红壤上直接施用磷矿粉的增产效果和改土作用

综述了红壤上施用磷矿粉对油菜产量、土壤铝毒和土壤化学性质的影响，认为磷矿粉直接施用于酸性土壤上，除增加土壤有效磷含量从而提高作物产量外，还能提高土壤ｐＨ值，增加交换性钙含量和降低交换态铝含量，增加土壤负电荷量，是一种低投入的土壤改良剂，在有条件的地区宜予推广。     

不同磷肥对棕壤吸附铜的影响

采用等温平衡法研究3种性质不同的磷肥（磷酸二铵,钙镁磷肥和磷矿粉）对棕壤铜吸附量的影响,并应用Freundlich方程Cs=KfCen分析土壤铜的吸附特征。结果表明,与不施磷肥处理（对照）相比,当n（磷）：n（铜）=1：1时,钙镁磷肥和磷矿粉增加棕壤对铜的吸附量,分别增加107%和158%;不同用量的磷酸二铵均会降低棕壤对铜的吸附能力;增加非水溶性磷肥（钙镁磷肥和磷矿粉）的施用量,能增加棕壤对铜的吸附量,提高棕壤的吸附能力;高量磷矿粉的作用效果最为明显。由此可知,为降低农产品质量安全风险,铜污染棕壤上不宜施用磷酸二铵,但可选用磷矿粉作为肥源。     

Trace element analysis of soil samples from a stratified archaeological site

Thirty-eight soil samples from a sondage excavated through a 6- metre stratified tell (Gomoiava, in central Yugoslavia) have been analysed for nine biophile elements: Mg, Sr, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mn, Cr, Pb and B. The site was occupied from 7000 BC to 500 AD (calendar years). The results have been collated with earlier estimates of P and Ca, made on a larger series of samples from the same site. The results are discussed in terms of useful information, to supplement that given by phosphate analysis, about stratification and the relationship of the settlement to its environment.It is concluded that leaching probably distorts the results for Ca and Mg. The results for Mn may help to distinguish phosphate accumulation due to man from that due to farm livestock. There is significant accumulation of Sr and B, both of which have potential value, although some of the analytical results for the latter are suspect. The results for Zn, Cu and Ni are highly correlated, with sharp peaks which couid provide precise information about individual strata when more experience of interpretation has been gained. Only Cr and Pb appear to provide little useful information at this site.     

磷酸盐在土壤中吸附与解吸研究进展

就国内外有关磷酸盐在土壤中的吸附与解吸的研究进行了简要的综述,重点是关于磷酸盐的吸附研究包括磷酸盐在土壤中吸附的数学模拟、土壤吸附磷酸盐的机制、影响磷酸盐吸附的土壤组分、磷酸盐在土壤中解吸及其与吸附的关系以及有机无机土壤改良剂对磷酸盐吸附的影响,并提出了有待进一步研究的问题。     

Measurement of natural radioactivity in chemical fertilizer and agricultural soil: evidence of high alpha activity

People are exposed to ionizing radiation from the radionuclides that are present in different types of natural sources, of which phosphate fertilizer is one of the most important sources. Radionuclides in phosphate fertilizer belonging to ²³²Th and ²³⁸U series as well as radioisotope of potassium (⁴⁰K) are the major contributors of outdoor terrestrial natural radiation. The study of alpha activity in fertilizers, which is the first ever in West Bengal, has been performed in order to determine the effect of the use of phosphate fertilizers on human health. The data have been compared with the alpha activity of different types of chemical fertilizers. The measurement of alpha activity in surface soil samples collected from the cultivated land was also performed. The sampling sites were randomly selected in the cultivated land in the Midnapore district, which is the largest district in West Bengal. The phosphate fertilizer is widely used for large agricultural production, mainly potatoes. The alpha activities have been measured using solid-state nuclear track detectors (SSNTD), a very sensitive detector for alpha particles. The results show that alpha activity of those fertilizer and soil samples varies from 141 Bq/kg to 2,589 Bq/kg and from 109 Bq/kg to 660 Bq/kg, respectively. These results were used to estimate environmental radiation exposure on human health contributed by the direct application of fertilizers.     

