我国环境标准样品发展及应用

环境标准样品广泛应用于我国的环境监测活动中,为监测数据的一致性、可比性和准确性提供了重要的技术支撑。该文综述了环境标准样品发展及应用现状,根据国外环境标准样品体系分析了我国环境标准样品体系存在的问题,并对环境监测工作中环境标准样品应用问题提出了相关建议,为环境监测工作者认识和使用环境标准样品提供了指导。     

环境标准样品使用中的几个问题

一、正确选择和使用环境标准样品 在环境监测分析工作中使用环境标准样品时,由于所要控制的对象——环境样品具有浓度水平范围宽,基体成分复杂。因此,在选择环境标准样品时应注意掌握以下原则: 1.与待测环境样品被测组分浓度水平相近; 2.基体成分及浓度水平相同或相近; 3.使用环境标准样品前,应检查样品和看     

水质铝环境标准样品的研制

铝元素对环境的污染以及对人类和动植物的影响已经受到许多国家的重视，并制定了相应排放标准和实物标准，在我国无铝环境标准样品的提供，本文介绍了铝环境标准样品的研究和制备方法。     

我国环境分析对环境标准样品需求发展及其趋势

我国环境分析对环境标准样品需求发展及其趋势刘方（中国环境监测总站，北京１０００１２）１．概要我国的环境标准样品应用的主要方向是环境监测分析。我国环境标准样品研制工作已进入无机成分标准样品逐步完善，有机成分分析标准样品起步的阶段。已经研制和正在研制的环...     

水质二硝基甲苯环境标准样品的研制

报道了水和废水环境监测所用水质二硝基甲苯环境标准样品的研制情况。其中对水质二硝基甲苯环境标准样品的作用、样品的制备、均匀性测定、稳定性考察以及定值分析等方面做了较详细的介绍。     

环境标准样品在国家地表水采测分离工作中的应用

按照《国家地表水环境质量监测网监测任务作业指导书(试行)》中实验室分析测试的质量保证和质量控制要求,结合江苏省南京环境监测中心的实际工作,综合分析2017年10月—2018年8月间国家地表水采测分离工作中环境标准样品在样品测试准确度验证、检测人员能力确认、检测设备期间核查及关键化学试剂检查等方面的应用情况。为保障环境监测结果量值溯源的统一性、准确性、一致性和可比性,提出丰富水环境标准样品的浓度水平、解决标准样品供需不平衡问题、改善消耗量大的标准样品操作方法、建立环境标准样品使用信息共享平台等实践建议,为合理提升环境标准样品应用效能、有效保证水环境监测数据质量提供参考。     

环境标准样品在实验室质量控制应用中应注意的问题

通过对实验分析质量保证工作中存在的实际问题进行了论述;从仪器条件、实验样品前处理以及分析测定方法的选择等方面对环境标准样品的使用,及其对实验分析质量控制的影响进行了分析,并提出了相应的合理化建议。     

环境标准在环境监测部门的管理与受控

介绍了按信息分类编码的方式对环境标准分类管理的方法，根据惟一性、合理性、可扩充性、简单性、适用性和规范性原则，采用复合码的形式，将环境标准代码分为分类部分和标识部分，其中分类部分由环境标准分类号和环境要素代码组成，标识部分为该标准在此类环境标准中的登记顺序号。建议建立环境标准基本信息数据库和环境标准图片库，实现环境标准计算机检索与网上查询。结合实验室认可工作，提出了环境标准在环境监测部门的受控程序，明确了各职能科室、业务科室在该受控程序中的职责。     

我国的环境标准样品

本文将国家技术监督局批准的环境标准样品和标准物质、已试用并准备申报国家技术监督局批准编号的样品介绍给读者,以期达到在使用时便于选择,研制时避免重复的效果.由于我国环境标准样品尚无统一分类,因此本文按水质、大气、土壤、生物,有机污染物等几个部分列表介绍(表1).其中,有机污染物标准样品主要指纯有机污染物和有机溶液配制的标准样品.     

