第三次高级研讨会：总结报告

１９９４年１０月，环境署工业与环境中心举办了两年一次的国际清洁生产研讨会系列中的第三次．这次研讨会探讨了４个主话题：政府政策举措，工业中的发展，清洁生产的资金筹措与资助，和联合国及其它政府间机构的作用．本文总结了关于这些话题的主要发言，以及研讨会的结论和建议，和８个工作会议的审议概要．     

环境表现对金融利害攸关者的价值

公司财务表现与环境表现之间的联系日益明显.各公司可以通过促进后者而力求获得资助优势.公司环境表现对金融利害攸关者的价值随资助类型而异,同样也随环境改善的程度和具体细节而异.争取资助的公司,以及政府和非政府组织,应当熟悉不同的金融服务业及其具体需要和问题.     

环境表现对金融利害攸关者的价值

公司财务表现与环境表现之间的联系日益明显，各公司可以通过促进后者面力求获得资助优势，公司环境表现对金融利害攸关者的价值随着助类型而异，同样也随环境改善的程度和具体细节而异，争取资助的公司，以及政府和非政府组织，应当熟悉不同的金融服务业及其具体需要和问题。     

旅游与环境:欧洲共同体的作用

旅游与环境是1993年要在欧共体内生效的《共同体协助旅游业行动计划》的主题之一。欧共体最近征求旨在开发可持续旅游模式的项目的资助申请。它也鼓励欧洲旅游业多样化和政府、环境组织与旅游业之间的合作。     

使用ACQUITY UPLC H-Class和Xevo TQD液相/串联质谱仪进行水中药物和个人护理产品(PPCP)的多残留分析

近年来,水体中存在的药物和个人护理产品(PPCP)残留在全世界范围内都受到了越来越多的关注.这些新型污染物对人类健康的影响以及它们对环境的潜在影响尚未被完全了解.随着人们的关注持续增长,全世界许多政府机构开始资助相关的研究,评估PPCP是否会导致有害的生态效应.许多已发表的文章都提到,在河流和溪流中存在万亿分之一(×10-12)水平的PPCP,因此需要能够检测这些痕量化合物的方法.除了需要检测低水平的PPCP,另一个主要挑战在于化合物种类和结构广泛的化学多样性.另外,水样品的复杂性还要求分析方法能够适用于样品多样性.本文介绍了井水和地表水样品中78种PPCP(包括酸性化合物、碱性化合物和中性化合物)的提取、分离和检测.     

网址要览

可持续发展在线susdev.eurofound.ie该网址归政府资助的一个欧盟(EU)机构、欧洲改善生活和工作条件基金管理 .其特色为研究可持续性争论具体方面和提供与在可持续发展领域开展工作的与日俱增的网络导向组织的联系和有关这些组织的信息 .清单上列出、描述和分类的这类组织有 16 0多个 .其它资源还有一个上列有关可持续发展专题的各种讨论会的名录 ;一个与可在因特网获得的日渐增多的、实用的可持续发展资源和软件工具相联系的工具数据库 ;和一个注册和搜索工具 ,内容涉及欧盟和挪威的可持续发展的职业教育和培训课程 .2 0 0 0年将引入两个新…     

CHEMTREC:化学品制造商协会化学品运输应急中心

CHEMTREC,即化学品制造商协会(CMA)于1971年成立的化学品运输应急中心,是一种私有工业/政府伙伴关系,向消防队员、执法机构、政府实体及其它人员提供缓解与危险材料运输有关的紧急状况所需要的信息和忠告.这种志愿公共服务已经在化学品制造商协会的"责任关怀"计划之下扩大,以提供一个连接有关环境、健康和化学品安全的信息的公开沟通环节.化学品制造商协会承诺要为各有关协会、政府机构、化学品载体及其它单位的这种伙伴关系网络的增长提供便利,以期成为世界上最有成效的化学品信息服务机构.     

