Numerical study of regional environmental carrying capacity for livestock and poultry farming based on planting-breeding balance

In consideration of the need to maintain planting-breeding balance, this article examines the capacity of the soil in Putian City, Fujian Province to absorb livestock and poultry excreta, and computes the environmental carrying capacity for livestock and poultry farming (ECCLPF) in each district of the city in terms of the fertility characteristics of the soil in the city, as well as its mix of crops cultivated and farming methods. On the basis of the computations, this work proceeds to classify the alarm grades of the city’s environmental carrying capacity for livestock and poultry framing, and assess the environmental impact of the livestock and poultry farming industry. The results of our study indicate that, the city’s ECCLPF ranges from 8.27 to 23.23 heads per ha when computed on the basis of nitrogen, and from 5.79 to 24.53 heads per ha when computed on the basis of phosphorus. A comparison between our research findings and the existing farming scale in Putian reveals that, in certain parts of the city, ECCLPF is overburdened to varying degrees. Specifically, Chengxiang District is severely overburdened, Hanjiang District and Meizhou Island have a level of overburdening between virtual overburdening and significant overburdening, Licheng District is virtually overburdened, and Xiuyu, Xianyou, and Bei’an Districts have not exceeded their environmental carrying capacity and therefore have varying levels of potential for growth.     

Water pricing towards sustainability of water resources: a case study in Beijing

The role of water pricing for managing water resources is widely recognized in many areas of the world because of the increasing scarcity of water resources, a high competition between water uses and environmental degradation. Based on the analysis of cost of water, this paper explores which types of cost should be reflected in the water pricing enhancing the sustainability of water resources. The principle of full cost pricing in which the cost should include supply cost, opportunity cost and externalities is proposed as a means to achieve the sustainability of water resources. In a case study of Beijing, low water price is analyzed as one reason for unsustainable water consumption. Thus water pricing justified is necessary and pressing. It is proposed to justify water price in phased manner and eventually towards full cost pricing. The assessment of impacts on water resources by raising water price shows water pricing could alleviate the conflict between water supply and demand. This paper concludes that water pricing can play an effective role in enhancing the sustainability of water resources in Beijing.     

A grey multi-objective programming approach for sustainable land-use in the Miyun Reservoir basin, China

Miyun Reservoir is the most important water source to Beijing City. Land-use of the basin plays a great role in the protection of water resources. Hence a sustainable land-use planning is required to optimize land-use structure and protect water resources in the basin. Based on the complete land-use system analysis in Miyun, a grey multi-objective programming to basin land-use(GMOPBLU)model was developed and applied to land-use planning. Two alternatives were produced and analyzed by means of interactive adjustment and scenano analysis. The results showed the GMOPBLU model is a valuable approach for basin land-use planning.     

Microbiological quality of roof tank water in an urban village in southeastern China

Urban villages are unique residential neighborhoods in urban areas in China. Roof tanks are their main form of water supply, and water quality deterioration might occur in this system because of poor hygienic conditions and maintenance. In this study, water samples were seasonally collected from an urban village to investigate the influence of roof tanks as an additional water storage device on the variation in the microbial community structure and pathogenic gene markers. Water stagnation in th...     

Review on water leakage control in distribution networks and the associated environmental benefits

Water supply is the primary element of an urban system. Due to rapid urbanization and water scarcity, maintaining a stable and safe water supply has become a challenge to many cities, whereas a large amount of water is lost from the pipes of distribution systems. Water leakage is not only a waste of water resources, but also incurs great socio-economic costs. This article presents a comprehensive review on the potential water leakage control approaches and specifically discusses the benefits of each to environmental conservation. It is concluded that water leakage could be further reduced by improving leakage detection capability through a combination of predictive modeling and monitoring instruments, optimizing pipe maintenance strategy, and developing an instant pressure regulation system. The environment could benefit from these actions because of water savings and the reduction of energy consumption as well as greenhouse gas emissions.     

