Criticism of the philosophy for development of standards for non-ionizing radiation

The new recommendations of WHO and EC for legislation in Europe and other countries concerning non-ionizing radiation (NIR) health and safety include exposure limits that are very debatable. ICNIRP Guidelines propose exposure limits for electromagnetic fields in the frequency range up to 300 GHz based on short-term exposures and on thermal effects. The new EC proposal for optical and laser safety legislation includes classification of sources of radiation—both lasers and other optical sources, but not requirements for the methodology of classification. On the other hand, many new requirements have been set by the WHO publication “Model Legislation for EMF Protection” concerning the responsibilities in the field of EMF health and safety. Many specialists in the field of developing exposure limits have positions very far away from the proposed of the ICNIRP Guidelines philosophy. The results are different approaches in developing standards and exposure limits, and differences more than 100 times in maximal permissible levels. We, the Bulgarian Program Committee on NIR, try to organize working groups and discuss different philosophy for developing exposure limits for more than 10 years. This paper exposes our position in this area.     

乌鲁木齐市市民环境意识万人问卷调查报告

为贯彻全国和自治区第４次环保会议精神,了解和提高全市各族群众的环境意识,使环境保护基本国策深入人心,乌鲁木齐市环保局在１９９８年“六·五”世界环境日之际开展了以“关心环境保护,共建美丽首府”为主题的市民环境意识万人问卷活动。由全市７区１县及２个开发区环保局（站）协助,分别在政府机关、厂矿、学校、街头、摊点进行发放问卷活动。调查结果初步摸清了乌鲁木齐市在环境宣传教育中所取得的成效和存在的问题,为今后更好地加强环境宣传教育,普及环境科学知识,提高社会各界环境意识提供了参考信息。     

关于改进“绿色化税制”测量方法的探讨

“绿色化税制”通常使用两项指标来进行测量：环境相关税收入占GDP的百分比和环境相关税收入占国家税收总收入的百分比。但是,这两个指标也存在着一个很大的缺点：当污染税增加时,税收收入也增加。因此,本文通过探讨测量绿色税制的指标,建立一个简单的分析框架,通过有效性、数据的可用性、全时段的比较、国际相似性、易聚合性、免税和减税、有限的复杂性七个指标来进行评价。最后,基于四种类型的指标的优缺点来做总结,对绿色税制的优化给出建议。     

A future for the forest of dean

Summary This article outlines the historical background of the Forest of Dean in Gloucestershire and the Acts of Parliament which have affected its landscape character. Problems relating to the present situation are discussed. These include rights of access, common rights, sales of public land, intrusion of industry, open cast mining and tourism. The suggestion is put forward that there should be a new Act of Parliament establishing a Dean Forest Authority which would be an autonomous estate management body with an executive committee drawn from the many interests in the district. The Forestry Commission, which is at present responsible for management, with its main concern that of commercial tree growing, is not considered to be sufficiently sympathetic to local needs. The author originally intended reading for a Forestry degree at Oxford, but eventually took a degree in Botany at that University (1957). For some time he was Biology teacher at King Edward VI's School, Norwich, and Head of Science at the Blyth School, Norwich. Since establishing the Centre for Environmental Studies for the Gloucestershire Education Authority in the Forest of Dean in 1969 he has become closely involved with a number of conservation organisations in Gloucestershire. He was for a time chairman of the Dean branch of the Council for the Protection of Rural England and the North Dean Reserves Committee of the Gloucestershire Trust for Nature Conservation. Besides writing the occasional paper on field studies and local history he writes a ‘Conservation Piece’ monthly for the local papers. He has been an outspoken critic on a number of local issues on radio, television and in local inquiries.     

土壤中石油类的监测方法

研究了测定土壤中石油类含量的方法,采用直接用CCl4从土壤中萃取石油类的方法,再借用HJ637—2012《水质石油类和动植物油类的测定红外分光光度法》测定萃取液CCl4中石油类的含量。该分析方法在土壤分析样品为10g时,确定了最佳的萃取剂体积50mL、萃取时间6h、萃取温度55℃等影响测量结果的因素。该方法不仅操作简单、经济、省时、省力,而且测定结果也较为接近真实数值,填补了企业环境保护管理工作中判定土壤污染严重程度时缺少监测分析方法的空白。     

浅议图书馆对继续教育的服务

继续教育是我院教育教学工作的重要组成部分。继续教育生具有"自学为主、限时多学、积极多研、追求速成",但利用图书馆较少的特点。图书馆应结合实际,以提高对继续教育的服务质量为宗旨,从转变思想观念,加强制度建设和馆藏建设,以及如何进行图书宣传等方面为继续教育服务。     

浅谈清洁生产审核企业后监管体系建设

清洁生产审核企业后监管体系的建立是对现有清洁生产政策法规的有利补充,是加强对企业可持续清洁生产工作管理的客观要求。本文通过对后监管体系建设的必要性及其框架内容的描述,为区域后监管体系的建成提供科学的参考和借鉴。     

防止冷却塔水量损失的措施

通过实际测量和理论计算，分析了3台12500KVA矿热炉循环冷却水使用过程中的补水情况，测定出冷却塔的水量损失很大，从而提出了如何防止水量散失的建议。     

含酚制药废水处理技术

针对含酚制药污水COD含量高、难降解等特点，综述了采用物化、生化法于一体的方法处理废水，并且从机理上阐述了该方法解决上述问题的可行性及实际应用。     

寻找霍山生态创建的时光足迹

"背着简单的行囊,我独自走过很多地方,但我从没有详尽而细致地描绘过它们。然而在霍山,我感受到了大自然真正的魅力。霍山的山水像一幅简洁辽阔的大家书法,更像一幅写意的国画。走进霍山,就像走进了一个天然氧吧……"这是一位曾经来到霍山的游客写的文章。其实许多到过霍     

牵引电机转子制作过程中转轴表面腐蚀原因分析

本文通过对转轴材质分析、表面腐蚀产物分析、关键工艺环节分析和模拟试验,系统讨论了南车电机公司某型牵引电机转子制作过程中转轴腐蚀的主要原因,着重于寻找影响电机转轴腐蚀的主要工艺环节.最终,针对影响电机转轴腐蚀的主要工艺环节提出了相应的防腐蚀措施建议.     

