Primary productivity and particulate organic matter flow in an estuarine mangrove-wetland in Hong Kong

Net primary productivity and organic matter flow of a mangrove-dominated wetland was estimated by following production and detritus dynamics in a tidal pond in north west Hong Kong in 1986–1988 (9.1 ha). Total productivity was 12.47 t dry wt ha^–1 yr^–1, of which >90% was from emergent macrophytes (the mangroveKandelia candel and the reedPhragmites communis). High turbidity and high summer temperatures probably limited respective production by phytoplankton and benthic macroalgae (dominated byEnteromorpha crinata). Despite the high total productivity, little detritus was exported from the emergent macrophyte stands, due to the low inundation frequency. This created a net water column carbon deficit which was provided for by the high organic matter import (mean = 4.42 g ash free dry wt m^–2 d^–1) from the incoming water. This same sediment and particulate organic carbon input giving a high accretion rate of 1.7 cm yr^–1 was probably also the force behind progressive dis-coupling of emergent macrophyte production from water column consumers. This resulted in a tendency to retain production in the emergent macrophyte stands while the water column community increasingly relied on allochthonous carbon. This shift from a net exporter to a net importer of carbon in landward wetlands is probably characteristic of the transition into nutrient-conservative terrestrial systems.     

设施土壤pH值与有机质演变特征研究

设施土壤的pH、有机质与土壤环境质量及设施栽培作物生产水平密切相关。文章对云南不同区域、不同大棚种植年限、不同轮作制度的设施土壤pH与有机质的演变特征进行研究,结果表明:大棚种植年限长的地区,土壤pH、有机质变化明显;随着大棚种植年限的增长,土壤pH呈下降趋势,有机质含量则呈上升趋势;随着土壤层次的加深,大棚土壤pH逐渐升高,而有机质则逐渐降低;不同轮作方式,花-菜轮作比菜-菜轮作有利于增加有机肥对设施土壤pH的缓冲性。     

A model of vertical distribution of suspended matter in an open channel flow

A quasi-stationary model of vertical distribution of concentration of suspended particular matter in the bottom layer of 1D open channel with a sloped bottom and varying free surface slope is discussed. The model proceeds from the balance between the turbulent diffusion and settling with the buoyancy flux effects on the medium turbulence neglected. The model outcome is formulated in the form of an analytic formula for the vertical distribution of concentration. It is shown that the derived formula embraces two basic types of vertical distribution of concentration, one with a monotonic decrease of concentration gradient and the other with a gradient maximum (lutocline) located at some distance from the bottom. The first distribution type realizes for a relatively large settling velocity or low intensity of turbulence and the second type for a small settling velocity or high intensity of turbulence. The skill of the model to mimic realistic situations is demonstrated on data measured in the Jiaojiang Estuary (China).     

Using biochemical and isotopic tracers to characterise organic matter sources and their incorporation into estuarine food webs (Rufiji delta,Tanzania)

Fatty acid biomarkers and stable isotope signatures were used to identify the sources of particulate and sedimentary organic matter and its input into the food web through the dominant consumer within the mangrove-dominated Rufiji estuary, Tanzania. Specific fatty acids were used to identify the preferred basal sources of dominant fauna (i.e. filter feeder bivalves, snails, crabs, shrimps, and three fish species), and their presence in the water and sediment samples in the estuary. Both fatty acid and stable isotope results revealed that food web in the Rufiji estuary depended on a variety of carbon sources (mangroves, allochthonous terrestrial inputs, macroalgae, and phytoplankton), contributing to a different degree into the diets of primary consumers and members of near-shore fish, but none of them were obligatory for the survival of these species. The δ¹⁵N values of major primary producers and consumers/predators revealed a trend for δ¹⁵N enrichment with increasing trophic level. The ratio of docosahexaenoic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA:EPA) decreased from pelagic to benthic feeding fish. This indicated that fish with different feeding modes derived their fatty acids from different primary sources of nutrition, and suggested that the DHA:EPA ratio may be a useful indicator of feeding mode.     

