秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米农田土壤固碳、氧化亚氮排放和全球增温潜势的影响

旱地农田温室气体净排放(以全球增温潜势表示)主要取决于土壤固碳速率和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放量.基于长期定位施肥试验,综合分析2010～2017年表层(0～20 cm)土壤有机碳含量和2014～2017年N2O排放通量的观测结果,定量评价秸秆还田对关中平原冬小麦-夏玉米农田土壤固碳速率、N2O年排放量和全球增温潜势的影响...     

四川桤柏混交林土壤N2O排放的实测与模拟

采用静态箱-气相色谱法对川中丘陵区桤柏混交林土壤N2O排放进行了连续两年的测定.通过与Forest-DNDC模型模拟进行对比分析,结果表明,模型能够较好地模拟林地土壤N2O排放.2005和2006年模型模拟的土壤N2O年平均排放速率为15.02,14.03mg/(m2×h),分别为实际观测值的85.7%和87.5%.2005和2006年的实际观测值与模型模拟值之间差异均不显著(P>0.05),模拟有效系数分别为0.56和0.51.以2005年降雨量和气温为基准利用模型进行情景分析,结果表明,本地区降雨量在±30%范围内变化时,林地土壤N2O排放量的变化幅度不超过25%;气温在±3℃范围内变化时,林地土壤N2O排放量的变化幅度不超过10%.     

内蒙古农牧交错带土地利用变化对作物生长季N_2O排放量的影响

在内蒙古农牧交错带,选择4个邻近、不同开垦年限(5、10和50 a)的农田,分别记为C5、C10和C50,以及天然草地作为研究样地;利用静态箱法,在2008—2010年作物生长季(4—10月)进行野外原位试验,研究了土地利用变化对N2O排放量的影响.结果表明:草地与C5、C10、C50农田土壤的N2O排放量在2008—2010年作物生长季均存在显著差异,F分别为53.8、17.3和153.0(P均小于0.001),草地N2O排放量分别为87.6、91.8和211.0 mg/m2.在2008—2010年作物生长季,C5和C10农田土壤N2O排放量比草地低10%~50%;随着开垦年限的增加,N2O累积排放量增加,C50在作物生长季的N2O排放量比草地高10%~30%.草地和不同开垦年限的农田土壤在作物生长季内N2O排放量的58.1%受土壤w(NH4+-N)和含水量的综合影响(R2=0.58,P0.01).     

短期放牧对半干旱草地生态系统CO_2和NO_2排放的影响

通过在北方农牧带半干旱草地生态系统(山西右玉)设置不放牧、轻度放牧、中度放牧和重度放牧4个不同强度的放牧实验,运用静态-暗箱法测定放牧第一年生长季的温室气体通量,研究不同放牧强度对该地区温室气体通量的影响。结果表明:(1)CO2和N2O在生长季表现出随着温度和水分变化的明显季节动态变化,但是与不放牧相比,第一年不同放牧强度对CO2和N2O排放速率没有显著影响;(2)放牧显著降低了土壤含水量(P0.05),中度放牧降低了土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC,P0.05),中度和重度放牧降低了土壤微生物生物量氮(MBN,P0.05);(3)CO2排放速率和土壤温度、土壤水分之间呈显著正相关关系,土壤温度、可溶性氮、微生物生物量氮以及CO2排放速率之间呈显著正相关关系。放牧增加了温度与CO2排放的相关性,但对N2O排放相反。(4)虽然放牧降低了土壤含水量,但是没有发现不同放牧强度间CO2和N2O排放的差异,说明短期内不同的放牧强度尚未对土壤微生物结构与功能造成显著影响,需要继续进行长期深入的研究,揭示放牧强度对温室气体通量的影响机制。     

