热解条件对生物炭性质和氮、磷吸附性能的影响

以橡木为原料,在不同的热解终温、升温速率和恒温时间下制备生物炭.对生物炭产率、p H、元素组分、工业组分、比表面积、红外光谱等理化特征进行分析,并考察生物炭对水溶液体系中NO-3-N、NH+4-N、PO3-4-P的吸附性能.结果表明:生物炭的产率受热解终温影响最大(极差:54.57%),恒温时间次之(极差:1.16%),升温速率最小(极差:0.42%).随热解终温、升温速率和恒温时间的增加,所得生物炭的p H和C含量增加,而H和O含量降低.热解终温对生物炭表面官能团影响较大,升温速率和恒温时间基本无影响.生物炭对氮、磷的吸附性能主要受热解终温影响.NO-3-N的吸附量最大可达2.80 mg·g-1(600℃),且随热解终温的升高呈指数增加.比表面积、表面碱性官能团和表面金属氧化物与NO-3-N吸附有关.随热解终温的增加,NH+4-N吸附量降低,最大吸附量为3.12 mg·g-1(300℃).阳离子交换量(CEC)是影响NH+4-N吸附的主要因素.PO3-4-P吸附量随热解终温的增加呈先增后减的趋势(在500℃达到最大,为9.75 mg·g-1),且吸附过程主要受生物炭表面碱性官能团和表面金属氧化物的影响.     

火山灰-活性炭的制备表征及其催化湿式氧化研究

采用自制的酚醛树脂基火山灰-活性炭负载Ce稀土催化剂在间歇式反应釜中催化湿式氧化(Catalytic wet air oxidation,CWAO)降解高浓度苯酚废水至可生化要求。发现经过浸渍、固化、炭化3个循环后可以获得9%的含炭量、1 020 m2/g的比表面积、0.57 cm3/g的总孔容并能满足后续反应所需的传质要求。同时研究了不同的炭化升温速率和炭化温度对火山灰-活性炭的性能的影响,发现升温速率为4℃/min、炭化温度为850℃时火山灰-活性炭获得最佳的结构特征。通过最佳工艺制备得到的催化剂,COD去除率达到92.4%,甲醛、苯酚去除率接近100%,BOD5/COD=0.42,满足可生化处理的要求。     

响应面法优化制备污泥基活性炭

利用响应面法进行试验设计,选定炭化温度、升温速率、炭化停留时间及保护气体流量为影响因素,对利用污水厂二次污泥制备污泥基活性炭的工艺条件进行优化.通过响应面法得到了污泥基活性炭的碘吸附值与4种因素之间的非线性回归方程,确定了制备污泥基活性炭的最优工艺条件为:炭化温度530℃、升温速率17℃·min-1、炭化停留时间22 min、保护气体流量280 m L·min-1.在最优条件下,制备的污泥基活性炭碘吸附值为675.9 mg·g-1,比表面积为639.5 m2·g-1,平均孔径为4.1 nm,中孔孔径为3~5 nm;羧基、内酯基和酚羟基含量分别为1.625、0.125和0.375 mmol·g-1,更适合吸附大分子污染物和金属离子.     

热解条件对废印刷电路板真空热解气相产物的影响

用管式炉对废印刷电路板环氧树脂粉末进行真空热解,通过GC/MS和IC对冷凝后气相中的有机和无机组份进行分析,考察了真空度、升温速率和终温对气相产物成份的影响。研究表明,冷凝后气相中主要有机组份为苯酚和苯系物,主要无机组份为HBr、NO_2、SO_2;随着真空度的提高,气相产率降低,苯系物和HBr的含量增加,苯酚和NO_2、SO_2的含量减少;加快升温速率导致气相产率降低,苯系物的含量增加,苯酚含量减少;提高终温使气相中苯酚和苯系物的含量降低,HBr、NO_2和SO_2的含量增加。为了降低气相产物对环境的影响,综合考虑最佳热解条件为真空度0.09 MPa、升温速率10℃/min、终温500℃。     

热解条件对废电路板真空热解规律的影响

采用自行设计的间歇式固定床真空热解中试装置对废线路板进行了真空热解试验;研究了物料尺寸、热解终温、升温速率、真空度及恒温时间等热解条件对热解产物产率分布的影响和废线路板真空清洁热解过程的规律.试验结果表明,热解条件决定废线路板的真空热廨规律,热解终温是影响热解产物产率分布的最重要的热解条件,其它热解条件对热解产物产率分布也有一定影响.在物料尺寸为50 mm×50 mm、热解终温为550℃、加热速率为10℃·min-1、热解压力为20 kPa及恒温时间为60 min的热解条件下,有利于降低热解固体产物产率,同时有利于提高热解液体产物产率和减少处理费用.     