CHEMTREC~:化学品制造商协会化学品运输应急中心

ＣＨＥＭＴＲＥＣＲ○,即化学品制造商协会（ＣＭＡ）于１９７１年成立的化学品运输应急中心,是一种私有工业／政府伙伴关系,向消防队员、执法机构、政府实体及其它人员提供缓解与危险材料运输有关的紧急状况所需要的信息和忠告．这种志愿公共服务已经在化学品制造商协会的“责任关怀”Ｒ○计划之下扩大,以提供一个连接有关环境、健康和化学品安全的信息的公开沟通环节．化学品制造商协会承诺要为各有关协会、政府机构、化学品载体及其它单位的这种伙伴关系网络的增长提供便利,以期成为世界上最有成效的化学品信息服务机构     

APELL案例研究

引言→↑↓→→→→→↓当地社区非政府组织服务机构地方当局官员设施经理社区应急机构官员（消防、警务、急救等）社区领导协调组其它地方设施研究与开发机构地方政府中央政府联合国环境署地方工业设施地方工业协会全国工业协会公司工业区ＡＰＥＬＬ信息与组织流程图１９...     

UNEP DTIE的新网址

UNEP和联合国人道主义事务协调办公室(OCHA)最近在日内瓦主持召开了有关环境紧急事件预防和反应的会议．出席会议的有1043多位高级专家．会议包括关于UNEP“地方紧急事件认识和准备”(APELL)项目的第七次“全球对话”．会议聚集了来自各国、企业、学术和专业机构以及主要的政府间机构的代表。     

Spatial-econometric analysis of attraction and repulsion of private conservation by public reserves

It is difficult for public agencies to make optimal reserve-site selections without knowing how new public reserves might influence the configuration of private conservation. Private land trusts protect much land in the USA, but little is known about how private groups respond to conservation decisions made by other conservation agents. To fill that gap, we analyze township-level spatial data on conservation in California, Illinois, and Massachusetts to explore relationships between the location of private and public conservation land. Using linear spatial-econometric models and Bayesian spatial probit models, we find evidence that private-protected acres are clustered together in space. In California, it appears that private land conservation is attracted towards places where the government has reserves. In Illinois and Massachusetts, however, it appears that private conservation shifts away from townships with government reserves due to a mixture of spatial repulsion and simple acreage displacement.     

The role of traditional institutions in the conservation of forest resources in East Usambara,Tanzania

The study investigated the role of traditional institutions in the conservation of the East Usambara forests in Tanzania. It revealed that there had been institutional changes in management of forests, which had a negative impact on forest conservation. However, the presence of traditional institutions, which included among others traditional healers, traditional leaders, traditional taboos, sacred species and sites, had active roles in conserving the forest. More than 90% of the respondents had retained indigenous tree species on their farms and around households, with an average of six trees per household. This strategy is influenced by socio-economic factors whereby respondent age had a significant positive influence on the number of trees retained by a household. The study concludes by pointing out that traditional institutions have active roles in conserving the forests, and recommends that various strategies must be combined, including the use of traditional institutions, in Conservation of forests. Studying tradition institutions will give us knowledge on how they operate and how they can be combined with other strategies in government, NGOs and even the private sector in conservation of the forests. Socio-economic factors must be taken into account in the management of natural resources.     

Assessing the Ecological and Social Benefits of Private Land Conservation in Colorado

Abstract: Conservation of private land through conservation easements, development agreements, and clustered housing has increased greatly as have criticisms of the laws, public programs, and incentives that motivate landowners to use them. Rapid land‐use change at the urban–rural interface in Larimer County, Colorado, has given rise to programs that provide a variety of land‐conservation options for landowners. As of January 2005, roughly 60% of Larimer County was publicly owned, and 3% or 16,200 ha was privately owned with some form of protection. We used document analysis, a landowner survey, targeted interviews, and a landscape‐level spatial analysis to analyze the patterns, quantities, and qualities of private land conservation. We created a jurisdiction‐specific typology of desired benefits from local government‐planning documents to help evaluate conservation parcels. Most easements and other conservation documents used general terms and did not describe the site‐specific values of the land being conserved. Landowners were able to describe some benefits not included in parcel‐specific documents, and our spatial analysis revealed parcel‐specific and cumulative conservation benefits such as the amount of buffering, infill, connectivity, protected agricultural land, riparian protection, and other benefits not referenced by either documents or landowners. Conservation benefits provided by a parcel varied depending on its geographic location, the specific institution such as a land trust or open space program that a landowner worked with, and the conservation mechanism used, such as voluntary easement or residential clustering requirements. The methods we used provide a template for jurisdictions wishing to undertake a similar analysis. Our findings may assist other jurisdictions and institutions interested in improving how land‐conservation benefits are described; justify and inform future investments in private land conservation; assist local governments and other institutions with the assessment of program effectiveness; and be useful for conservation planners who wish to become more involved in on‐the‐ground implementation of conservation actions.     