Influence of phosphate on deposition and detachment of TiO2 nanoparticles in soil

We examined influence of phosphate on transport of TiO₂ NPs in soil. Deposition was reduced at higher pH and by adsorption of phosphate in soil. Release was more for NPs initially deposited at higher pH. Release was more for NPs initially deposited in the presence of phosphate. Surface roughness and charge heterogeneity play a role in the deposition/ release. The widespread use of TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) makes inevitable their release into the soil. Phosphate is also widespread within soil, and is likely copresent with TiO₂ NPs. However, the influence of phosphate on deposition/release— and thereby on transport— of TiO₂ NPs in soil is yet to be elucidated. In this study we conducted saturated column experiments to systematically examine the transport of TiO₂ NPs in soil amended with phosphate at different ionic strengths (ISs) (1, 10, 100 mmol/L NaCl) and pHs (4 and 9). Results show that the deposition of TiO₂ NPs decreased with decreasing IS, increasing pH, and when soil absorbed phosphate. These observations are qualitatively in agreement with Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) interaction energy calculations, because the repulsive energy barrier is larger and secondary minimum depth is smaller at a lower IS, higher pH, and in the presence of phosphate. Accordingly, both primary- and secondary-minimum deposition were inhibited. Interestingly, although the deposition was less at higher pH and in the presence of phosphate, the subsequent spontaneous detachment and detachment by reduction of solution IS in these cases were greater. In addition, the presence of phosphate in the solution can cause a small quantity of attached TiO₂ NPs to detach, even without perturbations of physical and chemical conditions. Our study was the first to investigate the influence of phosphate on detachment of TiO₂ NPs and the results have important implication for accurate prediction of fate and transport of TiO₂ NPs in subsurface environments.     

不同水型水稻土施氮磷肥效果及施用技术的研究

通过在湖北省几种主要成土母质上对不同水型水稻土施用氮磷肥效果及施用技术的研究．初步明确了氮肥的施用效果为淹育型水稻土＞潴育型水稻土＞潜育型水稻土．磷肥效果与之相反．从土壤养分状况、氮肥和磷肥的当季利用率、土壤微生物、土壤还原性物质含量和水土温度等方面，初步分析了不同水型水稻土氮磷肥效果差异的原因．提出了不同水型水稻土氮磷肥的施用技术．     

Data handling and pattern recognition for metal contaminated soils

In the laboratory sciences good experimental design minimises the effects of any disturbing variables so that hypotheses are amenable to to relatively unambiguous testing. But in the field sciences such variables cannot be controlled and data are inherently variable. Subsequent hypothesis testing must rely on a careful statistical interpretation of noisy data. This paper describes one systematic approach to interpreting the results from surveys of metal contaminated soils. Since contaminating metals are also present naturally in soil, anthropogenic excesses are recognised through statistical tests on the data. The nature of pollution processes also leads to the generation of distinct spatial patterns which may be evaluated through appropriate computergraphic techniques.     

中酸性土壤无机磷形态及生物有效性

在黄棕壤和棕红壤上施用磷肥,经三年室内湿润条件下培养,用石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法测定各形态磷含量.各形态用增量的分配比例表明,Fe-P居首位,其次为Al-P和O-P.三级Ca-P之和在20％以下.经培养的土壤种植黑麦草,其生物量和吸磷量与各形态磷量的相关系数除Ca10-P外,均达到极显著水准.土壤有效磷与各形态磷的相关性表明,Ca2-P是土壤有效磷的直接给源（r=0.992）,Fe-P、Al-P是有效磷的重要潜在性给源（r分别为0.982和0.914）,O-P、Ca10-P为无效态磷（r=-0.168）.     