g-C_3N_4/TiO_2复合光催化剂的制备及酸化改性

以偏钛酸和三聚氰胺为原料,经煅烧制备g-C_3N_4/TiO_2复合纳米光催化剂,研究不同原料配比、煅烧温度和升温速率等制备条件对其可见光催化性能的影响,并采用UV-Vis DRS、FT-IR、XRD、TEM和PL等方法对催化剂进行表征。在可见光条件下,用制备的复合催化剂降解亚甲基蓝,考察了催化剂酸化改性处理对亚甲基蓝光降解效率的影响。结果表明:当m(偏钛酸)∶m(三聚氰胺)为1∶4、煅烧温度为500℃、升温速率为10℃/min时,g-C_3N_4/TiO_2复合纳米材料对20 mg/L亚甲基蓝的可见光降解效率最高,其3 h时降解率可达99.64%。经酸化改性处理后的催化剂,其电子空穴复合率被有效降低,光催化性能得到提高。此外,光催化机理的研究表明,·O_2~-是降解过程中起主要作用的活性物质。     

沸石负载钾基吸收剂再生试验研究

介绍了13X沸石分子筛负载钾基CO_2吸收剂的制备方法,通过扫描电镜分析其微观结构,采用热重分析方法研究其再生反应特性。考察了不同反应终温和升温速率对再生反应特性的影响规律,并采用热分析动力学方法求取了再生反应特性参数。结果表明,KHCO_3负载于沸石分子筛上之后,改善了吸收剂的表观结构,有利于反应进行;分解终温增大能提高反应速率,但高于200℃之后,效果不明显;升温速率低于15℃/min时对再生反应影响显著,但超过15℃/min后影响减弱;吸收剂再生反应表观活化能为41.09~45.60 k J/mol,当升温速率为10℃/min时,所需活化能最小,为41.09 k J/mol,反应最易进行。     

页岩气开发油基钻屑-单组分生物质共热解特性

油基钻屑与生物质热解油分别存在产率低、有害组分含量高的问题,为探究二者共热解是否可以产生协同作用,采用固定床反应器研究了热解温度、终温时间（热解温度保持时间）、升温速率、N₂流量、生物质与油基钻屑混合比例（质量比）等因素对油基钻屑与单组分生物质共热解的影响.结果表明:①油基钻屑与单组分生物质热解效果随热解温度和终温时间的增加而增强、随升温速率的加快而减弱,N₂流量对热解过程影响不大;最佳热解工艺参数为热解温度350℃、终温时间60 min、升温速率10℃/min、N₂流量0.15 L/min.②共热解可产生协同作用,当生物质与油基钻屑混合比例分别为3:7、7:3时,热解灰渣含油量较理论值下降较为明显,降幅分别为21.71%、17.64%.③共热解可减少生物质热解过程中有害物质的生成,提高油基钻屑的液相产率,生物质单独热解时液相产物中有害组分占比高达74.92%;加入适量油基钻屑共热解时有害组分占比明显降低,当油基钻屑与生物质混合比例为7:3、8:2时,有害组分占比可分别降至22.74%、17.57%.研究显示,共热解产生的协同作用可减少有害物质的生成,提高热解油产率,在油基钻屑无害化、资源化利用与生物质开发中具有良好的应用前景.      

焦煤、塑料和粉尘共热解失重分析

在以N₂载气,其流量为30mL/min、升温速率为5℃/min、热解终温为1000℃的条件下,运用Setaram Lab-sysYM热重分析仪系统分析了塑料、冶金粉尘和焦煤的热解过程以及它们之间的相互影响.不同配比的塑料、冶金粉尘和焦煤混合热解过程分析表明:在低温段,煤和塑料热解产生大量活泼自由基,然后通过自由基内部重排或自由基间相互结合的方式稳定化,其中的硫元素主要形成气态硫化物(如H₂S、COS等),并与粉尘中的金属氧化物作用生成固态金属硫化物而固硫;高温段产生的H₂、CO及粉尘中所含有的C等增强了反应体系的还原性,加剧了粉尘中金属氧化物的还原气化,从而更有利于实现焦炭的有效脱硫可见,运用添加塑料、冶金粉尘到焦煤中的方法可以实现炼焦过程中的焦炭和煤气同时脱硫的双重效果.     

湿污泥热解制取富氢燃气影响因素研究

采用管式炉热解装置,在700～1000℃温度范围内对不同含水率的生物污泥进行中高温常压热解实验,研究了加热模式、热解终温、物料含水率及升温速率对热解产物产率及气相产物组成的影响规律.结果表明:待温度达到设定温度后,迅速将物料送入反应区的加热模式有利于得到高品质燃气;高温能减少固体碳和焦油的生成,促进富氢气体产生;同时,随着物料含水率的增加,氢气体积分数从17%提高到36%,当含水率为84%时,H2+CO的含量(体积分数)达到最大值;提高热解升温速率能使气相产物产率得到相应增加.湿污泥在高温条件下进行的快速热解过程,一次性完成了污泥干燥、热解和气化,更有利于氢气组分和其他可燃气体的生成,所得气体热值高达12MJ.m-3以上.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.