Economics and Land-Use Change in Prioritizing Private Land Conservation

Abstract:  Incentive-based strategies such as conservation easements and short-term management agreements are popular tools for conserving biodiversity on private lands. Billions of dollars are spent by government and private conservation organizations to support land conservation. Although much of conservation biology focuses on reserve design, these methods are often ineffective at optimizing the protection of biological benefits for conservation programs. Our review of the recent literature on protected-area planning identifies some of the reasons why. We analyzed the site-selection process according to three important components: biological benefits, land costs, and likelihood of land-use change. We compared our benefit-loss-cost targeting approach with more conventional strategies that omit or inadequately address either land costs or likelihood of land-use change. Our proposed strategy aims to minimize the expected loss in biological benefit due to future land-use conversion while considering the full or partial costs of land acquisition. The implicit positive correlation between the likelihood of land-use conversion and cost of land protection means high-vulnerability sites with suitable land quality are typically more expensive than low-vulnerability sites with poor land quality. Therefore, land-use change and land costs need to be addressed jointly to improve spatial targeting strategies for land conservation. This approach can be extended effectively to land trusts and other institutions implementing conservation programs.     

Exploring co-investments in sustainable land management in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, not only farmers but also the public and private sector partners are still hesitant to invest in sustainable land management (SLM). This study focuses on the Central Rift Valley and explores the potential for co-investments in SLM, where public and private sector partners support farmers with material, capital, knowledge, etc. A survey revealed current bottlenecks for co-investments and requirements needed to collaboratively invest in SLM. It covered 165 public sector partners (micro-, meso- and macro-level institutions) and 42 private sector partners (banks, exporters and local traders). Results for the public sector show a gap between macro- and micro-/meso-level actors concerning co-investments in SLM. Macro-level institutions do not acknowledge the bottlenecks identified by micro- and meso-level institutions (e.g. lack of accountability, top-down approaches and lack of good leadership). Similarly, opinions on requirements for co-investments in SLM differ considerably, showing that bridging the institutional micro–macro gap is crucial to co-investments. Most factors are related to the wider governance context and to different perceptions among micro- and macro-level actors as to the critical pre-conditions to co-investment in SLM. Improving governance at all institutional levels, capacity building and enhancing a common understanding on barriers to SLM is required. Results for the private sector reveal that economic bottlenecks limit possibilities to co-invest in SLM, and that enabling policies in the public sphere are required to trigger private investments. Hence, the potential for co-investments in SLM is available in Ethiopia at micro- and meso-level and within the private sector, but profound commitment and fundamental policy changes at the macro-level are required to exploit this potential.     

Planning and implementing sustainability in higher education institutions: an overview of the difficulties and potentials

Planning in sustainable development is believed to be an important element in allowing higher education institutions to set their goals and to commit themselves towards undertaking concrete actions and measures at all levels in order to implement sustainability. Yet, there is a paucity of research that has looked at the extent to which planning can support institutions of higher education to assess their performances and to determine whether the set aims have been met. This research gap needs to be met to allow a better understanding of how planning can help to promote the integration of the three components of sustainable development – economic development, social development and environmental protection in higher education. This paper explores the challenges for planning the sustainable development in higher education, also outlining the potentials lessons learned that could assist in improving Education for Sustainable Development efforts in Higher Education Institutions. Among its main results are the fact that many universities wish to pursue sustainable development, but their efforts are hindered by lack of institutional support and planning and limited emphasis on approaches, such as problem-based learning. The universities that are engaged in the field have to face many problems, varying from limited resources to lack of trained staff. As a result, integrated approaches to sustainability become difficult to implement. Finally, the paper has identified the fact that many opportunities offered mainstream developments, such as the UN Declaration ‘The World we Want’ or the UN Sustainable Development Goals are not being put to full use.     