Rehabilitation and improvement of Guilin urban water environment：Function-oriented management

Economic development and population growth have deeply damaged the urban water environment of Guilin City, China. Main problems involved structural damage and functional deterioration of the urban waters. An integrated technical scheme was developed to rehabilitate the urban water environment and to enhance the waters' functions during 1998-2008. Improvement of waters' functions included water system reconstruction, water pollution control, water safety assurance, and aquatic ecological restoration. The water system was reconstructed to connect different waters and clean water supplies to the lakes. Moreover, water pollution was controlled to improve water quality by endogenous pollutant elimination and extraneous pollutant interception. In addition, ecological measures put in place serve to enhance water system functions and better benefit both nature and humans. The project has brought about sound ecological, economic and social benefits in Guilin City, which can potentially be extended to similar cities.     

Changes in quality of groundwater with seasonal fluctuations： an example from Ghor Sail area, southern Dead Sea coastal aquifers, Jordan

The demand for water resources in the area south of the Dead Sea due to continued development, especially at the Arab Potash Company （APC） for production and domestic purposes necessitates that water quality in the area be monitored and evaluated based on the local geology and hydrogeology. The objective of this paper is to monitor seasonal fluctuations of groundwater and to determine how fluctuation in the water levels will affect the groundwater quality. Groundwater levels were found to be influenced by rainfall and pumping of water from the wells for domestic and industrial use. Twenty water samples were collected from different wells and analyzed for major chemical constituents both in pre- and post-seasons to determine the quality variation. Chemical constituents are significantly increased after post-season recharge. According to the overall assessment of the area, water quality was found to be useful for drinking, irrigation and industry.     

Analysis of the bacterial community composition in acidic well water used for drinking in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa

Potable water is a resource out of reach for millions worldwide,and the available water may be chemically and microbiologically compromised. This is particularly acute in Africa,where water-networks may be non-existent or restricted to a small fraction of the urban population,as in the case of Guinea-Bissau,West Africa. This study was carried out seasonally in Bolama(11°N),where unprotected hand-dug wells with acidic water are the sole source of water for the population. We inspected the free-living bacterial community dynamics by automated rRNA intergenic spacer analyses,quantitative polymerase chain reaction and cloning approaches.The results revealed a clear seasonal shift in bacterial assemblage composition and microbial abundance within the same sampling site. Temperature,pH and turbidity,together with the infiltration and percolation of surface water,which takes place in the wet season,seemed to be the driving factors in the shaping and selection of the bacterial community and deterioration of water quality. Analysis of 16 S rDNA sequences revealed several potential pathogenic bacteria and uncultured bacteria associated with water and sediments,corroborating the importance of a culture-independent approach in drinking water monitoring.     

The impact of urban planning on land use and land cover in Pudong of Shanghai,China

Functional zones in cities constitute the most conspicuous components of newly developed urban areas,and have been a hot spot for domestic and foreign investors in China,which not only show the expanse of urban space accompanied by the shifts both in landscape(from rural to urban)and land use(from less extensive to extensive),but also display the transformation of regional ecological functions.By using the theories and methods of landscape ecology,the structure of landscapes and landscape ecological planning can be analyzed and evaluated for studying the urban functional zones‘layout.In 1990,the Central Govermment of China declared to develop and open up Pudong New Area so as to promote economic development in Shanghai.Benefited from the advantages of Shanghai‘s location and economy,the government of Pudong New Area has successively built up 7 different functional zones over the past decade according to their functions and strategic goals.Based on the multi-spectral satellite imageries taken in 1990,1997and 2000,a landscape ecolgy analysis was carried out for Pudong New Area of Sanghai ,supported by GIS technology.Green space(including croplands )and built-up areas are the major factors considered in developing urban landscape.This paper was mainly concerned with the different spatial patterns and dynamics of green space,built-up areas and new buildings in different functional zones,as influenced by different spatial patterns and dynamics of green space,built-up areas and new buildings in different functional zones,as influenced by different functional layouts and development strategies.The rapid urbanization in Pudong New Area resulted in a more homogeneous landscape.Agricultural landscape and suburban landscape were gradually replaced by urban landscape as the degree of urbanization increased.As a consequence of urbanization in Pudong,not only built-up patches,but also newly-built patches and green patches merged into one large patch,which should be attributed to the construction policy of extensive green space as the urban development process in Pudong New Area.The shape of green area of 7 functional zones became more and more regular because of the horticultural needs in Shanghai urban planning.Some suggestions were finally made for the study of future urban planning and layout.     