有机肥及其施用方法对红壤磷吸附和解吸特征的影响

利用有机肥大田定位试验，研究有机肥及其施用方法对水旱轮作的红壤磷吸附和解吸特征的影响．结果表明，施用有机肥料后土壤对磷的吸附量减少．吸附结合能常数Ｋ值下降，土壤对磷的亲和力减小．有机肥集中施于冬作的处理其吸附量小于分两季施用的处理．与吸附相反，吸附量大的处理其解吸量小，施用有机肥后，磷解吸量增加．有机肥集中施用的处理其解吸量高于分两季施用的处理．有机肥对低平衡浓度下的磷的解吸影响最大，即有机肥能促进高能吸附阶段的磷的解吸，由于这一阶段吸附的磷通常是很难解吸的，因此这对提高磷的有效性有极其重要的意义．     

砖红壤对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附-解吸反应动力学研究

研究了表面覆盖度、H2PO-4等因素对砖红壤吸附Cr(Ⅵ)反应动力学的影响,以及土壤与Cr(Ⅵ)反应时间对表面吸附态C r(Ⅵ)解吸量的影响,还对土壤吸附Cr(Ⅵ)机理进行了初步探讨.在所研究的pH值范围内,砖红壤对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量随离子强度增加而减少,这表明砖红壤吸附Cr(Ⅵ)机理中存在静电吸附.动力学实验表明,当Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度较高时(0.1 mmo.ll-1),吸附反应速率开始比较快,持续约5m in,随后逐渐减缓.而当Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度较低时(0.05 mmo.ll-1),土壤对其吸附速率十分迅速,5m in内的吸附量占总吸附量的96%以上.该结果表明,表面覆盖度越低,吸附反应速率越快.H2PO-4的存在将降低吸附反应速率和吸附量.H2PO-4对土壤表面吸附态Cr(Ⅵ)的解吸反应动力学也表现出双速率特征,即开始比较迅速而随后逐渐变缓.当延长土壤对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附时间后,Cr(Ⅵ)吸附量虽然没有增加,但其解吸量却减少,这说明吸附态Cr(Ⅵ)滞留在土壤表面期间,其结合形态向难解吸态方向发生了转变.     

Evaluation of Electrokinetic Remediation of Arsenic-contaminated Soils

The potential of electrokinetic (EK) remediation technology has been successfully demonstrated for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated fine-grained soils through laboratory scale and field application studies. Arsenic contamination in soil is a serious problem affecting both site use and groundwater quality. The EK technology was evaluated for the removal of arsenic from two soil samples; a kaolinite soil artificially contaminated with arsenic and an arsenic-bearing tailing-soil taken from the Myungbong (MB) gold mine area. The effectiveness of enhancing agents was investigated using three different types of cathodic electrolytes; deionized water (DIW), potassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The results of the experiments on the kaolinite show that the potassium phosphate was the most effective in extracting arsenic, probably due to anion exchange of arsenic species by phosphate. On the other hand, the sodium hydroxide seemed to be the most efficient in removing arsenic from the tailing-soil. This result may be explained by the fact that the sodium hydroxide increased the soil pH and accelerated ionic migration of arsenic species through the desorption of arsenic species as well as the dissolution of arsenic-bearing minerals.     

Release of phosphorous from igneous phosphate rock through bioturbation: a low-cost approach for phosphorous fertilization in fish farms

The influence of bioturbation caused by common carp fry was treated in 24 transparent polythene jars (5?L each) in the laboratory and in outdoor vats (150?L), increasing the fertilizer value of phosphate rock in eight treatment combinations in triplicate. Input of water soluble reactive phosphate (SRP) was determined to quantify the effects of bioturbation, fish excrements and soil. The level of SRP in water was always lowest in the control series. Introduction of common carp fry resulted in a net increase of 0.009–0.010?mg phosphate g^?1day^?1 of SRP attributable to the effect of fish excrement. Bioturbation caused by common carp resulted in as high as a 64.8 to 90% influx of phosphate from bottom soil in the presence of phosphate rock but only about 6.3 to 7.2% in the absence of phosphate rock. The bioturbation that occurred in this treatment resulted in a significant release of phosphorous into the overlying water from an apatite source. The results confirm the environment friendly application of phosphate rock in fish-farming ponds at low cost.     

