小流域水质评价方法对比研究

为分析小流域水质评价方法的准确度和适应度,以小安溪流域2017年和2018年的监测数据为基础,利用单因子评价法、综合指数评价法、内梅罗污染指数法和加拿大水质指数法进行水质评价,利用等标水质分析的思想对比了四种方法的评价准确度。评价结果显示:单因子评价法更适合评价水质分布较均匀的流域,内梅罗污染指数法要更为客观一些,加拿大水质指数法更适合较大的、评价指标较多的流域。综合指数评价法是最适合小流域水质评价的。其结果为小流域水质评价方法选择提供了借鉴。     

辽河盘锦段控制单元水质分析与评价

通过分析2019年盘锦市5个控制单元内6个监测断面的逐月水质数据,依据《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002),采用单因子评价法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对各断面水质进行评价,对比2种评价结果,选择内梅罗综合污染指数法的结果作为最终评价结果。评价结果显示,辽河公园断面不存在污染问题,赵圈河断面、兴安断面以及三岔河断面尚未污染,曙光大桥断面及万金滩断面存在轻度污染。     

宝鸡市东沙河流域水质污染评价

对宝鸡市东沙河流域7个断面进行采样,分析污染因子特征,采用单因子评价法、综合污染指数法和改进的内梅罗指数法相结合,对东沙河水质进行综合评价。结果表明:七个断面流域主要污染物为COD,氨氮次之。东沙河流域磷、化学需氧量、氨氮浓度呈下降趋势,pH含量缓慢上升。河流域上游水质为Ⅲ类,中下游水质为Ⅴ类。河流上游污染因子为COD、主要污染物为工农业废水。中下游主要污染物为COD、氨氮。工业废水排放量是影响流域水质的主要原因。生活污水、固体废弃物以及农业废水溢流量对河流水质的变化也有重要作用。     

塔里木河下游霍拉山地区地下水水质分析

为掌握近几年塔里木河下游地下水环境质量变化情况,运用单因子评价法和改进内梅罗指数法对塔里木河下游霍拉山地区2013～2019年地下水监测数据进行综合评价.分析结果表明:霍拉山地区地下水主要影响指标为硫酸盐、氯化物、溶解性总固体、总硬度等,水质状况稳定,无明显变化.地下水持续消耗导致包气带增厚,进一步增大含水层与地下水源...     

四川升钟水库水质评价及污染负荷分析

选取高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）、五日生化需氧量（BOD5）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）4项监测指标,采用单因干评价法、综合污染指数法、内梅罗污染指数法、模糊综合评价法及水质标识指数法对升钟水库2004～2010年水污染特征进行分析与评价,结果表明：水质标识指数法比较适合升钟水库水体富营养化评价;单因子水质标识指数显示,水库主要污染物为总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）,基本呈现富营养状态;2008年水质最差,2010年水质达到Ⅱ类标准;7年Iwq的平均值Ave（Iwq）=3．393,Ave（Iwq）未达到国家Ⅱ类水质标准。近7年综合水质标识指数（Iwq）在不同时点上具有高-低演化规律,总体趋向好转。通过计算2006年N、P污染负荷,TN、TP入库主要源于水产养殖,其贡献率分别为：55％、82％,升钟水库TN、TP是合理容量的1．97～2．32倍。应严格控制水库网箱肥水养殖。研究结果对指导升钟水库水污染防治与水资源管理具有重要的意义。     

昆明市典型村庄环境质量状况变化分析及对策研究

根据昆明市晋宁区两个试点村庄2015～2018年空气质量、水环境及土壤等的监测分析,运用单因子综合评价法、内梅罗综合污染指数等评价方法对典型农村环境质量进行评价。结果表明试点村庄的空气质量、饮用水源水质为良好,地表水河流和土壤部分年度有轻度污染,总体村庄环境质量相对较好;并依据评价结果提出昆明地区农村环境污染防治对策及建议。     

南充市农村土壤重金属污染现状调查与评价

本文对南充市不同区域农村土壤中重金属污染状况进行了调查和分析,参照《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995),运用单污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对土壤质量进行了评价。结果表明,南充市农村土壤重金属平均内梅罗综合污染指数为1.01,受到了重金属轻污染。主要重金属污染物为Hg、Ni、Cu和Zn。52.8%样点受Cu轻污染,41.7%Zn轻污染,8.3%Hg轻污染,36.1%Ni轻污染,2.8%Ni中度污染。不同区域和不同土地利用方式下土壤中重金属污染状况有一定的差别。     