环境科技英语

43. bearing(来自中古英语beren,to carry)n.方位,轴承,承座例:The growing population will exceed the bearing capacity of urban resources.人口不断增长将超出城市资源承载力.与环境有关的词:bearing area承压面;bearing bacteria带菌的;bearing capacity承载能力;bearing capacity of urban resources城市资源承载力;bearing compass方位罗盘;bearing force承压力;bearing force of soil土壤耐压力;bearing indicator方位指示器;bearing line方位线44. behavio(u)r(来自中古英语behavour=behave以     

2008年滇池流域水环境承载力评估

自20世纪70年代以来,随着经济迅猛发展以及人口的快速增长,滇池流域的水环境问题日益突出. 为深入了解造成当前水环境问题的根本原因,以水资源承载力和水环境承载力作为广义水环境承载力的基础进行综合分析,并且利用水资源供需平衡和水资源承载压力度反映水资源承载力,利用水环境承载率反映水环境承载力. 结果表明:滇池流域TN和TP的水环境承载率分别为0677和0355,处于超载状态,是导致滇池流域严重富营养化的主要原因;水资源承载压力度为145,远大于供需平衡,同样也处于超载状态,实际水资源盈亏为-59 037×104 m3,缺失严重. 因此,滇池流域水质型和资源型缺水问题共同存在.      

水资源约束下江苏省城镇开发安全预警

城镇规模的扩张离不开水资源的支撑,水资源承载力是影响城镇开发的重要因素。论文提出一种以水资源约束测算城镇开发度阈值及从"状态-趋势-效应"尺度进行开发度预警的方法,并以江苏省为例进行实证探索,最终划分综合预警分区。结果显示:到2020年,苏州、 无锡、 常州、 南京将成为重度预警区;徐州、 连云港为高度预警区;镇江、 扬州、 泰州、 南通为中度预警区;淮安、 宿迁、 盐城为轻度预警区。利用GM(1,1)模型和相关方程,对城镇开发度、 开发容量、 开发临界时点及开发后温度变化与碳汇损益定性定量化,进行整个开发过程的模拟,客观反映城镇开发安全变化的动态性,以期为政府制定差别化的开发政策和预警措施提供科学依据和理论支撑。     

一种城市综合承载力双向复合动态评价方法及实证研究

随着城市的发展,其对资源、生态环境、基础设施、社会经济等各种承载的需求同步增长,单一承载力逐渐无法满足对城市发展可持续状态的综合全面评估.城市综合承载力是社会、经济、环境、资源协调作用和协调程度的具体表征.综合承载力与人口规模、社会经济活动发展带来的压力之间存在动态互动关系,只有承载力和压力维持动态平衡,才能实现城市系统的可持续发展.本文通过构建城市双向复合动态可持续评估方法,量化负向城市压力(UP)和正向城市综合承载力(UCCC)及其二者之间的复合动态关系,结合层次分析法和蒙特卡洛模拟,从经济、资源、社会三方面构建评价指标,综合考虑各影响因素的不确定性和相互作用,实现逐个单点时间城市综合承载力的概率分布模拟,进而通过复合动态关系判断模型实现单个区域单点时间的可持续发展状态的判断.最后,以广州市为例,对所提出方法进行应用.结果表明,2004—2016年,广州市的综合承载力和城市压力相互协调、相互适应,城市发展整体呈可持续状态.但2012年以来资源环境承载力有一定的下降,尤其是水资源承载力和大气环境承载力下降,需要引起重视.     

