨氮浓度提高至200mg/L以上时,再次出现亚硝酸积累.在144mg/L和222mg/L进水浓度下,水力停留时间缩短到5h以下,则氨氮去除率下降且出水中亚硝酸所占比例明显上升;容积负荷提高到0.95kgNH₄⁺N/（m³·d）后也会如此反应器中DO降低到0．5～1mg/L会造成亚硝酸积累和氨氮去除率下降．硝化菌适应低氧环境后对氨氮的去除率仍能恢复到85％,但亚硝酸仍积累,这时生物膜中亚硝酸菌成为优势菌.本文还对影响亚硝酸积累的不同因素进行了分析．     

生物滤器处理海水养殖水过程中亚氮积累与影响因素

实验研究了竹环填料曝气生物滤器在处理高盐度、低氨氮负荷的海水养殖水体过程中NO2--N的积累现象,考察了进水有机负荷、NH4+-N负荷、温度、pH值和溶解氧等运行条件以及反硝化作用对NO2--N积累的影响.结果表明,在进水有机负荷为0.65~0.75kg/(m3·d)、NH4+-N负荷为0.058~0.077kg/(m3·d)、温度为20.9~22.2℃、pH值为7.50~8.14和溶解氧为7.43~9.73mg/L条件下,生物滤器内较低的溶解氧(0.91~1.36mg/L)是NO2--N积累的主要原因.同时,研究了反硝化过程中低溶解氧、不同碳氮比(C/N)及碳源类型等因素对NO2--N积累的影响,查明了生物滤器内含氮化合物的浓度变化与反硝化细菌的数量和功能,验证了反硝化过程对NO2--N积累的影响,明确了反硝化作用对NO2--N积累的促进作用.     

Performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen

In this study, three sequential batch biofilm reactors (SBBRs) were operated for 155 days to evaluate the performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen (DO). Synthetic wastewater with 160-mg NH4 ⁺-N/L was fed into the reactors. In the continuously-aerated reactor, the efficiency of the ammonium nitrogen conversion and total nitrogen (TN) removal reached 80% and 70%, respectively, with DO between 0.8–1.0 mg/L. Whereas in the intermittently-aerated reactor, at the aeration/non-aeration ratio of 1.0, ammonium was always under the detection limit and 86% of TN was removed with DO between 2.0–2.5 mg/L during the aeration time. Results show that CANON could be achieved in both continuous and intermittent aeration pattern. However, to achieve the same nitrogen removal efficiency, the DO needed in the intermittently-aerated sequential batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) during the aeration period was higher than that in the continuously-aerated SBBR. In addition, the DO in the CANON system should be adjusted to the aeration mode, and low DO was not a prerequisite to CANON process.     

碳源对反硝化过程NO2-积累及出水pH值的影响

采用序批式反应器(SBR),考察了以甲醇、乙醇、乙酸钠为碳源的电子供体对反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐积累及出水pH值的影响.结果表明,碳源充足时,亚硝酸盐积累量与碳源类型及污泥负荷有关.进水NO3--N为20mg/L,即低负荷条件下,各碳源系统仅有少量亚硝酸盐积累,比反硝化速率及出水pH值对应碳源依次为乙酸钠>乙醇>甲醇;高负荷条件下,除甲醇系统因反硝化不完全仅有微量亚硝酸盐积累外,乙醇和乙酸钠系统均有大量亚硝酸盐积累,且积累量与出水pH值明显高于低负荷.对以乙酸钠为碳源的研究还发现,不同电子受体投配比的反硝化均出现不同程度的亚硝酸盐积累且反应速率随着NO3--N比例提高而降低,说明亚硝酸盐的还原受到硝酸盐的抑制.pH值监测显示,除了与碳源类型及污泥负荷有关,反硝化过程pH值增量还随COD/N比升高.因此,反硝化过程宜采用乙酸钠与其他碳源混合且适量投加以消除单一碳源造成出水pH值过高或反应速率慢的不利影响.     