土壤溶解性有机质的生态环境效应

土壤生态环境是一个复杂的多介质多界面体系。现有的研究表明，DOM作为环境中重要的天然配位体和吸着载体，是一种非常活跃的化学物质，它将土壤中的矿物质、有机质与生物成分联系在一起，通过物理或化学作用改变金属与外源性化合物的环境行为，促进温室气体的排放，调节土壤养分流失，指示土壤质量，并对成土过程、微生物的生长代谢过程、土壤有机质分解和转化过程有着重要作用，已经成为土壤科学、生态科学和环境科学交叉领域的研究热点。文章系统地评述了DOM的组成特点及其环境效应，同时介绍了未来的研究方向及一些有待于进一步研究的问题。     

土壤有机质对诺氟沙星的吸附特征

通过对滇池泥炭土和周围表层土壤两种土样及由其分离出的胡敏酸(HA)、胡敏素(HM)对诺氟沙星(NOR)的吸附特征展开研究.有机元素分析结果显示,滇池周边泥炭土含有非常丰富的碳资源.NOR在土壤及其组分中表现了显著的非线性吸附特征.相对于原始土壤和HM,HA组分对NOR表现了较强的吸附作用;而且,泥炭土与表层土相比,有机碳含量较高的泥炭土对NOR的吸附也相对较高;但是无机矿物对NOR的表观吸附有显著的贡献,因此应该避免用有机碳含量对吸附系数进行标准化.随着对HA的逐级萃取,NOR在HA上吸附的非均质性越来越强.     

可溶性有机物对土壤中主要有机污染物环境行为的影响

概括了环境中可溶性有机物的特点，并系统总结了当前国内外关于可溶性有机物对土壤中主要污染物环境行为的影响的研究进展。阐述了可溶性有机物对农药、多环芳烃在土壤中的吸附、解吸及分配等环境行为所起的作用。最后指出了该方面研究存在的问题及今后应加强的方向。     

Release of dissolved organic carbon from the estuarine intertidal macroalga Enteromorpha prolifera

The estuarine macroalga Enteromorpha prolifera was collected from Coos Bay, Oregon, USA during 1981, and its release of photosynthate as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was studied using ¹⁴C as a tracer. During photosynthesis in 30 S sea water, with a fixation rate averaging 7.37 mg C g^-1 dry wt h^-1, release ranged from 0.13 to 0.57 mg C g^-1 dry wt h^-1 and from 1.65 to 6.23% of total fixed carbon. Release of DOC appears to be linear with time over 3 h. As exposed algae become increasingly desiccated, their photosynthetic rates decline dramatically, but upon reimmersion the highly desiccated algae lose a larger fraction of their fixed carbon than the slightly desiccated algae. This loss comes in a pulse release of DOC over the initial 15 min, followed by declining release rates. The pulse loss due to rainfall is 5 times greater than that due to tidal resubmergence, and may briefly exceed the prior photosynthetic rate. Although lowering the salinity from 30 to 5 does not substantially alter photosynthetic rates, it does increase the DOC release range up to 1.02 mg C g^-1 dry wt h^-1 and 16.10% of fixed carbon. Heterotrophic microbes from the algal habitat readily use the available DOC at about 15% h^-1.     

河流有机质生物地球化学研究进展

探讨了近年来河流中有机质的生物地球化学研究状况。大多数河流有机质的来源主要是外源即流域侵蚀而来的,经过河流的新陈代谢过程,把河流中的悬浮物分解为不同类型的有机质。在有机质分解过程中由于外部条件的差异,形成粒径大小不同的颗粒物和溶解有机质、无机质等。河流水体中的溶解有机碳(DOC)在全球不同纬度、不同区域,其含量差异较大,但目前对其生物地球化学控制的量级缺乏足够的理解和认识。另外碳氮同位素及其比值在当前的河流有机质生物地球化学研究中仍起着非常重要的示踪作用。     

The quantity,composition and distribution of suspended particulate matter in the Gulf of California

The distribution and composition of suspended particulate matter in the sea is very complex and not well understood. In this study, 3 different approaches were used to estimate the quantity and quality of suspended particulate matter in 34 samples from the euphotic zone of 9 stations in the Gulf of California. The results from electronic, microscopic and chemical analyses showed that most parameters measured were significantly correlated, e.g. the total particulate volume from particles of 2 to 150 diameter, as obtained from the Coulter Counter, proved to be significantly related to such parameters as seston, particulate nitrogen, particulate carbon, phytoplankton carbon and chlorophylla. It can be concluded from this study that the Coulter Counter can be a very useful instrument to determine, with little effort, the size, distribution, and volume of particulate suspended matter in the sea. These data can then be used to calculate some important biological parameters which are necessary to establish meaningful models of phytoplankton production. More detailed studies are necessary to prove the above mentioned relationships in depth, space and time.Contribution from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego. This work was completed under the Scripps Tuna Oceanography Program supported by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries under Contract No. 14-17-0007-963. Ship time was provided from National Science Foundation funds.     