基于主成分分析和熵的喀斯特地区水资源承载力动态变化研究——以贵阳市为例

以贵阳市为例,通过主成分分析法从15个指标中选取出影响喀斯特地区水资源承载力动态变化的3个主成分,并用熵值法对其赋权,计算出1998-2003年贵阳市水资源承载力的综合得分。进而得出,虽然贵阳市水资源承载力的两大主要压力人口和经济发展逐年增长,但除2002年出现小的波动,整体上6年来水资源承载力向良好方向发展。2002年水资源总量比较大,但受喀斯特发育的影响,水资源渗漏严重,反而使得从水资源承载力指标上来看,水资源承载力(尤其是单位水资源承载力)有所降低。随着科技的发展,水资源开发利用率和节水水平的提高,喀斯特地区水资源承载力还会有较大的富余空间。     

水资源约束下北京地区2004-2020年土地利用变化情景模拟研究

利用系统动力学(System Dynam ics,SD)的原理和方法,发展了水资源约束下的城市土地利用情景变化SD模型。基于北京1980-2003年土地利用变化过程,构建了水资源约束下北京市城镇建设用地情景变化SD模型,对2004-2020年北京市城镇建设用地的变化进行了模拟研究。结果表明,该模型具有一定的有效性,有助于正确理解自然资源对城市发展和土地利用变化的深远影响。模型模拟结果显示,2004-2020年无约束情景下建设用地年均增长量为40.42～63.38km₂,建设用地占总面积的22%～25%;约束情景下年均增长量为21.21～51.3km₂,建设用地占总面积的20%～24%,远低于无约束情景;水资源强约束情景下建设用地的扩张速度仅为弱约束情景的37.6%,为无约束情景C的33%。可见,随着北京城市化进程的加剧和经济的进一步发展,水资源对北京区域发展的制约作用越来越明显,对土地系统的影响也将更为直观和深刻。     

浅析水资源与人口、经济和社会环境的关系

水资源是人类社会生存和发展的物质基础,水资源问题是涉及到包括人口、经济、社会与环境的一个复杂巨系统。在对水资源的概念及其自然、经济和社会等属性综述的基础上,详细论述了水资源与水文循环、水量平衡结构、人口、经济、社会与环境等的相互关系,并以黄河流域水资源问题为例,说明目前阶段的水资源问题与人口、经济发展、社会与环境的联系愈加紧密。在上述分析的基础上,作者认为水资源承载力是刻画水资源与区域人口、经济、社会与环境复杂关系的一个很好的分析途径,并进一步明晰了水资源承载力的概念和研究方向。     

城市水资源供需系统优化分析

运用系统动力学的方法,研究了城市水资源供需系统的优化分析。系统中主要包括了人口、工业生产、水资源供应和污染等4个状态变量,其中总可供水量是系统的控制变量;得出水价和水污染整治投资比例是两个关键因素,系统运行结果表明,只有二者相互协调,共同发挥作用,才能保证城市水资源的可持续利用,缺一不可。论文以长春市为例,分析了城市水资源供需系统的动态变化,并提出了解决水资源短缺以及水体污染的控制方案。     

