Interaction of PACls with sulfate

IntroductionPolyaluminumchloride (PACl)asamainkindofinorganicpolymerflocculantsisanewhighereffectivewaterandwastewatertreatmentreagent.Basedonthetraditionallow molecularaluminum ,ithasbeendevelopedworldwidesincethe 196 0s(Tang,1994 ;1990 ;1987) .PAClistheintermediateproductofthehydrolysis polymerization ageingprocessofAl(III)undersuitableconditions.Atpresent,itisgenerallyknownthattherearemanypossiblespeciesexistintheAl(III)solution ,suchasmonomers,oligomers,Al13 [AlO4Al12 (OH) 2 4(H2 …     

硫酸根离子与聚合铝的反应过程及其产物形态

对不同Al/SO2-4比及碱化度条件下PACl与SO₄^2-的反应过程进行研究,分析了体系中总铝浓度及形态分布变化规律,测定了各沉淀/结晶产物的组成,并对其形貌进行了扫描电镜观察.实验结果表明:碱化度对PACl/SO₄^2-反应体系有较大影响,随着碱化度(B值)的增加,沉淀/结晶的析出速率加快,结果析出物中OH含量逐渐增加,而SO₄^2-/Al比率从0.45～0.30逐渐降低.各聚合铝水解形态与SO₄^2-反应速率上存在明显差异,从而为其混凝优势形态的分离纯化创造了条件.     

微生物与重金属的相互作用

从多方面概述了微生物与重金属的相互作用，重点描述了微生物对重金属的抗生和解毒作用，最后介绍了该研究领域发展前景。     

产酸脱硫反应器中SRB种群的功能与地位

采用产酸脱硫反应器进行连续流试验,提出在“质” 的方面,SRB-硫酸盐还原菌-是产酸脱硫生态系统中氢的“消费者”和产酸菌-AB-酸性末端产物的“改造者”,并维持着群落“乙酸型代谢”的典型特征;在“量”的方面,SRB种群通过数量波动维持着“基质链”与“生物链”的动态平衡,并以种群动态为表征.SRB种群的功能决定了它在产酸脱硫系统中的实现生态位,并给出了由pH值、氧化还原电位-ORP-和碱度-ALK-制约的SRB种群的三维实现生态位图.     

空间站原子氧环境仿真研究

目的预估空间站在轨期间遭受的原子氧撞击通量。方法通过对空间站构型进行建模,轨道、姿态参数设定,应用Kepler计算方法对空间站在轨20年的原子氧积分通量进行初步的仿真计算和分析。结果得到了航天器各个微元表面的原子氧积分通量数据。结论通过数据分析可知,迎风方向上经受的最大原子氧通量达到5.79×1022atoms/cm2,综合空间站各个不同位置表面的积分通量数据,可为航天器结构设计与材料选择提供技术支持。     

Properties and coagulation mechanisms of polyferric silicate sulfate with high concentration

Polyferric silicate sulfate （PFSS） with high concentration was prepared using the composite-poly method. The coagulation properties and mechanisms of this new complex were probed using TEM, Fe-Ferron timed complex-colorimetric method, and infrared spectrum method. The results showed that the flocculating effect of polyferric silicate sulfate had an advantage over polyferric sulfate （PFS）, as the optimum coagulation effect could be obtained when the Si/Fe mole ratio was 0.75 in accordance with its macrostructure of PFSS. According to the Fe-Ferron timed complex-colorimetric method, the Si species was mainly Sic, whereas, the Fe species were Fea and Fec in the copolymerization system. The infrared spectra indicated that the structure of these new flocculants was formed by polymers, mainly by olation, which was different from polyferric sulfate, and the vibration of M-OH-M of around 1100 cm^-1, also proved that there existed Fe-OH-Fe and its polymers in some forms.     

Interaction of gut microflora with tannins in feeds

Tannins (hydrolyzable and condensed) are water-soluble polyphenolic compounds that exert antinutritional effects on ruminants by forming complexes with dietary proteins. They limit nitrogen supply to animals, besides inhibiting the growth and activity of ruminal microflora. However, some gastrointestinal microbes are able to break tannin–protein complexes while preferentially degrading hydrolyzable tannins (HTs). Streptococcus gallolyticus, Lonepinella koalarum and Selenomonas ruminantium are the dominant bacterial species that have the ability to degrade HTs. These tanninolytic microorganisms possess tannin-degrading ability and have developed certain mechanisms to tolerate tannins in feeds. Hence, selection of efficient tanninolytic microbes and transinoculation among animals for long-term benefits become areas of intensive interest. Here, we review the effects of tannins on ruminants, the existence and significance of tannin-degrading microorganisms in diverse groups of animals and the mechanisms that tannin-degrading microorganisms have developed to counter the toxic effects of tannin.     