2001年度新增国家环境标准样品协作定值实验室能力验证报告

介绍了模拟工业废水、模拟降水、水质耗氧和挥发性有机化合物 ,2 5个项目的能力验证活动情况 ;发布了新增国家环境标准样品协作定值实验室名单     

气相色谱法测定环境空气中乙醇和异丙醇

采用蒸馏水吸收空气中的乙醇和异丙醇,气相色谱法测定,该方法在3．14 mg/L ～15．8 mg/L 范围内线性良好,乙醇标准曲线的相关系数为0．9994,异丙醇标准曲线的相关系数为0．9996。测定低浓度标准溶液,得到乙醇和异丙醇的检出限分别为0．418 mg/L 和0．399 mg/L;采样体积为0．04 m3时,乙醇和异丙醇最低检出质量浓度均为0．05 mg/m3。乙醇和异丙醇标准溶液的回收率为95．4％～104％,RSD＜5％。样品稳定性试验表明,采集的乙醇和异丙醇样品保存时间越长损失率越大,一般保存7 d为宜。     

Phytoplankton distribution across the southeast Adriatic continental and shelf slope to the west of Albania (spring aspect)

We present the first insight to the oceanography of the southeastern Adriatic Sea, where coastal water influenced by Albanian rivers comes into contact with the inflowing oligotrophic Eastern Adriatic Current (Ionian Surface Water and Levantine Intermediate Water). A distinct plankton distribution was observed on each side of the shelf break hydrographic boundary in May 2009, during gradual warming of the surface waters. The prochlorophytes accumulated along the nutricline above the shelf and continental slope. The phosphorus limited inshore waters were dominated by a small diatom Chaetoceros circinalis, dinoflagellates, cryptophytes, autotrophic picoplankton, and heterotrophic nanoplankton. The offshore surface layer was characterized by bigger nanoplankton (coccolithophorids, green flagellates). Low nutrient concentrations influence relatively low productivity not only above the Albanian shelf but also further to the north along the Montenegrine and Croatian coastal Adriatic Sea.     

《建筑施工场界噪声限值》与《建筑施工场界噪声测量方法》两标准需修订

目前使用的《建筑施工场界噪声限值》(GB1 2 52 3 -90 )标准与《建筑施工场界噪声测量方法》(GB1 2 52 4 -90 )标准和当前的环境管理与环境监测工作已不相适应 ,需重新修订。以利于环境管理和环境监测工作的需要。给人们提供一个安静的生活环境。     

氯气检测管的研制

经过条件优化试验，研制出氯气检测管。检测管显色长度与氯气浓度呈线性相关，对氯气标气7次测定的变异系数为13．8％，平均相对误差为5．2％，小于15％；一次测定最大相对误差为20％，小于25％，符合国家标准GB7230－87的要求。与化学法比较，2种方法测试结果无显著性差异。干扰物有溴和氯化氢气体以及高浓度二氧化氮。检测管寿命为1a。     

Rapid quantitative monitoring method for the fish spoilage bacteria Pseudomonas

Pseudomonas spp. is a group of microorganisms commonly found in fish and other fresh foods and is involved in their spoilage process. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid and accurate quantitative assay for Pseudomonas spp. in fish using real-time PCR. The assay targets the carbamoyl phosphate synthase gene (carA) with SYBR green based real-time PCR. The selectivity of the assay was confirmed using 24 Pseudomonas strains and 55 non-pseudomonad strains. A linear quantification was established over seven orders of magnitude, from 40 - 4(7) copies reaction(-1). The assay was validated on cod samples collected during two shelf life trials and showed a high degree of correlation to the plate count method (rP = 0.891) where the difference between the methods was 0.04 log(10) CFU g(-1) on average. The study shows that it is possible to quantify accurately the specific spoilage organisms belonging to the genus Pseudomonas in fish using real-time PCR. The method takes less than 5 h from sampling to results. The short detection time of the method can provide the fish industry with an important tool for quality control and processing management.     

Effects of along-shore wind stress and surface cooling on the formation of shelf sea fronts in a simple air-sea interaction model

This paper presents numerical simulation results from a set of control and sensitivity experiments on the effects of winter-time air-sea interaction on the variability of sea surface temperature (SST) on a two-dimensional continental shelf which is uniform in the along-shore direction and is bounded to the west by a straight coast and to the east by a prescribed Gulf Stream front. In the control experiment, the model ocean circulation is driven by a time-dependent wind forcing which is parameterically coupled to the cross-shelf SST gradient. In the sensitivity experiments, wind stress, diabatic cooling and air-sea coupling are turned on separately to estimate the individual contribution of each effect to the cross-shelf SST variation. Experiments have also been carried out for different coupling strengths and diabatic cooling rates to examine the model sensitivity to these paramenters. The model results indicate that air-sea interaction could induce a secondary SST front on the shelf. Comparisons of model results with observations obtained during the Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment conducted off the east coasts of the Carolinas during January and February 1986 qualitatively confirm our finding.     