三江源国家公园不同草地土壤微生物功能基因的差异性分析

土壤微生物在陆地生物地球化学循环过程中起着非常重要的作用。为了探索青藏高原高寒草地类型地上植被特性和地下土壤环境与土壤微生物功能基因之间关系,以三江源国家公园高寒草原、高寒沼泽化草甸及高寒草甸3种典型草地类型为研究对象,利用基因芯片(GeoChip 5.0)技术测定其微生物功能基因丰度,并分析它们之间的差异及影响因素。结果表明:(1)3种草地类型地上群落结构和地下土壤环境存在差异性,其中高寒草原物种多样性指数、pH值较高,沼泽化草甸中土壤含水量、微生物量碳、地上生物量、土壤速效氮含量较高,高寒草甸中则是土壤微生物量氮含量较高;(2)3种高寒草地类型的碳循环、氮循环、磷循环、有机修复的土壤微生物功能基因丰度存在显著差异,其中这些功能基因的丰度在高寒沼泽化草甸最高,高寒草甸、高寒草原次之;(3)地上植物物种多样性虽对功能基因丰度变化的解释率(r2)在57.1%-61.2%之间,但统计学上不显著(P>0.05),而微生物基因丰度随地上生物量的增加而增加,且解释率(r2)为77.5%-80.0%(P<0.05)。在pH、土壤含水量、土壤微生物量等地下土壤环境因子中,pH对功能基因丰度存在显著影响(P<0.01)解释率在83.4%-87.5%间,且土壤微生物功能基因丰度随土壤pH的增加而降低;土壤含水量、土壤微生物量对土壤微生物功能基因丰度的解释率分别为81.9%-83.1%(P<0.05)和76.8%-86.2%(P<0.05),微生物功能基因丰度随这两者含量的增加呈上升趋势。进一步运用RDA分析发现,pH、土壤微生物量、地上生物量是影响微生物功能基因丰度的主要因子,其中土壤微生物量是土壤有机质的重要组成部分,土壤有机质又是通过地上植被凋落物沉积所得到的。因此,地上植被特性的自上而下控制因子影响了土壤环境中自下而上的控制因子,间接的影响了微生物功能基因丰度。由此得出,地上植被特性和地下土壤环境因子共同作用控制了微生物功能基因丰度使其出现差异性。     

不同剖面层次土壤磷素运移研究

以陕西杨凌地区塿土为研究对象,通过饱和稳定流土柱运移试验,测定磷酸盐(H_2PO_4~-)在不同层次土壤中的运移穿透曲线(BTC),应用CDE模型、CXTFIT软件程序对其实测穿透曲线(BTC)进行拟合求其运移参数,研究其运移规律。结果表明,磷酸盐在塿土中的运移受到土壤的强烈阻滞作用,随着CaCO_3含量增加,磷酸盐运移所受的阻滞作用增大。磷酸盐在塿土不同剖面层次中运移所受阻滞作用大小与CaCO_3含量呈极显著的正相关,r=0.9791;而与粘粒含量且成极显著的负相关、r=0.9318。磷酸盐在塿土不同土层运移所受阻滞作用大小顺序为:钙积层>堆垫表层>粘化层,其阻滞因子R值分别为:11.80～13.00,5.20～7.00,3.90～5.00。     

Spatial prediction of soil contamination based on machine learning: a review

● A review of machine learning (ML) for spatial prediction of soil contamination. ● ML have achieved significant breakthroughs for soil contamination prediction. ● A structured guideline for using ML in soil contamination is proposed. ● The guideline includes variable selection, model evaluation, and interpretation. Soil pollution levels can be quantified via sampling and experimental analysis; however, sampling is performed at discrete points with long distances owing to limited funding and human resources, and is insufficient to characterize the entire study area. Spatial prediction is required to comprehensively investigate potentially contaminated areas. Consequently, machine learning models that can simulate complex nonlinear relationships between a variety of environmental conditions and soil contamination have recently become popular tools for predicting soil pollution. The characteristics, advantages, and applications of machine learning models used to predict soil pollution are reviewed in this study. Satisfactory model performance generally requires the following: 1) selection of the most appropriate model with the required structure; 2) selection of appropriate independent variables related to pollutant sources and pathways to improve model interpretability; 3) improvement of model reliability through comprehensive model evaluation; and 4) integration of geostatistics with the machine learning model. With the enrichment of environmental data and development of algorithms, machine learning will become a powerful tool for predicting the spatial distribution and identifying sources of soil contamination in the future.     