反硝化细菌对硫酸盐还原菌的竞争抑制研究

以从大庆油田采出水中筛选到的硫酸盐还原菌SRB-2和反硝化细菌DNB-1为目的菌,考察两者之间的竞争抑制关系,以及添加营养物质的种类和浓度对SRB-2数量及产H2S活性的影响。结果表明,当体系中硝酸盐浓度为0.5 g/L或亚硝酸盐浓度为0.1-0.5 g/L时,DNB-1就能够有效降低SRB-2活性,抑制H2S的产生,抑制时间10 d以上,H2S产生可以减少85%以上;当体系中硝酸盐浓度为0.1-0.25 g/L时,在10 d内DNB-1对SRB-2活性和产H2S活性也有较好的抑制效果,H2S产生减少65%左右;亚硝酸盐对SRB-2生长的抑制作用好于硝酸盐。     

聚合硫酸铁混凝消除水中有机氯的研究

采用聚合硫酸铁(PFS)絮凝剂对水中有机氯农药(OCPs)进行强化混凝处理,并运用响应曲面法(RSM)优化分析了影响OCPs去除率的混凝条件,如pH值、原水浊度、混凝剂投加量和OCPs的初始浓度诸因素.结果表明,各影响因素交互作用显著,最佳混凝条件组合为:pH=5.0、原水浊度=150NTU、PFS投加量为12mg/L、OCPs初始浓度为200ng/L,在此条件下,PFS絮凝剂可有效去除水中OCPs,经模型验证实验得到最佳条件下去除率α-HCH为82.23%、β-HCH为71.15%、γ-HCH为77.28%、δ-HCH为86.27%、 p,p’-DDE为93.78%,与RSM预测值基本相同.结合絮体分形维数和Zeta电位对混凝效果的机理进行了探讨,表明各因素均达到了最佳水平.     

硫酸根离子强化零价铁去除Cr(Ⅵ)的试验研究

普通零价铁去除Cr（VI）的反应活性较低且Cr（VI）会导致零价铁较快钝化.通过连续流实验,研究了硫酸根离子提高零价铁去除水中Cr（Ⅵ）的可行性与反应机理.实验结果表明,在未加入硫酸根离子时,运行5.5h后柱子出水总铬及Cr（VI）已开始超出饮用水标准.而在加入1~3mmol/L SO₄^2-后,出水总铬及Cr（VI）持续降低,并最终降至饮用水水质标准以下且稳定运行长达240h以上.XPS分析结果表明,还原作用是零价铁除Cr（Ⅵ）的主要机理,硫酸根离子加速了零价铁的腐蚀进而促进了Cr（VI）的去除.     

Geophysiology of natural marine sulfate aerosols

The hypothesis suggesting dimethyl sulfide (DMS) from oceanic phytoplankton as the dominant natural worldwide source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) is being tested in several ways. Studies ranging from the perturbation of cloud albedo by ship plumes to the sulpur content of Antarctic ice cores have revealed much about the workings of the natural marine sulfur cycle and the mass flux of DMS-derived sulfur compounds. However, quantifying the relationship between DMS mass flux, or sulfate mass concentration, and CCN number remains as a major challenge.     

除草剂苯达松与腐植酸作用机理的研究

采用ＩＲ，ＥＳＲ，ＵＶ等近代仪器分析手段，对除草剂苯达松与２种不同来源的腐植酸的作用机理进行了研究。结果表明，苯达松与腐植酸作用时，因腐植酸所含官能团各类，数量不同，形成不同的吸附机理，含有羟基较多的腐植酸ＨＡ１，易与苯达松形成离子键，氢链是其可能的吸附机理；而含有胺基和低羧基的腐植酸ＨＡ２，则易与苯达松以氢键相结合，苯达松与腐植酸作用时，两者之间发生了电荷转移，形成了更大的共轭体系。     