中国草地N2O通量日变化观测对比研究

研究分析了我国20世纪90年代以来科学工作者利用静态箱-气相色谱法对内蒙古呼伦贝尔草原和锡林郭勒草原、青藏高寒草原等不同草原类型所开展的日变化通量观测数据并进行了对比分析研究.结果表明:我国草地N2O通量的日变化规律明显,日变化形式呈多峰型,我国草地均表现为N2O排放源,日均通量的对比顺序是:贝加尔针茅草甸草原>羊草草甸草原>羊草典型草原>高寒草甸[(42.82±15.96)>(29.17±13.03)>(4.91±2.12)>(0.89±0.67)μg/(m2?h)];10:00~14:00和夜间0:00左右所观测的N2O通量均可代表当日平均通量;夜间N2O的排放对整个日通量有重要贡献,其排放量占到全日排放总量的46%以上,草地夜间N2O的排放通量应该受到重视.另外,本文讨论了水分和温度作为主要环境因子对N2O通量日变化的影响,以及不同植被类型和人类活动(放牧和刈割)对N2O通量的日变化的影响.     

黄河上游灌区连作稻田N2O排放特征及影响因素

黄河上游灌区高产连作稻田氮肥的过量施用引起土壤氮素盈余,进而导致稻田N2O排放量增大.为了探明水稻连作模式下稻田N2O排放特征及影响因素,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,开展了为期2年的连作水稻田试验研究.试验共设置3个施氮处理,包括常规氮肥300kg.hm-2(N300)、优化氮肥240kg.hm-2(N240)和对照不施氮肥(N0),并在稻田连作的第2年,对N240处理灌溉节水30%.2年连作试验结果表明,水稻生长季稻田N2O排放主要发生在水稻施基肥后及水稻生长的中后期,在稻田灌水泡田后N2O排放速率达最大值.稻田高氮肥(300kg.hm-2)施用显著增加N2O的排放量,优化氮肥(240kg.hm-2)处理可有效降低土壤N2O排放量(p<0.01).水稻生长季稻田淹水状态时N2O排放量极低,稻田灌溉节水会相应增加土壤N2O排放量.土壤温度变化对稻田N2O的生成和排放会产生较大影响,但受稻田肥水管理等因素的影响,温度与N2O排放量相关性不显著.灌区稻田土壤N2O排放通量与田面水NO3--N含量变化及耕层0～40cm土壤NO3--N积累量变化有显著的相关性.稻田连作显著增加了耕层土壤剖面0～40cm土层NO3--N的积累量,耕层土壤NO3--N积累量的增加进而加大了土壤N2O排放的风险.在宁夏黄灌区稻田常规灌水和高氮肥(300kg.hm-2)水平下,2年连作稻田水稻生长季土壤N2O总排放量分别达55.98×104kg.a-1和51.48×104kg.a-1,在100a时间尺度上的全球增温潜势(GWPs)均值为16.02×107kg.hm-2(以CO2计),表明黄灌上游灌区高氮肥施用导致稻田N2O排放量增大,由此引起的增温潜势严重.     

保护性耕作对后茬冬小麦土壤CO2和N2O排放的影响

为研究保护性耕作对后茬冬小麦土壤CO2和N2O排放的影响,在前茬进行常规耕作(T)、免耕(NT)、免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)、常规耕作+秸秆施用(TS)这4种处理,采用静态箱-气相色谱法分析土壤CO2和N2O排放通量.结果表明,保护性耕作没有改变后茬土壤CO2和N2O排放的季节性规律,对冬小麦生物量无明显影响;保护性耕作显著减少了土壤CO2和N2O累积排放量.与T相比,TS、NT、NTS的全生育期土壤CO2累积排放量分别降低了5.95%(P=0.132)、12.94%(P=0.007)和13.91%(P=0.004),土壤N2O累积排放量分别减少了31.23%(P=0.000)、61.29%(P=0.000)和33.08%(P=0.000).本研究表明免耕与秸秆施用能减少后茬作物生长季土壤的CO2和N2O排放量.     