Performance of a completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite process for treating wastewater with different substrates at ambient temperature

The stability and parameters of a bio-ceramic filter for completely autotrophic nitrogen removal were investigated.The completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite(CANON) reactor was fed with different concentrations of ammonia(400,300,and 200mg N/L) but constant influent ammonia load.The results showed that the CANON system can achieve good treatment performance at ambient temperature(15-23°C).The average removal rate and removal loading of NH4+-N and TN was 83.90%,1.26kg N/(m3·day),and 70.14%,1.09kg N/(m3·day),respectively.Among the influencing factors like pH,dissolved oxygen and alkalinity,it was indicated that the pH was the key parameter of the performance of the CANON system.Observing the variation of pH would contribute to better control of the CANON system in an intuitive and fast way.Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of microorganisms further revealed that there were some significant changes in the community structure of ammonium oxidizing bacteria,which had low diversity in different stages,while the species of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing(anammox) bacteria were fewer and the community composition was relatively stable.These observations showed that anaerobic ammonia oxidation was more stable than the aerobic ammonia oxidation,which could explain that why the CANON system maintained a good removal efficiency under the changing substrate conditions.     

N2O emission from nitrogen removal via nitrite in oxic-anoxic granular sludge sequencing batch reactor

Bionitrification is considered to be a potential source of nitrous oxide （N2O） emissions, which are produced as a by-product during the nitrogen removal process. To investigate the production of N2O during the process of nitrogen removal via nitrite, a granular sludge was studied using a labscale sequence batch reactor operated with real-time control. The total production of N2O generated during the nitrification and denitrification processes were 1.724 mg/L and 0.125 mg/L, respectively, demonstrating that N2O is produced during both processes, with the nitrification phase generating larger amount. In addition, due to the NEO-N mass/oxidized ammonia mass ratio, it can be concluded that nitrite accumulation has a positive influence on N2O emissions. Results obtained from PCRDGGE analysis demonstrate that a specific Nitrosomonas microorganism is related to N2O emission.     

反硝化除磷工艺实现亚硝酸盐积累的参数优化

为促进反硝化除磷与厌氧氨氧化工艺的耦合,实现污水氮、磷的同步高效去除,构建序批式反应器(Sequencing batch reactor,SBR),优化了反硝化除磷工艺实现亚硝酸盐积累的工艺参数.SBR在厌氧-缺氧-微好氧运行条件下,缺氧段投加模拟硝酸盐工业废水逐步实现了反硝化除磷过程的亚硝酸盐积累.结果表明,经过142d的培养驯化,在进水C/P比为55时,缺氧段引入NO₃^--N浓度为23mg/L时,亚硝酸盐积累率为51.01%,NO₃^--N→NO₂^--N转化率为40.22%,硝酸盐去除率为72.14%,PO₄^3--P去除率最高达88.17%.出水COD浓度低于25mg/L,COD去除率维持在90%以上.微生物群落结构分析表明,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)为系统内优势菌门.通过参数优化实现了聚磷菌的驯化,Candidatus Accumulibacter为代表的反硝化聚磷菌丰度增加(累积丰度由1.49%增加到5.08%),以Candidatus Competibacter为代表的反硝化聚糖菌丰度增加更为明显(累积丰度由1.02%增加到15.49%),聚磷菌与聚糖菌的共同作用有利于实现除磷过程的亚硝酸盐累积.     

生物除磷脱氮工艺技术研究

采用厌氧－缺氧－好氧工艺（简称Ａ２／Ｏ工艺）,研究除磷脱氮的主要影响因素及其规律。结果表明,ＣＯＤ／ＴＰ值增大,总磷去除率提高,但当ＣＯＤ／ＴＰ＞６０时,提高缓慢;硝酸盐的存在对除磷有抑制;ＣＯＤ／ＴＫＮ＜１０时,总氮去除率随碳氮比增大而增加,大于此值几乎无影响;混合液回流比小于３时,回流比的变化对总磷总氮的去除均有影响;温度对脱氮的影响比除磷显著,小于１５℃氮去除率明显下降,而８～１０℃时仍有较好的除磷效果。     