Partnerships for Local Environmental Action: Observations on the First Two Years of Rural Action for the Environment

Rural Action for the Environment is a key element of the UK Government's 'Action for the Countryside' initiative. It has two main elements: the provision of advice, training, information and grants to local communities; and the formation of county based networks of environmental organizations to provide the necessary support infrastructure to local projects. This paper suggests that Rural Action is a laudable attempt to move towards a more 'enabling' style of operation which may ultimately result in a significant increase in the level of interest and involvement in environmental action. However, it has also highlighted a number of important problems which are likely to afflict all future attempts to encourage local communities to formulate and carry out sustainable environmental improvements in their areas. Particular difficulties result from the need to reconcile the multiple and possibly contradictory objectives of different agencies, the problems of engaging the interest of local people, the time and other resource constraints faced by those who seek to implement such initiatives and the political imperative to achieve action on the ground as rapidly as possible. Each of these issues will need to be addressed by future schemes if widespread involvement in locally determined environmental action is to be secured.     

硫化物生物氧化脱硫技术研究现状

介绍了近年来国内外硫化物生物氧化为单质硫的各种脱硫技术.分析总结了硫化物生物氧化为单质硫工艺的各种影响因素,包括氧硫比、溶解氧浓度、硫化物浓度、化学氧化、微生物菌种、pH值、温度等因素.提出了生物氧化脱硫技术的发展前景.该技术将脱硫和单质硫的回收和为一体,是一种安全、低成本将含硫废液变废为宝的工艺技术.     

Diesel particulate emissions and the implications for the soiling of buildings

Summary The sources of dark smoke and particulate elemental carbon (PEC) in the London and United Kingdom atmospheres have been estimated from emission inventories. Diesels are responsible for about 60 percent of the dark smoke and 95 percent of the PEC in London, and about 30 percent of the dark smoke and 90 percent of the PEC in the UK. The role of PEC in the soiling of materials is considered. An experimental programme in the Hatfield Tunnel revealed a soiling rate constant of 1.9 yr^–1. The socio-economic implications of building soiling are considered.Dr Trudie Mansfield completed her postgraduate training at Middlesex Polytechnic, where her research supervisor, Dr Ron Hamilton, and Bryan Ellis are members of staff in the Urban Pollution Research Centre (address, Bounds Green Road, London N11 2NQ) and Peter Newby is a staff member in the School of Geography (address, Queensway, Enfield EN3 4SF). Trudie Mansfield is a Senior Scientific Officer in the Air Quality Division of the Department of the Environment.     

Environmental justice for the governance of aquatic environments

Environmental justice sheds light on the distributive and procedural aspects of planning and decision-making. We examined the challenges arising from the perspective of environmental justice on multi-level and participatory environmental governance by exploring the governance of aquatic environments in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. We found three main challenges and potential responses to them. First, even though most of Helsinki’s shoreline is free and/or accessible by road and accordingly used actively by people for recreational purposes, many parts of the shoreline are perceived as inaccessible, reflecting a need to combine factual and perceived accessibility of aquatic environments in detail during the planning processes and to discuss reasons for possible discrepancies between these two. Second, there was a remarkable seasonal variation in the use of aquatic environments, so more attention should be paid to social-demographic factors explaining the distribution of the use of urban nature. Third, it seems to be difficult to capture the variety of perceptions of people and to integrate them into planning and decision-making processes even on a local scale, and this challenge is likely even more pronounced on higher levels of planning and governance. Thus, better integration of regional and local-scale planning procedures should be encouraged. Building on these observations, we conclude that integration of procedural and distributive environmental justice into the practices of the governance of aquatic environments could remarkably decrease unwanted trade-offs and potential conflicts in their use and management.     

Policy formulation for the management of hazardous pollutants

Hazardous pollutants pose a number of distinct problems for the public policy maker, most notably because of the uncertainty surrounding the effects of such pollutants and the potentially serious or irreversible outcomes of hazardous pollution damage. Policy approaches to the problem have generally used some kind of balancing approach—between costs and benefits, or between risks and benefits. Direct controls such as standards or bans are the most commonly used policy instruments in dealing with hazardous pollutants due to the certainty of outcome which they provide. However, many more regulatory options are available to the public policy maker, for example, economic incentives and legal procedures.     

Subsampling program for the estimation of fish impingement

Federal regulations require operators of nuclear and coal-fired power-generating stations to estimate the number of fish impinged on intake screens. During winter months, impingement may range into the hundreds of thousands for certain species, making it impossible to count all intake screens completely. We present graphs for determinig the appropriateoptimal subsample that must be obtained to estimate the total number impinged. Since the number of fish impinged tends to change drastically within a short time period, the subsample size is determined based on the most recent data. This allows for the changing nature of the species-age composition of the impinged fish. These graphs can also be used for subsampling fish catches in an aquatic system when the size of the catch is too large to sample completely.