南极菲尔德斯半岛植被土壤N2O排放特征

应用密闭箱法首次测定了南极菲尔德斯半岛苔藓、地衣植被土壤N2 O的排放通量 ,并估算了该半岛植被区土壤在夏季 2个月内N2 O的排放总量 .结果表明 :在晴天和雨天 ,苔藓土壤N2 O的排放通量与温度有较好的响应关系 ,呈现单峰型变化趋势 ;但在雪天 ,与温度的变化不一致 ;苔藓、地衣这 2种不同的植被土壤N2 O排放通量日变化基本一致 ;温度是影响苔藓土壤N2 O的排放通量季节变化的主要因子 ,同时还受降水的影响 ,干湿交替有利于N2 O的排放 ;苔藓土壤N2 O的排放总量为 3 .71 52kg ;地衣土壤N2 O的排放总量为 2 .53 4 4kg .由此可见 ,南极菲尔德斯半岛苔藓、地衣植被土壤N2 O排放量虽然很小 ,但仍起着大气N2 O源的作用     

Characteristics and factors of the N20 emission from the continuous cropping paddyfield in irrigation area of the Yellow River

黄河上游灌区高产连作稻田氮肥的过量施用引起土壤氮素盈余,进而导致稻田N2O排放量增大.为了探明水稻连作模式下稻田N2O排放特征及影响因素,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,开展了为期2年的连作水稻田试验研究.试验共设置3个施氮处理,包括常规氮肥300kg.hm-2（N300）、优化氮肥240kg.hm-2（N240）和对照不施氮肥（N0）,并在稻田连作的第2年,对N240处理灌溉节水30%.2年连作试验结果表明,水稻生长季稻田N2O排放主要发生在水稻施基肥后及水稻生长的中后期,在稻田灌水泡田后N2O排放速率达最大值.稻田高氮肥（300kg.hm-2）施用显著增加N2O的排放量,优化氮肥（240kg.hm-2）处理可有效降低土壤N2O排放量（p〈0.01）.水稻生长季稻田淹水状态时N2O排放量极低,稻田灌溉节水会相应增加土壤N2O排放量.土壤温度变化对稻田N2O的生成和排放会产生较大影响,但受稻田肥水管理等因素的影响,温度与N2O排放量相关性不显著.灌区稻田土壤N2O排放通量与田面水NO3--N含量变化及耕层0～40cm土壤NO3--N积累量变化有显著的相关性.稻田连作显著增加了耕层土壤剖面0～40cm土层NO3--N的积累量,耕层土壤NO3--N积累量的增加进而加大了土壤N2O排放的风险.在宁夏黄灌区稻田常规灌水和高氮肥（300kg.hm-2）水平下,2年连作稻田水稻生长季土壤N2O总排放量分别达55.98×104kg.a-1和51.48×104kg.a-1,在100a时间尺度上的全球增温潜势（GWPs）均值为16.02×107kg.hm-2（以CO2计）,表明黄灌上游灌区高氮肥施用导致稻田N2O排放量增大,由此引起的增温潜势严重.     

农垦对草甸草原生态系统温室气体(CH4和N2O)的影响

2012~2013年在呼伦贝尔谢尔塔拉牧场对天然草甸草地和草地开垦农田后,不同农作物种植和管理措施下甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放进行了野外实地观测.结果表明,天然草甸草地和农田均为大气CH4的吸收汇、N2O的排放源.在生长季,天然草甸草地开垦增强了土壤的N2O排放量,但是对土壤CH4通量的影响却存在较大的不确定性.在相同的气象条件下,作物类型对生长季农田CH4和N2O排放通量都没有影响.在生长季,灌溉对干旱农田的CH4平均吸收通量没有显著影响,但降低了干旱农田N2O的平均排放通量.2012年和2013年农田CH4和N2O的差异主要是因为降雨量不同导致的年际差异.回归分析表明,N2O排放通量与土壤湿度呈线性相关,与土壤温度没有相关性,CH4的吸收通量与土壤温度呈线性相关,与土壤湿度呈线性负相关.土壤湿度是影响土壤CH4吸收和N2O排放的主要因素.     

