基于DPSIRM概念框架模型的岩溶区水资源安全评价

针对目前水资源安全评价中存在的评价指标片面性、单个指标隶属信息遗漏及权重确定主观性问题,以岩溶典型区-贵州省为例,结合岩溶地区水资源的特点,构建基于驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应-管理(DPSIRM)概念框架的岩溶区水资源安全DPSIRM评价指标体系,借助灰色-集对模型对贵州省2005~2012年水资源安全进行定量评价,研究结果表明: 2005和2006年整个贵州省水资源安全处于临界安全状态,2007~2012年处于较安全状态,贵州省水资源安全呈现整体转好的态势.水资源的状态和水资源管理是目前影响贵州省水资源安全的重要因素;因此,在继续调整经济结构转变增长方式同时,提高水资源的利用效率,加大水资源基础设施建设的投入,加强水资源管理制度建设和提高水资源管理制度的落实情况,是贵州省水资源安全的根本保障;该评价模型和指标体系适用性较强,评价结果较为客观,为岩溶地区水资源安全评价提供了一个新视角和新方法.     

基于DEA的贵州省水资源利用效率评价

良好的水资源利用效率有利于缓解贵州省"工程性"缺水突出的问题。采用数据包络分析法,选取万元GDP取水量、万元工业增加值取水量、人均日生活用水量、人均日综合用水量和单位水固定资产投资作为投入指标,GDP作为产出指标,对贵州省9个州市2010年和2013年的水资源利用效率进行对比评价。结果显示,贵州省整体水资源利用效率属中等水平,贵阳市、遵义市和毕节市的水资源利用效率相对较高;加大技术投入,调整产业结构,提升节水意识是提高贵州省水资源利用效率的有效途径。     

云南省水资源时空分布格局及综合评价

水资源安全是山区资源环境安全和山区资源环境承载力研究的核心问题之一。在分析云南省水资源时空分布格局的基础上,提出了云南省水资源安全综合评价指标体系,采用层次分析法确定了各指标的权重,构建了云南省水资源安全综合评价模型,对云南省水资源安全状态以及优、劣势因素进行了评价分析。研究结果表明云南省水资源时空分布不均,社会经济条件较好的滇中地区水资源短缺严重,在95%保证率下,昆明市人均水资源量仅为611m³,水资源压力最大。对云南省各市（州）水资源安全综合评价表明,云南省水资源安全地域差异突出,云南省南部和西南部水资源安全形势较好,其中西双版纳州和德宏州水资源安全指数超过0.58,属安全等级;云南省东部地区水资源安全形势不容乐观,其中云南省东北部的昭通市水资源安全形势最为严峻,水资源安全指数仅为0.24,是全省平均水平的55.68%;另外,滇中地区的楚雄州由于地处干热河谷地区,季节性水资源短缺非常严重,水资源安全问题同样严重。水资源量是影响云南省水资源安全最重要的因素,工程性缺水和干旱问题亦非常突出。因此,必须加强水利工程建设力度,重点解决人畜饮水困难问题,提高农田旱涝保收率,同时重视水生态环境保护,提高水资源利用效率,提升抵御干旱灾害和水资源短缺的能力。     

中国区域水资源可持续利用评价及类型划分

基于可持续发展理念 ,分析了水资源可持续利用的特征 ,构建了评价水资源可持续利用的评价指标体系 ,从水资源现状、水资源利用效率、水资源可持续利用压力和水资源可持续利用能力 4个方面对水资源可持续利用状况进行综合评价 .按照此评价指标体系 ,采用定性和定量相结合的方法 ,对我国 31个省市自治区的水资源可持续利用状况进行评价 ,然后按照评价结果将其分为高发展组、较高发展组、中等发展组、较低发展组和低发展组 5个类型 .从空间分布上看 ,水资源可持续利用状况基本呈现从东南沿海向西北内陆逐渐递减的趋势 .从影响水资源可持续利用的因素看 ,除了水资源禀赋外 ,水资源利用效率低下成为制约水资源可持续利用的另一个重要因素 .从评价中还发现 ,水资源禀赋同水资源利用效率呈现一定的反相关关系 .     