Interaction of polyhydroxy fullerenes with ferrihydrite: adsorption and aggregation

The rapid development of nanoscience and nanotechnology, with thousands types of nanomaterials being produced, will lead to various environmental impacts. Thus,understanding the behaviors and fate of these nanomaterials is essential. This study focused on the interaction between polyhydroxy fullerenes(PHF) and ferrihydrite(Fh), a widespread iron(oxyhydr)oxide nanomineral and geosorbent. Our results showed that PHF were effectively adsorbed by Fh. The adsorption isotherm fitted the D-R model well, with an adsorption capacity of 67.1 mg/g. The adsorption mean free energy of 10.72 k J/mol suggested that PHF were chemisorbed on Fh. An increase in the solution p H and a decrease of the Fh surface zeta potential were observed after the adsorption of PHF on Fh; moreover, increasing initial solution p H led to a reduction of adsorption. The Fourier transform infrared spectra detected a red shift of C–O stretching from 1075 to 1062 cm-1 and a decrease of Fe–O bending, implying the interaction between PHF oxygenic functional groups and Fh surface hydroxyls. On the other hand, PHF affected the aggregation and reactivity of Fh by changing its surface physicochemical properties. Aggregation of PHF and Fh with individual particle sizes increasing from 2 nm to larger than 5 nm was measured by atomic force microscopy. The uniform distribution of C and Fe suggested that the aggregates of Fh were possibly bridged by PHF. Our results indicated that the interaction between PHF and Fh could evidently influence the migration of PHF, as well as the aggregation and reactivity of Fh.     

Interaction mechanisms of organic contaminants with burned straw ash charcoal

Black carbons(e.g.,charcoal) have a great impact on the transport of organic contaminants in soil and water because of its strong affnity and ubiquity in the environment.To further elucidate their interaction mechanism,sorption of polar(p-nitrotoluene,m-dinitrobenzene and nitrobenzene) and nonpolar(naphthalene) aromatic contaminants to burned straw ash charcoal under different de-ashed treatments were investigated.The sorption isotherms fitted well with Freundlich equation,and the Freundlich N values were all around 0.31-0.38,being independent of the sorbate properties and sorbent types.After sequential removal of ashes by acid treatments(HCl and HCl-HF) ,both adsorption and partition were enhanced due to the enrichment of charcoal component.The separated contribution of adsorption and partition to total sorption were quantified.The effective carbon content in ash charcoal functioned as adsorption sites,partition phases,and hybrid regions with adsorption and partition were conceptualized and calculated.The hybrid regions increased obviously after de-ashed treatment.The linear relationships of Freundlich N values with the charring-temperature of charcoal or biochar(the charred byproduct in biomass pyrolysis) were observed based on the current study and the cited publications which included 15 different temperatures(100-850°C) ,10 kinds of precursors of charcoal/biochar,and 10 organic sorbates.     

氧化石墨烯和多环芳烃与肺表面活性物质间的相互作用

为阐明氧化石墨烯与多环芳烃这一复合污染体系与肺表面活性物质（PS）的作用,考察了各组分之间的作用方式及效应,并对作用机制进行分析.结果表明,PS及其组分对多环芳烃有增溶作用,增溶能力依次为萘 < 苊 < 苯并（a）蒽;氧化石墨烯对多环芳烃和PS有一定的吸附作用,且多环芳烃和PS存在竞争吸附,入肺后PS及其组分占据多环芳烃的吸附位点而负载于氧化石墨烯表面;多环芳烃在PS及其组分增溶作用下在氧化石墨烯表面解析,毒性增强;DPPC由竞争吸附产生的解析效果尤为显著,当苯并（a）蒽的加入量到0.6mg/L时,DPPC于GO上吸附量减少了28.92mg/g;同时,多环芳烃和PS均会促使氧化石墨烯团聚,粒径增大3倍以上;C=C键的增多和化学键转化产生的作用力影响了氧化石墨烯的稳定性.本研究为复合污染对肺的潜在毒性效应及肺风险评估提供了一定的理论支撑.     