低氧条件下A2/O工艺对城市污水脱氮处理的中试研究

以巢湖市某污水处理厂实际污水为处理对象,基于节能降耗的需求开展A²O工艺中试研究.研究结果表明：当溶解氧从2mg/L降至0.5mg/L时,COD和氨氮的去除率分别为80%和90%,去除性能并未受到影响,没有出现亚硝酸积累,而TN的去除率有较大幅度的提升,从15%提升至44%.低溶解氧条件下,温度降低主要对TN去除率产生影响,从夏季的44%下降至冬季的29%,而氨氮的去除率仍维持在90%以上.由于进水碳源不足,出水主要以硝酸盐氮为主,低温脱氮率仅为29%.长期低氧条件下运行,AOB和NOB的优势种属为Nitrosomonadaceae和Nitrospira,相对丰度分别为2.33%和6.40%.系统NOB在数量和动力学性能上均优于AOB,同时发现存在Denitratisoma好氧反硝化菌,其相对丰度为1.59%.研究结果为低氧条件下实现城市污水脱氮提供了理论和实践依据.     

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in step feeding biological nitrogen removal process

The simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in step-feeding biological nitrogen removal process were investigated under different influent substrate concentrations and aeration flow rates.Biological occunenee of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification was verified in the aspect of nitrogen mass balance and alkalinity.The experimental results also showed that there was a distinct linear relationship between simultaneous nitrification and denitrification and DO concentration under the conditions of low and high aeration flow rate.In each experimental run the floc sizes of activated sludge were also measured and the results showed that simultaneous nitrification and denitriflcation could occur with very small size of floc.     

亚硝酸盐型同步脱氮除硫工艺单质硫产率及特性

采用SBR同步脱氮除硫反应器,设置了化学对照组(灭菌,不添加污泥)和生物试验组(添加污泥),以期研究亚硝酸盐型同步脱氮除硫工艺中S0的产率以及特性.发现化学对照组中NO2--N和S2--S的去除率最高可分别达到25.07％和62.26％,其主要产物为NH4+-N和S2SO32--S,并无S0生成.而在生物试验组中,NO...     

基于竖流式一体化反应器实现自养生物脱氮研究

为了更好地实现亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化工艺联合,根据亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化微生物的生长特性设计了一种新型的自养生物脱氮反应器.通过接种亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化微生物,研究了实现该反应器自养生物脱氮的可行性和运行特性.实验结果表明,该单一反应器能够实现亚硝化与厌氧氨氧化菌的分区培养.经过104d的运行,反应器脱氮效能从0.25kg/(m3·d)上升到1.46kg/(m3·d).利用亚硝化曝气尾气和厌氧区产生的氮气实现了亚硝化液的气升回流,进气量(X)与回流量(Y)呈现出Y＝2.8X－37.1的线性关系.回流比由最初的4上升到14,未对厌氧区环境产生影响,厌氧区ORP始终保持在-500mV左右.同时回流液稀释了进水氨氮浓度,缓和了基质对厌氧氨氧化菌的影响.     

盐度对厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)生物脱氮效率的影响研究

利用UASB反应器,采用厌氧氨氧化（Anammox）工艺处理模拟废水,经过106d无盐运行后,进行加盐试验（其盐度范围为0～33g.L-1,以NaCl计）,探讨盐度对Anammox菌脱氮效率的影响.结果表明：适合Anammox菌驯化的最初盐度为2.5g.L-1;当盐度≤30g.L-1时,随着盐度的增加,Anammox菌...     