基于DEA模型的国内各地区节能减排效率研究

运用数据包络分析（DEA）方法,从宏观角度将国内各地区作为开展节能减排成效评价的基本单位,从不同的角度对节能减排各项指标进行了分类,建立节能减排效率评价指标体系模型。并在此基础上综合分析了2007年全国31个省、市、自治区的能源、水资源利用效率以及废水、SO2综合治理绩效和效率。分析表明,中国能源、水资源的利用效率、废水、SO2治理和排放效率虽有普遍提高,但整体效率仍比较低,节能减排的潜力很大。     

干旱半干旱地域灌区水资源综合效益评价体系研究

干旱半干旱地域灌区农业发展,既受水资源短缺制约,又受生态环境和社会因素的影响。论文基于水资源可持续发展的观点,认为灌区水资源优化配置必须考虑经济效益、生态效益和社会效益的协调和综合影响。文中建立了灌区水资源综合效益评价的数学模型。在分析该区水资源利用特点基础上,提出了综合效益评价的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益类等44项评价指标。应用层次分析法(AHP)原理,对构建的模型进行了研究。并以陕西省宝鸡峡灌区为例,利用所建模型进行了综合评价。评价结果可为灌区水资源评价、管理及节水规划提供决策依据。     

保定市水资源承载力研究

水资源承载力的研究是可持续发展和水资源安全战略研究中的一个基础课题。在分析保定市2005年-2007年用水数据的基础上,利用模糊综合评判模型建立评判矩阵,选取了人均供水量、废污水处理率、水质优良率、人均GDP等8个主要因素作为评价因素组成水资源承载力综合评价的指标体系,对保定市水资源承载力进行了综合评价,以便为保定市节约水资源,加强水资源的优化配置,实现水资源的高效利用提供科学依据,对保定市农业生产、生态安全以及社会经济可持续发展具有重要意义。     

基于PSO优化逻辑斯蒂曲线的水资源安全评价模型

论文引入“压力-状态-响应”框架模型构建区域水资源安全定量评价的指标体系,采用逻辑斯蒂（Logistic）曲线模拟区域水资源安全评价,公式中的参数采用粒子群算法（PSO）进行优化,并用灵敏度分析的方法对公式进行了可靠性分析。优化好的Logistic指数公式用于安徽省16个地级市水资源安全评价,计算得到各地级市评价指数和相应的评价等级,并对压力层、状态层、响应层子系统进行分析。评价结果表明,基于粒子群算法优化的Logistic指数公式用于区域水资源安全评价,具有合理性和可行性,能为区域水资源规划与管理决策提供科学依据。     

祁连山空中云水资源开发利用效益预测与评估

利用社会效益、经济效益和生态效益3 个方面25 项指标, 建立了空中云水资源开发利用综 合效益的评价体系。同时对祁连山区人工增雨对径流的影响作了预估, 在此基础上, 对祁连山云水 资源开发利用后山前走廊各流域水资源状况及社会经济状况进行了合理的预测。最后, 选用其中 11 项指标, 并运用层次分析法对祁连山空中云水资源开发利用效益进行了评价。结果表明: 祁连山 空中云水资源开发利用对山前走廊的社会、经济、生态等效益均显著增加, 祁连山区通过人工增雨, 降水增加10%时, 河西地区综合效益将提高5.3%, 降水增加20%时, 综合效益提高12.5%。     

三峡水库运行后荆南三口地区水资源安全状态及归因分析

论文基于驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应（DPSIR）概念模型,建立荆南三口地区水资源安全评价指标体系,运用熵权模糊综合评价法评判该地区2000—2015年的水资源安全状态且以Ⅰ~Ⅴ等级来表征水资源安全由弱到强的状态,并运用因子分析法分析水资源安全状态变化的动因。结果表明：在2000—2015年间三口地区整体水资源安全的综合评价结果以Ⅲ等级占主导,为整体评价结果的45.83%,尚处在中间水平,并在时空上呈现出明显的阶段性变化：1）从时间上看,华容县水资源安全状态从2000年的Ⅱ等级上升到2015年的Ⅴ等级,其水资源安全隶属度整体上由低等级向高等级过渡;而安乡县水资源安全状态在2000—2002年处于Ⅳ~Ⅴ等级,三峡水库运行后下降到Ⅲ等级,且在各个等级上其水资源的安全隶属度变化幅度小,高等级增长缓慢;南县水资源安全状态在此期间波动幅度较大,2000—2002年从Ⅲ等级下降到Ⅱ等级,2003年后又缓慢上升到Ⅲ等级,但在2010后其水资源安全状态从Ⅱ等级下降到Ⅰ等级,并在2011—2013年连续3 a处于Ⅰ等级状态,其水资源安全隶属度在三峡水库运行后波动较大,主要向低等级方向移动。2）从空间上看,三峡水库运行前荆南三口地区水资源安全状态由高到低排序为安乡县>南县>华容县,三峡水库运行初期水资源安全状态的高低排序为安乡县>华容县>南县;试验性运行期为华容县>安乡县>南县。3）人类经济活动与供水能力是影响三口地区水资源安全的主要贡献因子,方差贡献率分别为26.758%与25.587%;而气候与人口因素为次要贡献因子,方差贡献率分别为16.240%与15.469%。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.