邯郸市某冶炼厂周边小麦体内重金属含量研究

分析邯郸市某冶炼厂周边小麦重金属污染情况,为当地农作物的科学种植提供参考。以邯郸市某冶炼厂周边的小麦为研究对象,研究了距离冶炼厂不同距离5个采样点小麦体内重金属含量,并采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法评价小麦中3种重金属的污染状况。结果表明,小麦中Cd和Pb含量均出现了不同程度的超现象,Cu含量没有超标。由单因子指数法可知,距冶炼厂400m内,小麦体内Pb重度污染,Cd轻、中度污染;距冶炼厂400~1 600m之间,小麦未被Cd污染;距冶炼厂800~1 600m之间,小麦体内Pb中度污染。由内梅罗综合污染指数可知,综合污染指数在1.5~4.5之间,距冶炼厂400m内,为重度污染;400~1 600m之间,为轻度污染。小麦体内重金属污染程度与距冶炼厂的距离有明显的相关性,污染指数随着距离增加而降低。冶炼厂周边农田的小麦均受到不同程度的重金属污染,不适合于研究区种植。     

三江源地区集中式饮用水水源地水质金属元素浓度特征与质量评价

利用2016～2019年青海三江源自然保护区生态保护和建设工程项目中主要饮用水水源地实测水质数据资料,对饮用水水源地水质金属元素浓度特征进行了分析,用统计法、单因子指数评价法、内梅罗综合评价法和相关性分析法对水质金属元素水环境质量进行了初评价.结果表明,源区地表和地下饮用水水源地中Be、Cr6+、Se、As、Hg、Tl...     

四川雅安工业园区周边土壤重金属空间分布及污染评价研究

通过采集工业园区周边12个土壤,研究土壤中重金属的空间分布和污染情况,并采用单因子指数法、尼梅罗综合指数法、背景值及标准偏差法进行评价。结果表明,部分采样点Pb和Zn超过了国家土壤环境质量标准限值。背景值及标准偏差评价法评价表明,土壤重金属元素基本上都高于中国土壤元素背景值(四川省)。单项污染指数评价表明,采样点主要受到Pb和Zn为轻微污染。内梅罗综合污染指数来看,多数点位为警戒级别和安全清洁级别,个别点位为轻度和中度污染。工业园区周边土壤受到人类活动干扰明显,对周围土壤环境造成了不同程度的Pb和Zn污染。     

区域水资源安全评价——以四川省内江市为例

运用AHP法建立了区域水资源安全评价指标体系,以四川省内江市为例,提出了符合当地资源现状的评价标准,并对其水资源安全状况进行评估。结果表明,内江市水资源安全存在潜在威胁,供水安全问题不容忽视。其中心城区水资源安全问题尤为突出,其他区域处于顸警状态,据此,对内江市水资源管理和保护提出了建议。     

Past and future sustainability of water policies in Europe

The article contributes to a discussion on two global issues on water: water resources management, and water supply and sanitation. Focusing on Europe, it traces the legal roots of current systems in history: as a resource, water is considered as a common property, rather than a market good; while as a public service it is usually a commodity. Public water supply and sanitation technologies and engineering have developed under three main paradigms: quantitative and civil engineering; qualitative and chemical/sanitary engineering (both on the supply side); and the most recent one, environmental engineering and integrated management (on the demand side). The cost of public drinking water is due to rise sharply in view of the two‐fold financial challenge of replacing an ageing infrastructure and keeping up with ever‐rising environmental and sanitary quality standards. Who will pay? Government subsidies, or water users? The author suggests that apparent successes with privatisation may have relied heavily on hidden government subsidies and/or the healthy state of previously installed water infrastructure: past government subsidies are still felt for as long as the lifetime of the infrastructure. The article stresses the importance of public participation and decentralized local management of water and sanitation services. Informing and involving users in water management decisions is seen as an integral part of the ‘ethics’ side of the crucial three E's (economics, environment, ethics). The article strongly argues for municipal provision of water services, and hopes that lessons learnt and solutions found in the European experience may serve water services management efforts in other regions of the world.     

沱江枯水期内江段集中式供水的致突变性研究

本文以Ames试验检测了以沱江为水源的内江市东兴水厂枯水期原水和新、旧两两种工艺处理的出厂水的有机浓集物的致突变性,并对两种工艺去除三卤甲烷前体物的能力进行了比较。研究结果表明:在本试验条件下,其原水未检出致突变性;两种处理工艺的出厂水均能检出较弱的致突变性;新工艺能更有效地去除原水中的三卤甲烷前体物。     

饮用水水源地健康风险研究和实例分析

本论文以安庆市9个饮用水源地作为健康风险评价对象,选取2005～2008年的部分水质资料,运用健康风险评价模式,结合安庆地区人群状况修正部分参数,对该地区9个水源地经饮水途径造成的健康风险进行计算和评价。结果表明:化学致癌物所致的健康风险远远高出非致癌物,水源地健康风险主要来源于化学致癌物,在所评价的水源地中以铬(六价)的风险值最大,且有8个水源地铬(六价)的风险值均超过国际辐射防护委员会推荐的最大可接受风险水平,最高值出现在花凉亭水库。     

EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A FIXED WELLHEAD DELINEATION: REGIONAL CASE STUDY 1

The 1996 Safe Drinking Water Act amendments mandated that every state must determine the hydrogeologic origin of each public drinking water system and assess the degree to which each system may be adversely affected by potential sources of contamination. Wisconsin delineated and assessed one specific class of systems, transient noncommunity drinking water wells, with the least stringent standards of all governed system types. This study evaluates the effectiveness of Wisconsin's arbitrarily fixed radius approach used in determining susceptibility to potential contamination from 1,872 transient noncommunity ground water wells. Nearly 28 percent of the wells with contaminated water did not have any recorded potential sources of contamination within the delineation radii. Additionally, regression models derived from potential contaminant inventories within the delineation radii could not accurately predict actual incidences of water contamination. Differences between observed and expected frequencies of contamination further suggest that some transient noncommunity systems should probably be delineated with larger and more sophisticated methods that would account for varying geology and contaminant susceptibility. The majority of contamination cases without recorded potential sources of contamination within the delineation radii were in a karst area. Subsequently, the arbitrarily fixed radius delineation method should not be used in areas with karst aquifers.     

Spatial assessment of groundwater quality in Guna Tana landscape

This study focuses on investigating the quality of groundwater for irrigation and drinking water purposes. Spatial distribution of physicochemical and microbiological parameters was assessed from samples collected from springs, hand‐dug wells, and boreholes found the Guna Tana landscape. A total of 70 samples were considered for physical, chemical, and bacteriological water quality determination. The results revealed that most of the groundwater quality index (WQI) values lie between good and excellent. The maximum, minimum, mean, and standard deviation of each water quality parameter were prepared for evaluating groundwater quality. According to the WQI values, more than 83% of the water samples were classified as excellent water for drinking. More than 92% of the water samples showed low sodium hazards for irrigation and about 48% and 46% of the water samples were classified as within the excellent and good water classes for irrigation based on their electrical conductance levels. Therefore, the groundwater that is found in the Guna Tana landscape could be used for drinking and irrigation purposes without any advanced treatment.     

浙江省上虞市水资源分析及饮用水水源地水质现状评价研究

本文通过大量的基础数据调研,获取了浙江省上虞市水资源现状及饮用水水源地水质现状的第一手资料,对当地的水资源空间分布现状及水资源平衡进行了科学分析,并结合当地的社会经济发展趋势及城市发展中的用水需求增长趋势,提出了科学合理的水源地建设与保护建议。自2009年6月起,对汤浦水库、四明湖水库、隐潭溪、下管溪、总干渠等5个水源地进行了长期连续监测,为进一步保护优质水源地,城乡统筹一体化供水系统的建设提供科学依据。监测结果表明,作为重要备用水源地的总干渠目前呈现有机微污染特征,需要加强水源保护区内的环境管理,尽快设立水源保护区,确定合理的入河污染物的源头削减任务,以确保2010年前达到水功能区的水质目标。     

What’s Wrong with the Tap? Examining Perceptions of Tap Water and Bottled Water at Purdue University

The environmental impacts of bottled water prompted us to explore drinking water choices at Purdue University, located in West Lafayette, IN. A random sample of 2,045 Purdue University students, staff, and faculty was invited to participate in an online survey. The survey assessed current behaviors as well as perceived barriers and benefits to drinking tap water versus bottled water. 677 surveys were completed for a response rate of 33.1%. We then conducted qualitative interviews with a purposive sample of university undergraduates (n = 21) to obtain contextual insights into the survey results and the beliefs of individuals with a variety of drinking water preferences. This study revealed that women drink disproportionately more bottled water then men while undergraduate students drink more than graduate students, staff and faculty. The study also uncovered a widespread belief that recycling eliminates the environmental impacts of bottled water. Important barriers to drinking tap water at Purdue include: perceived risks from tap water and the perceived safety of bottled water, preferring the taste of bottled water, and the convenience of drinking bottled water. The qualitative interviews revealed that drinking water choices can be influenced by several factors—especially whether individuals trust tap water to be clean—but involve varying levels of complexity. The implications of these results for social marketing strategies to promote tap water are discussed.     

嘉陵江下游饮用水氟化物时空变异特征研究

饮用水中可溶性氟化物是公众摄入氟的主要途径,其含量水平影响人体健康.分别于2015～2017年的丰水期和枯水期6次随机采集监测了嘉陵江下游52个饮用水样中氟化物含量,并基于地理信息系统平台和健康风险指数法进行了评价.结果表明,该区域饮用水中氟化物浓度平均为0.20～0.25 mg/L.除2015年部分样点外,其余样点的...