季节性冻融期沼泽湿地CO2、CH4和N2O排放动态

三江平原季节性冻-融时间长达7～8个月,对沼泽湿地温室气体排放有重要影响.采用静态箱/气相色谱法研究了三江平原冻、融期沼泽湿地温室气体排放特征,表明三江平原不同类型沼泽湿地冬季都有明显的CH₄和CO₂排放,且冬季沼泽湿地CH₄排放量在全年CH₄排放中占有重要份额.融冻期沼泽湿地出现明显的CH₄和CO₂排放峰值,季节性积水沼泽化草甸CH₄和CO₂排放量大于常年积水沼泽湿地,而冬季常年积水沼泽湿地CH₄排放通量大于季节性积水沼泽化草甸.融冻期CO₂排放通量与土壤温度(5cm)呈指数相关关系(R²=0.912,p<0.001),沼泽湿地CO₂排放通量与CH₄通量间也呈显著正相关关系(R²=0.751,p<0.001).冬季三江平原沼泽湿地是N₂O的汇,融冻期随着土壤温度升高逐渐成为N₂O的源,且在5月份沼泽湿地表层土壤(0～20cm)融冻期间N₂O排放通量明显增大.三江平原土壤冻、融期间沼泽湿地温室气体的排放特征,反映了冬季微生物活性的存在及融冻作用对土壤碳矿化和氮硝化、反硝化作用有重要影响.     

Modeling effects of temperature and precipitation on carbon characteristics and GHGs emissions in Abies fabric forest of subaipine

Abies fabric forest in the eastern slope of Gongga mountain is one type of subalpine dark coniferous forests of southwestern China. It is located on the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and is sensitive to climatic changes. A process-oriented biogeochemical model, Forest-DNDC, was applied to simulate the effects of climatic factors, temperature and precipitation changes on carbon characteristics, and greenhouse gases （GHGs） emissions in A. fabric forest. Validation indicated that the Forest-DNDC could be used to predict carbon characteristics and GHGs emissions with reasonable accuracy. The model simulated carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, soil CO2, N2O, and NO emissions with the changes of temperature and precipitation conditions. The results showed that with variation in the baseline temperature from -2℃ to ＋2℃, the gross primary production （GPP） and soil organic carbon （SOC） increased, and the net primary production （NPP） and net ecosystem production （NEP） decreased because of higher respiration rate. With increasing baseline precipitation the GPP and NPP increased slightly, and the NEP and SOC showed decreasing trend. Soil CO2 emissions increased with the increase of temperature, and CO2 emissions changed little with increased baseline precipitation. With increased temperature and decreased baseline temperature, the total annual soil N2O emissions increased. With the variation of baseline temperature from -2℃ to ＋2℃, the total annual soil NO emissions increased. The total annual N2O and NO emissions showed increasing trends with the increase of precipitation. The biogeochemical simulation of the typical forest indicated that temperature changes strongly affected carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, and soil GHGs emissions. The precipitation was not a principal factor affecting carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, and soil CO2 emissions, but changes in precipitation could exert strong effect on soil N2O and NO emissions.     

Modeling effects of temperature and precipitation on carbon characteristics and GHGs emissions in Abies fabric forest of subalpine