Particulate organic matter in the Northern and Central Adriatic

The particulate organic matter distribution and its elemental composition in the northern and central Adriatic Sea during different seasonal periods are shown, highlighting the principal processes and factors influencing their distribution and characteristics. In the low salinity waters the concentrations of particulate carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus were higher and more variable than in the dense waters, mainly due to dilution effects which induce an abundant phytoplankton growth. Generally in summer the particulate organic matter distribution followed the trophic gradient while in winter resuspension events often became more important. Differences between summer and winter were more evident in the diluted waters and were mainly due to the seasonal heat exchanges and to the fresh water inputs. Marked differences in C/P ratios were observed in the POM: high ratios in the northern diluted waters and low in the more saline waters and in the central Adriatic.     

Observations of heterotrophic activity on photoassimilated organic matter

The natural heterotrophic utilization of released and particulate photoassimilated compounds by natural phytoplankton populations was followed during the summer of 1975 in the Kiel Bight (Western Baltic Sea). Phytoplankton exudates (2 to 21% of primary production) seem to represent an important substrate for heterotrophic bacteria: uptake rates between 8 and 17,5%/h were observed. Samples incubated with antibiotics indicated that the heterotrophic uptake of phytoplankton exudates during photosynthesis could lead to underestimation of the release rate. Production of 14_{CO 2}was used as an estimate of the mineralization of particulate photoassimilated matter. The mineralization rates measured were in the range of 6 to 20% after 20 h. In order to confirm the quantitative measurements, micro-autoradiographic examinations of the samples were performed.     

Suspended particulate organic matter in a Mediterranean submarine cave

Submarine caves display a paucity of benthic density and biomass that may be related to low trophic resources. Analysis of organic carbon, organic nitrogen, carbohydrate, protein and lipid content of suspended particulate matter was made during the period July 1985–July 1987 in a Mediterranean cave (Marseille, France) in order to determine any differences in the particulate organic matter composition along an horizontal transect. Particulate organic matter content clearly declined from the entrance of the cave to the dark inner area. This impoverishment could not be explained by a simple decrease in a few organic compounds, but appeared to be related to the combination of a decrease in both the amount and the composition of the suspended particles. Three progressive levels of impoverishment were identified towards the dark inner area of the cave: (i) decreasing amounts of seston; (ii) decreasing organic content of particles; (iii) increasing proportions of the geopolymeric (i.e., humic) components in the remaining organic matter, indicating increased degradation. The cave appeared to be sharply divided into two distinct sections — a twilight outer section whose waters contained slightly lower amounts of particulate organic matter than the open sea, and a dark inner section, 8 to 10 m higher, separated from the outer section by a steep rise and with waters of low organic matter content. The water in the twilight section appeared to be in thermal equilibrium with the open sea, and that in the dark inner section displayed thermal stratification. These differences indicated the presence of two distinct water bodies with contrasting average residence times, estimated as 1 d in the outer twilight section and 8 d in the dark inner section. The joint action of sedimentation and degradation resulted in an abrupt depletion of particulate organic matter in the dark inner section accompanied by a decrease in the benthic fauna. The decline in benthic heterotroph populations is probably related to the abrupt transition to oligotrophic conditions.     

A technique for collection of particulate organic matter in situ

A technique is described for concentrating and collecting particulate organic matter from water with minimal disturbance. This involves exposing in situ the surface of a Millipore^® filter monitor mounted on a simple vacuum flask assembly.     