胞外聚合物磷酸盐形态对生物除磷过程的影响研究

以不同DO条件下污泥龄(SRT)分别为10 d和30 d的两组实验室A/O-SBR反应器活性污泥为研究对象,探讨了胞外聚合物(EPS)磷酸盐形态对生物除磷过程的影响.结果表明,污泥絮体中的磷主要分布于EPS中,PO3-4-P和聚磷酸盐(Poly-P,包括低分子量聚磷酸盐LMW PolyP和高分子量聚磷酸盐HMW Poly-P)是EPS磷的主要形态;EPS对生物除磷的影响明显大于细菌细胞,EPS磷的厌氧降低量和好氧升高量为胞内磷变化量的2.8~6.4倍.EPS中的LMW Poly-P和HMW Poly-P含量均表现厌氧降低和好氧升高的变化规律;对于相同SRT的污泥,中DO(2.5~3.5 mg·L-1)条件较低DO(0.7~1.0 mg·L-1)条件下EPS的LMW Poly-P和HMW Poly-P有更大的厌氧降低量和好氧升高量,对应着更明显的生物除磷过程,说明EPS不仅是生物除磷过程的中转站,而且参与了生物聚磷过程.     

脉冲式SBR处理垃圾渗滤液短程深度脱氮工艺特性

以城市垃圾渗滤液为研究对象,采用脉冲式SBR工艺进行短程深度脱氮试验研究.基于理论分析,建立了进水次数对脉冲式SBR法脱氮效率的影响公式,同时应用过程控制优化工艺运行.结果表明,脉冲式SBR工艺通过短程生物脱氮途径,NH4+-N和TN的去除率分别达到95.8%和90.0%以上,最终出水NH4+-N和TN分别低于5.0,15.0mg/L.精准的过程控制是脉冲式SBR工艺短程生物脱氮实现及稳定的主要因素.随着进水次数的增加,外碳源投加量明显减少.因此,采用脉冲式SBR处理垃圾渗滤液,可实现深度脱氮和节省运行费用双重目的.     

生物膜—膜生物反应器脱氮除磷性能

在膜生物反应器中投加聚乙烯悬浮填料,考察生物膜—膜生物反应器对生活污水中污染物质去除效果.结果表明,投加悬浮填料使膜生物反应器去除有机污染物质的能力得到增强,总氮、总磷的平均去除率由45.5%和47.2%分别增至57.4%和71.8%.投加悬浮填料还可以延缓膜污染,膜生物反应器中膜丝比流量在试验结束时为0.1L/(hkPa),而未投加悬浮填料的膜生物反应器中膜丝比流量降至0.036L/(hkPa).     

低C/N比条件下高效生物脱氮策略分析

针对低C/N比污水传统生物脱氮碳源不足、脱氮效率不高,提出从充分利用碳源和减少生物脱氮碳源需求量两个方面,来实现高效生物脱氮.在充分利用碳源方面,介绍了好氧缺氧分段进水工艺、脉冲式SBR工艺等改进型生物脱氮工艺;在减少生物脱氮碳源需求量方面,介绍了短程硝化反硝化、厌氧氨氧化、完全自养脱氮等新型生物脱氮技术.并对这些技术和工艺的原理、优势、存在的问题以及应用情况进行了简要的分析.     

排水速率对潮汐流人工湿地中CANON作用的强化

为强化潮汐流人工湿地（TFCW）中基于亚硝化的全程自养脱氮（CANON）作用,探究了不同排水速率（v_d）下系统中氮素的迁移转化机制与微生物特征.结果表明,v_d可显著影响TFCW中脱氮功能微生物的数量与活性,进而影响其氮素转化速率.当v_d由1.00降至0.50L/min时,填料层中逐渐形成较为严格的限氧环境,有利于短程硝化的稳定和厌氧氨氧化菌的富集,进而有助于CANON反应体系在TFCW中形成.而当v_d小于0.50L/min时,填料层中溶解氧相对不足,好氧氨氧化菌活性受到抑制,数量随之减少,CANON作用的强化效果有限,系统脱氮性能受到影响.当v_d为0.50L/min时,TFCW中的CANON作用可得到最大限度的强化,系统脱氮性能达到最佳,其TN和NH₄⁺-N的去除负荷分别为（116.79±13.16）和（102.75±4.35） mg/（L·d）.对v_d的合理设置可实现TFCW中CANON作用的强化,有利于CANON型人工湿地的构建.