Technical aid for hydraulics research in developing nations

Many water-related problems are shared by most of the developing countries and the industrialized nations could be in position of offering aid in such problems. Water scarcity and access to safe water, water pollution, severe storms and floods, droughts, waterborne diseases and landslides and mud floods are the most commonly shared problems among developing nations. These problems were discussed in a workshop organized as part of the Fifth International Symposium on Environmental Hydraulics in 2008. The discussion included identification of actors both in the developing and developed nations (vgr. local and national governments, NGOs, universities, foundations and private and public research institutions), aid modalities such as education, technology transfer, technology development and direct investment as well as restrictions and barriers in the form of political and legal issues, economic limitations, cultural differences and geographic distances. Recommendations about how developed nations could help developing countries are issued.     

Globalization of the Amazon Soy and Beef Industries: Opportunities for Conservation

Abstract:  Amazon beef and soybean industries, the primary drivers of Amazon deforestation, are increasingly responsive to economic signals emanating from around the world, such as those associated with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, "mad cow disease") outbreaks and China's economic growth. The expanding role of these economic "teleconnections" (coupled phenomena that take place in distant places on the planet) led to a 3-year period (2002–2004) of historically high deforestation rates. But it also increases the potential for large-scale conservation in the region as markets and finance institutions demand better environmental and social performance of beef and soy producers. Cattle ranchers and soy farmers who have generally opposed ambitious government regulations that require forest reserves on private property are realizing that good land stewardship—including compliance with legislation—may increase their access to expanding domestic and international markets and to credit and lower the risk of "losing" their land to agrarian reform. The realization of this potential depends on the successful negotiation of social and environmental performance criteria and an associated system of certification that are acceptable to both the industries and civil society. The foot-and-mouth eradication system, in which geographic zones win permission to export beef, may provide an important model for the design of a low-cost, peer-enforced, socioenvironmental certification system that becomes the mechanism by which beef and soy industries gain access to markets outside the Amazon.     

Government Management of Village Commons: Comparing Two Forest Policies

When monitoring or enforcement is difficult, governments may find it impossible to manage village forest commons directly. Village-level institutions might be better able to manage these commons, yet villagers' management objectives may not coincide with those of the state. This article considers the effects of two different government policies on the local management of village commons. One policy tool attempts to induce villagers to conserve forest commons by giving them a share of the timber harvest. We investigate the question of whether or not this scheme Joint Forest Management (JFM) is preferred either by the villagers or the government to a simple benchmark policy, under which the government harvests at random. We show that, when villagers are sufficiently patient, for any equilibrium JFM policy there exists a benchmark policy which gives villagers the same level of utility. However, whether the government is similarly indifferent between these two arrangements depends on the villagers' ability to enforce collective agreements, and on the curvature of villagers' utility functions.     

The short and long run effects of tied foreign aid on pollution abatement, pollution and employment: A pilot model

There exists in the literature a presumption that tied foreign aid can be used effectively to reduce cross-border pollution. Focusing, in contrast to the received literature, on the interaction between the public and private provisions of pollution abatement in the recipient country, we question the effectiveness of tied foreign aid in reducing pollution. In this context, we obtain many novel and policy relevant insights. Allowing for changes in labour employment and distinguishing between short and long run effects, tied foreign aid is shown to crowd out the private provision for pollution abatement in the short run. In the long run, tied foreign aid raises employment and therefore may be desirable for the recipient but undesirable for the donor country because it also raises pollution. The results change drastically if only the government provides pollution abatement.