Abies fabric forest in the eastern slope of Gongga mountain is one type of subalpine dark coniferous forests of southwestern China. It is located on the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and is sensitive to climatic changes. A process-oriented biogeochemical model, Forest-DNDC, was applied to simulate the e ects of climatic factors, temperature and precipitation changes on carbon characteristics, and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions in A. fabric forest. Validation indicated that the Forest-DNDC could be used to predict carbon characteristics and GHGs emissions with reasonable accuracy. The model simulated carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, soil CO2, N2O, and NO emissions with the changes of temperature and precipitation conditions. The results showed that with variation in the baseline temperature from –2℃ to +2℃, the gross primary production (GPP) and soil organic carbon (SOC) increased, and the net primary production (NPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) decreased because of higher respiration rate. With increasing baseline precipitation the GPP and NPP increased slightly, and the NEP and SOC showed decreasing trend. Soil CO2 emissions increased with the increase of temperature, and CO2 emissions changed little with increased baseline precipitation. With increased temperature and decreased baseline temperature, the total annual soil N2O emissions increased.With the variation of baseline temperature from –2℃ to +2℃, the total annual soil NO emissions increased. The total annual N2O and NO emissions showed increasing trends with the increase of precipitation. The biogeochemical simulation of the typical forest indicated that temperature changes strongly a ected carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, and soil GHGs emissions. The precipitation was not a principal factor a ecting carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, and soil CO2 emissions, but changes in precipitation could exert strong e ect on soil N2O and NO emissions.     

Nitrous oxide fluxes from upland soils in central Hokkaido, Japan

Nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes from soils were measured using the closed chamber method during the snow-free seasons (middle April to early November),for three years,in a total of 11 upland crop fields in central Hokkaido,Japan.The annual mean N2O fluxes ranged from 2.95 to 164.17 μgN/(m2·h),with the lowest observed in a grassland and the highest in an onion field.The instantaneous N2O fluxes showed a large temporal variation with peak emissions generally occurring following fertilization and heavy rainfall eve...     

Contribution of winter fluxes to the annual CH4, CO2 and N2O emissions from freshwater marshes in the Sanjiang Plain

Introduction C arbon dioxide, m ethane and nitrous oxide play im portant roles in the radiation balance of the earth contributing to the greenhouse effect (Rodhe, 1990). N 2O also takes part in the destruction of stratospheric ozone (W ang, 1999). N atura…     

Fluxes of CH4 and N2O from soil under a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China

CH4 and N2O fluxes from soil under a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China were measured for one year using closed static chamber technique and gas chromatography method. Three treatments were set in the studied field: (A) litter-free,(B) with litter, and (C) with litter and seedling. The results showed that the soil in our study was a sink of atmospheric CH4 and source of atmospheric N2O. The observed mean CH4 fluxes from treatments A, B, and C were -50.0±4.0, -35.9±2.8,-31.6±2.8 μgC/(m2·h),respectively,and calculated annual fluxes in2003 were -4.1,-3.1,and -2.9kgC/hm2,respectively.The observed mean N2O fluxes from treatments A,B,and C were 30.9±3.1,28.2±3.5,50.2±3.7μgN/(m2·h),respectively,and calculated annual fluxes in 2003 were 2.8, 2.6, and 3.7 kgN/hm2, respectively. Seasonal variations in CH4 and N2O fluxes were significant among all the three treatments. The presence of litter decreased CH4 uptake during wet season (P ＜ 0.05), but not during dry season. There was a similar increase in seedlings-mediated N2O emissions during wet and dry seasons, indicating that seedlings increased N2O emission in both seasons. A strong positive relationship existed between CH4 fluxes and soil moisture for all the three treatments, and weak relationship between CH4 fluxes and soil temperature for treatment B and treatment C. The N2O fluxes correlated with soil temperature for all the three treatments.     

氮肥管理措施对黑土玉米田温室气体排放的影响

采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了不同氮肥管理措施(农民常规施肥、减氮20%、添加硝化抑制剂、施用控释肥)对黑土玉米田温室气体排放的影响.结果表明:黑土玉米田施肥(基肥和追肥)后1~3d出现N2O排放峰,施肥后16d内N2O排放量占生育期总排放量的28.8%~41.9%.减施氮肥20%显著降低土壤N2O排放,生育期内的N2O累积排放量减少了17.6%~46.1%,综合温室效应降低30.7%~67.8%,温室气体排放强度降低29.1%~67.0%.等氮量投入时,添加吡啶抑制剂土壤N2O排放量、综合温室效应和温室气体排放强度最低.玉米拔节~乳熟期出现了较强的土壤CO2排放,黑土玉米田是大气中CH4的一个较弱的“汇”,施氮和添加硝化抑制剂对黑土玉米田CO2排放和CH4吸收没有显著影响.添加硝化抑制剂和施用控释肥不影响玉米产量.在本试验条件下,减氮20%并添加吡啶抑制剂在保证玉米产量的同时, 减排增收效果优于其他施肥措施,适宜在黑土区玉米种植中推广使用.     