Metals in water, sediments, and biota of an offshore oil exploration area in the Potiguar Basin, Northeastern Brazil

Metal concentrations were evaluated in water, bottom sediments, and biota in four field campaigns from 2002 to 2004 in the Potiguar Basin, northeastern Brazil, where offshore oil exploration occurs. Analyses were performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Total metal concentrations in water (dissolved?+?particulate) and sediments were in the range expected for coastal and oceanic areas. Abnormally high concentrations in waters were only found for Ba (80 μg?l^?1) and Mn (12 μg?l^?1) at the releasing point of one of the outfalls, and for the other metals, concentrations in water were found in stations closer to shore, suggesting continental inputs. In bottom sediments, only Fe and Mn showed abnormal concentrations closer to the effluent releasing point. Metal spatial distribution in shelf sediments showed the influence of the silt–clay fraction distribution, with deeper stations at the edge of the continental shelf, which are much richer in silt–clay fraction showing higher concentrations than shallower sediments typically dominated by carbonates. Metal concentrations in estuarine (mollusks and crustaceans) and marine (fish) organisms showed highest concentrations in oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae). Fish tissues metal concentrations were similar between the continental shelf influenced by the oil exploration area and a control site. The results were within the range of concentrations reported for pristine environments without metals contamination. The global results suggest small, if any, alteration in metal concentrations due to the oil exploration activity in the Potiguar Basin. For monitoring purposes, the continental inputs and the distribution of the clay–silt fraction need to be taken into consideration for interpreting environmental monitoring results.     

The determination and distribution of Zn in surface water samples collected in the northeast Atlantic Ocean

Dissolved Zn concentrations were determined in surface water samples collected on-line along transects in the eastern North Atlantic in spring (March 1998). Two frontal zones could be identified in the research area by a change in salinity, temperature and nutrient concentrations. One zone was identified at 42 degrees N, separating the North Atlantic central water (NACW) and the Atlantic surface water (ASW) from each other, and another one crossing the continental slope at 12 degrees and 8 degrees E, respectively. Variability in Zn concentrations was observed near these zones, not only as a result of a change of water mass, but also due to external Zn sources. Surface Zn concentrations were 0.5-1 nM and 2 nM in the NACW and ASW, respectively, increasing to 4 nM over the continental shelf and finally 5-6 nM in the English Channel. Contributions of Zn derived from shelf sediments appear to be the major source for the enriched surface values in the continental zone.     

阀进样及反吹技术在非甲烷总烃分析中的应用

在非甲烷总烃的分析中应用十通阀与六通阀的联用技术,实现双通道进样和反吹除残功能。通过标准曲线实验和实际样品测试,证实改进后的方法能有效解决传统分析方法中存在的多个问题,并简化了操作,缩短了分析时间,提高了分析的准确度与精密度,延长了色谱柱的使用寿命。     

Feasibility study of preparation and certification of reference materials for nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide in diffusive samplers

This paper presents the results of a feasability study for the preparation and certification of reference materials (RMs) for nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) and sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) in diffusive samplers. RMs for NO(2) were prepared by exposure to gas mixtures in a chamber while the RMs for SO(2) were prepared by liquid spiking. Certification of RMs for NO(2) was found feasible with a certified uncertainty of 5.8% and a proposed shelf life of 5 years. The uncertainty was calculated with contribution from the homogeneity of preparation, stability and transport of the CRMs and from an external verification of the certified value. To reach 5.8% of uncertainty, the contribution of the differences between the results of analysis by ion chromatography and colorimetry must be eliminated. It is proposed to solve this by pre-extracting the samplers with water before analysis. The results of this study indicate that the samplers are stable for at least two years before and after exposure when stored in a refrigerator. By contrast, the certification of RMs for SO(2) was found to not be feasible due to instability problems. This instability was attributed to reaction of sulfate on the walls of the samplers. Alternatively, the preparation of RMs by simultaneous exposure to SO(2) and NO(2) has been tested. Satisfying homogeneities has been reached both for NO(2) and SO(2).