石灰、钙镁磷肥对烤烟生产及土壤酸度调节的影响

广东植烟土壤酸度普查结果表明，沙泥田的pH值在3．45～5．75之间，大于5．5的很少。pH值偏低是制约沙泥田烤烟产量、质量进一步提高的主要障碍因子之一。在沙泥田烟区进行石灰施用量及提高钙镁磷肥施用比例的试验结果表明，随着石灰施用量的增加，气斑病、青枯病有下降的趋势；而赤腥病有上升的趋势，而烤烟的产值、均价、上等烟率等都是在石灰施用量1500kg／hm^2时为最高。提高钙镁磷肥的施用比例，烤烟的产量、产值、均价、上等烟率等也相应提高。施用石灰及钙镁磷肥均有提高土壤pH值的作用。建议在沙泥田烟区每公顷施石灰1500kg，全部以钙镁磷肥作为磷的来源。     

Geochemistry,mineralogy, solid-phase fractionation and oral bioaccessibility of lead in urban soils of Lisbon

An urban survey of Lisbon, the largest city in Portugal, was carried out to investigate its environmental burden, emphasizing metallic elements and their public health impacts. This paper examines the geochemistry of lead (Pb) and its influence on human health data. A total of 51 soil samples were collected from urban recreational areas used by children to play outdoors. The semi-quantitative analysis of Pb was carried out by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after an acid digestion. X-ray diffraction was used to characterize the soil mineralogy. The solid-phase distribution of Pb in the urban soils was investigated on a subset of 7 soils, out of a total of 51 samples, using a non-specific sequential extraction method coupled with chemometric analysis. Oral bioaccessibility measurements were obtained using the Unified BARGE Method developed by the Bioaccessibility Research Group of Europe. The objectives of the study are as follows: (1) investigation of Pb solid-phase distribution; (2) interpretation of Pb oral bioaccessibility measurements; (3) integration of metal geochemistry with human health data; and (4) understanding the influence of geochemistry and mineralogy on oral bioaccessibility. The results show that the bioaccessible fraction of Pb is lower when major metal fractions are associated with less soluble soil phases such as Fe oxyhydroxides, and more increased when the metal is in the highly soluble carbonate phase. However, there is some evidence that the proportion of carbonates in the soil environment is also a key control over the oral bioaccessibility of Pb, irrespective of its solid-phase fractionation.     

水稻小麦种植模式下长期定位施肥土壤氮的垂直变化及氮储量

为了研究不同的施肥方式对土壤全氮变化及氮储量的影响,1981年在湖北省农业科学院南湖试验站设置了施用有机肥与化肥的长期定位田间试验,2006年水稻收获后田间取样分析每个处理不同土层的全氮含量与氮储量。研究结果表明：与对照相比,单施化肥与单施有机肥0～20cm土层土壤的容重下降,化肥添加有机肥比相应的单施化肥的容重要低一些。除了对照之外,其它处理都是0～20cm土层土壤全氮含量高于其它土层,氮肥配施有机肥处理0～20cm土层土壤全氮含量最高。除了氮磷钾肥配施过量有机肥处理外,化肥配施有机肥处理土壤的全氮含量都高于单施化肥或单施有机肥处理,20～40cm土层土壤全氮含量具有相似的规律。在0～20cm土层,与对照相比,单施氮肥及氮磷肥不能增加土壤全氮储量,但是化肥配施有机肥能够增加土壤全氮的储量。单施氮磷钾肥及单施有机肥也能够增加土壤全氮的储量。在0～20cm土层,氮肥配施有机肥处理的土壤全氮储量最多,达8.82t·hm-2,而氮肥处理的氮储量最低,仅为5.38t·hm-2。在100cm深度,与单施化肥及单施有机肥相比,化肥配施有机肥都增加了土壤全氮的储量。