Mesoscale variability of organic matter composition in nw adriatic sediments

We investigated the spatial variability of sediment organic matter content and composition in three areas (A, B and C) of the Northwestern Adriatic Sea, subjected to a putative gradient of trophic state ( i.e. , increasing distance from the Po river outflow) in order to determine the appropriate sample size and replication. The analysis of the mesoscale variability was carried out comparing variability on the scale of meters ( i.e. among different deployments) with the variability observed on a scale of several kilometres ( i.e. among different sampling areas). Sediment samples, collected on April 1999, October 1999, April and October 2000, were analysed for chloropigment content (chlorophyll-a and phaeopygments) and protein, carbohydrate and lipid concentrations. Chloropigment, protein, carbohydrate and lipid concentrations were high, indicating that this system shares trophic conditions typical of highly productive environments. All organic matter components displayed a distribution independent from the increasing distance from the Po river outflow and a clear spatial variability, characterised by significant differences among different areas, but not among deployments. Carbohydrates were the biochemical compound displaying the highest spatial variability among the three areas. Chloropigment, protein, carbohydrate and lipid concentrations displayed also significant temporal changes. When spatial and temporal variability were compared, chlorophyll-a, phaeopigment and protein concentrations displayed a higher temporal than spatial variability. Conversely, for carbohydrates and lipids spatial and temporal variability was of the same order of magnitude. Organic matter composition displayed limited changes among areas, but a strong temporal variability. The results from the Adriatic sea suggest that analyses from sediments collected from a single deployment are sufficient for assessing organic matter concentration and composition over areas of several hundreds of square meters. However, for estimating organic matter composition over larger spatial scales ( i.e. miles) the identification of different sampling areas is needed.     

Trend,seasonal variation and sources of suspended particulated matter (SPM) in Spain

In this study we analyze the temporal evolution of the suspended particulated matter (SPM) in the air of the six Spanish remote stations belonging to the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme network. A negative trend is observed in three of them and a positive trend in one. Another objective of this work was to know the geographical sources of SPM in Spain. To do this we used the conditional probability functions (cf. Ashbaugh et al. (1985), Atmos. Environ., 19, 1263–1270) and information about air masses trajectories. The North of Africa and regions inside Spain are the main sources while Continental Europe and the British Islands are less important.     

Variability of dissolved organic matter in northern adriatic coastal waters

The results obtained in the four seasonal cruises planned in the PRISMA II project are reported. These concern dissolved and colloidal organic carbon, free amino acids and total dissolved carbohydrates and heterotrophic activity. Main factors controlling organic matter degradation, resulting from laboratory tests not planned in the above project, are also discussed. Dissolved organic matter shows seasonal accumulation, which may be markedly different from year to year, and large contributions by colloidal and saccharide components. Heterotrophic activities play an important role in the carbon cycle, although laboratory runs highlight limitations caused by aging of organic matter and phosphorus deficiency.     

Effect of effluent organic matter on ozonation of bezafibrate

The influence of three effluent organic matter (EfOM) model compounds, humic acid (HA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and sodium alginate (AGS), on the ozonation of bezafibrate (BF), a typical pharmaceutical and personal care product (PPCP), was investigated. The results show that ozonation efficiently removed BF from aqueous solution with removal efficiencies>95% within 8 min for all conditions. The reaction rate of BF decreased with increasing model compounds concentrations and the influence was more pronounced for HA and BSA, while less pronounced for AGS. Although BF concentration was significantly reduced, the degree of mineralization achieved was only approximately 11%. The addition of HA and BSA improved the mineralization of the solution, while the influence of AGS was minor. The acute toxicity of BF solution during ozonation was determined using the Luminescent bacteria test, and the toxicity exhibited an initial increase and a successive reduction. An overall decreased acute toxicity was observed with an increase of HA. The presence of BSA increased the formation rate of toxicity intermediates and resulted in inhibition peak forward.     

机物料中溶解性有机质对土壤吸附除草剂的抑制作用

溶解性有机质(DOM)是陆地及水生生态系统中十分活跃的组分,对有机污染物质的环境行为 (如毒性、迁移转化及生物可降解性等)有着重要的影响,而施用有机物料会释放大量的DOM.采用批量平衡法研究了水稻秸秆腐解产生的溶解性有机质对苄嘧磺隆(BSM)在土壤中吸附行为的抑制作用.结果表明,线性方程能很好地描述BSM在土壤中的吸附行为;添加DOM降低了BSM在土壤中的分配系数即logKd值,其logKd值与对照(不加DOM)间存在极显著差异(P<0.01),秸秆腐解时间越长,logKd值越小;亲水组分和疏水组分在DOM抑制土壤吸附BSM中起着不同的作用;BSM在土壤上的吸附自由能小于40 kJ·mol-1,推测BSM在土壤上主要以物理吸附为主,吸附机理可能有范德华力、疏水键、氢键和偶极键力,不存在化学键吸附作用.