环境修复中锰氧化物与变价重金属交互作用的研究进展

氧化-还原过程是影响重金属环境行为的重要过程.锰氧化物作为重要的天然氧化剂,通过对变价重金属的氧化还原和吸附作用,影响着其在环境中的形态、生物有效性乃至归趋,具有很高的环境修复潜力和应用价值.近年来对锰氧化物和变价重金属元素的研究主要集中在以下几个方面:生物氧化锰的形成与多铜氧化酶体系的关系;锰氧化物与变价重金属的交互作用的机制及其影响因素,尤其锰氧化物的空间结构和作用位点的影响.目前,锰氧化物在环境修复中的应用主要集中在水环境修复方面,土壤体系及土壤微界面还很鲜见.同时土壤体系中影响锰氧化物与重金属交互作用的因素更多,其过程也更为复杂.本文通过总结锰氧化物与变价重金属交互作用的研究进展,对比不同重金属种类之间反应机制的差别,为更好的理解锰氧化物的环境作用提供基础,也期望能够进一步拓展其在污染环境的修复中的应用范围.     

湖滨带生态退化及其与人类活动的相互作用

湖滨带属于水陆生态交错带,是湖泊水生态系统与陆地生态系统间非常重要的过渡带. 根据湖滨带生态退化的表现形式,可以将湖滨带生态退化过程归纳为渐变退化、间断不连续退化、跃变退化、突变退化及复合退化5种类型. 系统自然退化是一个漫长渐变的过程,而人为干扰往往带有冲击负荷与胁迫压力.人类对湖滨带生态退化的影响与人类文明的发展历程密切相关,随着人类开发自然、利用自然能力的加强,对湖滨带生态退化的影响深度、范围也明显增强. 在文明初始阶段,人类对湖滨带处于被动适应及竞争利用的状态;文明成长阶段,人类开始对湖滨带进行主动开发及可控利用;在文明成熟阶段,从对湖滨带单纯开发利用拓展为发挥综合生态服务功能. 另一方面,湖滨带生态退化对人类产生的影响主要体现在生物资源萎缩、洪水灾害损失增加、可利用淡水资源减少、对人体健康造成威胁、美学价值丧失、影响水文化的历史传承等. 研究湖滨带的退化过程及其与人类活动之间的相互作用、相互影响关系,认清湖滨带自身的发展规律,识别湖滨带退化的驱动因子,有助于我们进一步保护湖滨带、修复退化的湖滨带或提出减缓湖滨带退化过程的有利措施.      

不同来源溶解有机质与镉和锑的相互作用

运用紫外-可见吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析的荧光淬灭技术,研究了植物、土壤、沉积物和水体4种来源DOM及其不同组分与Cd和Sb的相互作用.结果表明,随着Cd浓度的升高,4种来源DOM的光谱斜率(S275~295)和光谱斜率比(SR)都出现了明显下降,而DOM与Sb反应后其SR和S275~295值变化不明显,说明2种金属与DOM的结合机制有所不同,Cd与DOM的结合促使小分子DOM向大分子转化,而DOM与Sb结合后没有出现分子量的明显增大.对于相同金属处理,不同来源DOM及DOM不同组分荧光强度的变化不同,说明不同来源DOM与Cd和Sb结合的活性组分不同,且不同组分对Cd和Sb的络合能力差异较大.另外,在Cd处理中,Ex/Em= 301nm /346nm处的类蛋白组分的荧光强度变化有所波动,说明与类腐殖质组分相比,某些类蛋白组分与Cd形成的络合物稳定性较差.     

硫丹及硫丹硫酸酯的土壤降解特性

在实验室条件下研究了α-硫丹、β-硫丹及硫丹硫酸酯在东北黑壤土、江苏水稻土、江西红壤土和河南二合土4种土壤中的降解特性.结果表明,硫丹及硫丹硫酸酯降解过程可用一级动力学方程描述.4种土壤中,β-硫丹的降解半衰期(DT50)分别为39、10、14和13d;α-硫丹的DT50分别为72、56、105和42d;硫丹硫酸酯的DT50分别为39、41、53和34d,因此,硫丹硫酸酯在土壤中的持久性值得关注.α-硫丹在有机质含量丰富的土壤中降解较慢,β-硫丹在碱性土壤中降解较快.用一级动力学模型模拟的硫丹(α-硫丹+β-硫丹)和总硫丹(α-硫丹+β-硫丹+硫丹硫酸酯)降解过程的计算结果表明,硫丹的DT50为18～47d,总硫丹的DT50为48～77d.试验观察到的硫丹降解产物依次为硫丹硫酸酯、硫丹二醇、硫丹醚和硫丹羟基醚.