水资源管理“三条红线”约束下的城镇化水平阈值分析——以张掖市为例

水资源与城镇化的关系问题是水科学研究的热点,二者之间存在着复杂的交织关系。论文选取典型干旱区城市张掖市为研究对象,以最严格水资源管理制度为约束条件,基于水资源约束下的城镇化水平阈值计算思路,引入节水量和灰水足迹测算方法改进了传统水量水质双要素水资源承载力计算模型,并在此基础上统筹可供水量、可节水量及水功能区纳污能力构建了水资源管理“三条红线”约束下的城镇化水平阈值计算模型;通过分析张掖市城镇化水平与水资源开发利用的历史数据并进行情景模拟,对2020年和2030年张掖市城镇化水平阈值做出了预测。结果表明：1）在水资源开发利用红线约束下,到2030年张掖市可利用水资源量为23.02×10⁸ m³,与现状基本一致,且以当前的水资源开发利用水平,水量承载能力难以支撑政府未来规划中的城镇化进程与经济增长的用水需求;2）严格遵照用水效率控制红线中所规定的用水定额标准时,张掖市将有望改善水量承载能力不足问题,且到2030年时,水量承载城镇人口能力可达331.91×10⁴人,其中水量承载能力提升主要得益于农业部门节水;3）在水功能区限制纳污红线的约束下,2030年张掖市水质可承载能力上限为62.47×10⁴人,仅为规划城镇人口数量的78%,水质可承载能力对城镇化进程形成了强烈的约束作用,约束力主要来自于城镇区域氨氮排放;4）在水资源管理“三条红线”约束下,到2030年时张掖市城镇化水平阈值上限为48.05%。     

基于VIKOR法的潍坊市水资源承载力综合评价

水资源承载力综合评价通常涉及到社会、经济、资源和环境等多种因素的影响.多准则妥协解排序法（VIKOR）可协调处理多种因素间的相互关系,是评价城市水资源承载力的有效手段之一.本文利用VIKOR法对潍坊市水资源承载力进行综合评价,通过构建水资源承载力综合评价指标体系,利用CRITIC法计算权重,标准化数据并进行分析计算和排序,以利益比率Q_i作为综合评价值,Q_i值越小,表明水资源承载力越高.结果发现,在2008-2017年,潍坊市水资源承载力综合评价值呈下降趋势,从2008年的0.7378下降至2017年的0.0000,表明潍坊市水资源承载力稳步提高.通过分析潍坊市水资源承载力各子系统的变化趋势发现,潍坊市水资源承载能力依然有较大的提升空间.通过对2017年潍坊市各市、区、县水资源承载力进行对比可知,诸城市、青州市、安丘市和临朐县综合评价值较低,分别为0、0.1645、0.2267和0.2503,说明水资源承载力较高;潍城区、坊子区、寒亭区和奎文区综合评价值较高,分别为0.3475、0.4739、0.5938和0.9131,说明水资源承载力较低.表明潍坊市部分地区产业结构和布局与水资源条件不相匹配,水资源开发利用水平超出当地水资源承载力.     

基于DPSIRM框架的区域水资源承载力综合评价

综合考虑影响水资源系统的资源、生态、环境、经济、社会等因素,论文通过对水资源系统内在机理研究,构建基于驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应-管理（DPSIRM）概念框架的水资源承载力DPSIRM评价指标体系,给出各子系统明确的含义,以反映系统内部各要素之间的关系。在此基础上,将模拟退火算法用于投影寻踪优化,构建耦合SA-PP模型。并将模型应用于2003—2012年云南省水资源承载力综合评价,并分析投影特征值的历年变化特征。研究结果表明：2003—2012年云南省水资源承载力呈逐步上升趋势,即在当前社会经济发展水平下,云南省水资源承载力逐步增强,社会经济发展的规模处于水资源可支撑的规模范围内。2006年以前,水资源承载力呈加速增长趋势,其增长潜力较大。2006年以后,水资源承载力波动幅度较大,而2009和2011年年增幅趋于零。最佳投影方向各分量的大小反映了各评价指标对水资源承载力的影响程度,值越大则对应的评价指标对水资源承载力的影响程度越大。对水资源承载力影响程度最大的5项指标依次为：生活污水排放量、“三废”治理投资、人均GDP、单位GDP水耗和森林覆盖率。压力子系统对水资源承载力影响比重为26.15%,表明压力子系统是影响云南省水资源承载力的最重要因子。研究表明此模型具有实用性,可为区域水资源规划与管理提供科学决策依据。