Differences in nitrous oxide fluxes from red soil under different land uses in mid-subtropical China

Red soil may play an important role in nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions due to its recent land use change pattern. To predict the land use change effect on N₂O emissions, we examined the relationship between soil N₂O flux and environmental determinants in four different types of land uses in subtropical red soil. During two years of study (January 2005-January 2007), biweekly N₂O fluxes were measured from 09:00 to 11:00 a.m. using static closed chamber method. Objectives were to estimate the seasonal and annual N₂O flux differences from land use change and, reveal the controlling factors of soil N₂O emission by studying the relationship of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), water filled pore space (WFPS) and soil temperature with soil N₂O flux. Nitrous oxide fluxes were significantly higher in hot-humid season than in the cool-dry season. Significant differences in soil N₂O fluxes were observed among four land uses; 2.9, 1.9 and 1.7 times increased N₂O emissions were observed after conventional land use conversion from woodland to paddy, orchard and upland, respectively. The mean annual budgets of N₂O emission were 0.71-2.21 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ from four land use types. The differences were partly attributed to increased fertilizer use in agriculture land uses. In all land uses, N₂O fluxes were positively related to soil temperature and DOC accounting for 22-48% and 30-46% of the seasonal N₂O flux variability, respectively. Nitrous oxide fluxes did significantly correlate with WFPS in orchard and upland only. Nitrous oxide fluxes responded positively to MBC in all land use types except orchard which had the lowest WFPS. We conclude that (1) land use conversion from woodland to agriculture land uses leads to increased soil N₂O fluxes, partly due increased fertilizer use, and (2) irrespective of land use, soil N₂O fluxes are under environmental controls, the main variables being soil temperature and DOC, both of which control the supply of nitrification and denitrification substrates.     

淡水沼泽湿地CO2、CH4和N2O排放通量年际变化及其对氮输入的响应

利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法自2002～2004年连续3a观测了三江平原淡水沼泽湿地CO₂、CH₄和N₂O 3种主要温室气体排放特征及外源氮素输入条件下温室气体通量的变化.结果表明,三江平原CO₂、CH₄和N₂O 3种主要温室气体排放具有明显的季节及年际变化规律.其中生态系统呼吸CO₂排放的最大值[779.33～965.40 mg·(m·h)^-1]出现在7、8月份,CH4通量最大值[19.19～30.52 mg·(m·h)^-1]出现在8月,N₂O通量最大值[0.072～0.15 mg·(m·h)^-1]出现在5月和9月,3种温室气体通量最小值CO₂为2.36～18.73 mg·(m·h)^-1;CH₄为-0.35～0.59 mg·(m·h)^-1;N₂O为-0.032～-0.009 mg·(m·h)^-1大都出现在冬季,且冬季淡水沼泽湿地表现为N2O的吸收.对气候因子的分析发现,温度条件是影响淡水沼泽湿地温室气体排放通量季节性变化的主要因子,而降水和积水水位变化是影响其排放年际变化的关键因素,特别是降水对CH₄排放通量的影响较其它2种温室气体更显著,且冬季雪融水对夏季CH₄的排放起重要作用.CO₂和CH4排放与土壤温度(5cm)呈显著的指数相关关系,而N₂O排放通量与土壤温度和水深相关性不显著.氮输入促进了三江平原CO₂、CH₄和N₂O 3种主要温室气体的排放,与对照处理相比,其排放通量分别升高了34%,145%和110%.