同位素在环境科学研究中的应用

同位素在环境科学研究中的应用已十分广泛，本文介绍了同位素在水文地质，环境保护和监测及古气候，古环境研究中的应用原理及部分研究成果。     

A profile of environmental science in China

This paper concisely introduced the eco-environmental survey in China and the Chinese scientific programme for environmental research which is being practiced or being planned. China has established a nation-wide system relating to environmental scientific research and environmental administration and has taken the following strategies for solving the environment problems: (1) a series of laws and regulations for environmental protection has been promulgated so as to strengthen the legal administration and economic punishment. (2) the idea of ecological construction has been proposed for the purpose of taking the environmental protection work into the consideration of the national and provincial (or regional) economic construction planning. (3) spreading ecological engineering and ecological technologies have reduced the pollutant sources and have increased the industrial and agricultural economic profit.     

环境多相催化研究过程中的表面科学研究方法

简要介绍环境多相催化研究过程中应用表面科学的研究方法的必要性和将会遇到的挑战和机遇 .结合作者有关的研究事例 ,分别讨论了环境多相催化和表面科学研究领域之间材料和压力的差异所带来的问题和可能的解决方案 ,特别是催化剂原位表面表征的重要性     

Making science relevant to environmental policy

Implementation of current environmental and natural resource policy has created an era of regulatory discontent, and has prompted calls for new approaches to management that can achieve both long-term ecological sustainability and improved policy performance. These new approaches, such as ecosystem management, emphasize the importance of holistic and integrated science, meaningful public involvement to reflect changing societal goals and objectives, collaborative decisionmaking, and flexible and adaptable institutions. Implementing such approaches will require significant institutional change in all institutions, including the institution of science. Attributes of the scientific culture — including adherence to the myth of objective, value-free science, preference for technical solutions as first-order solutions, and advancement of the scientific method and scientific rationality as preferred logic — have often worked to separate scientists from citizens and science from the policymaking process. They have also fostered undemocratic processes and results. Changes in the institution and culture of science, including embracing more holistic and integrated scientific processes, creating a more civic science, and rethinking the role of scientific advocacy in the policy process, will be required to move toward democratic as well as ecological sustainability.     

Enhancing the use of science in environmental policy-making and regulation

Over the last 10 years the UK Government has strongly promoted the more effective use of science to inform policy-making and regulation. In response, the Environment Research Funders’ Forum (which brings together the main UK Governmental funders of environmental research) has carried out studies, reported in this paper, to establish what is working, what is not, and why in respect of the linkage between science and environmental policy-making and regulation.The findings indicated that there was potential to improve effectiveness in: establishment of research questions and agendas, accessing information and expertise, the role of interpreters, and transparency and evaluation. These findings are re-enforced by those of previous studies conducted in the UK and EU. The studies found that current practice in using science to inform policy-making has not yet caught up with guidance, and they identified potential actions that could be taken by the Forum and its members to narrow the gap.     

智慧环保体系在环境治理中的应用

随着大数据时代的到来,智慧环保体系已经成为推动环境治理能力和治理体系现代化的重要理论支撑,建立完善的智慧环保体系更是我国进一步提高环境治理效率的必然要求和重要举措。将当前快速发展的物联网技术应用到环境治理中,建立智能的环境数据获取和处理分析系统,做出合理的决策,进而提高环境管理效率是建立和完善智慧环保体系的关键措施。智慧环保体系与城市环境治理的结合能实时高效地监测城市污染源、生态管理等多领域环境问题,并对可能出现的环境问题做出应急反应及决策。系统地介绍了智慧环保体系的总体架构及支撑整个系统的标准体系,同时提出了智慧环保体系建设过程中遇到的困难,分析了智慧环保体系在环境治理与保护不同领域的应用,以期为未来智慧环保体系应用于环境治理和管理提供建议和参考。     

Community knowledge in environmental health science: co-producing policy expertise

As lay publics demand a greater role in the environmental and health decision-making that impacts their lives, policy makers are being forced to find new ways of understanding and incorporating the expertise of professionals with the contextual intelligence that community residents possess. This paper highlights how co-producing science policy, where technical issues are not divorced from their social setting and a plurality of participants engage in everything from problem setting to decision-making, can contribute to more scientifically legitimate and publicly accountable decisions. Through a detailed case study utilizing participant observation, ethnographic field work, semi-structured interviews, and reviews of original documents, this paper highlights how residents in a low income, Latino immigrant neighborhood in New York City organized their knowledge to participate in and significantly alter a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency exposure assessment. This paper reveals both the contributions and limits of local knowledge in environmental health governance and how the co-production framework can contribute to more technically credible science and democratically accountable policy.     

The reliability of evidence review methodology in environmental science and conservation

Given the proliferation of primary research articles, the importance of reliable environmental evidence reviews for informing policy and management decisions is increasing. Although conducting reviews is an efficient method of synthesising the fragmented primary evidence base, reviews that are of poor methodological reliability have the potential to misinform by not accurately reflecting the available evidence base. To assess the current value of evidence reviews for decision-making we appraised a systematic sample of articles published in early 2015 (N = 92) using the Collaboration for Environmental Evidence Synthesis Assessment Tool (CEESAT). CEESAT assesses the methodology of policy-relevant evidence reviews according to elements important for objectivity, transparency and comprehensiveness. Overall, reviews performed poorly with a median score of 2.5/39 and a modal score of zero (range 0–30, mean 5.8), and low scores were ubiquitous across subject areas. In general, reviews that applied meta-analytical techniques achieved higher scores than narrative syntheses (median 18.3 and 2.0 respectively), as a result of the latter consistently failing to adequately report methodology or how conclusions were drawn. However, some narrative syntheses achieved high scores, illustrating that the reliability of reviews should be assessed on a case-by-case basis. Given the potential importance of reviews for informing management and policy, as well as research, it is vital that overall methodological reliability is improved. Although the increasing number of systematic reviews and meta-analyses highlight that some progress is being made, our findings suggest little or no improvement in the last decade. To motivate progress, we recommend that an annual assessment of the methodological reliability of evidence reviews be conducted. To better serve the environmental policy and management communities we identify a requirement for independent critical appraisal of review methodology thus enabling decision-makers to select reviews that are most likely to accurately reflect the evidence base.     

环境问题的由来、过程机制、我国现状和环境科学发展趋势

从地球演化的观点,探讨了环境问题是地表环境进入人文时期发生的一种新行星现象,其形成过程归纳为源、流、场、效应的链式机制,考虑到对环境问题的防治,构成了源、流、场、效应和调控的链式关系,并结合中国的环境状况,讨论了我国近期环境科学发展的动向     

生物标志物在水环境研究中的应用

生物标志物是指示污染物危害效应的生物信号．可分为两类,一类指示生物体对有害物质的暴露;另一类指示污染物的毒性效应．与其它手段相比,生物标志物具有专一性、预警性和广泛适用性．本文介绍了指示水环境污染的主要几类生物标志物．生物转化酶和金属硫蛋白能有效地表征水体中的有机物和重金属对生物的影响．DNA加合物将有机污染与遗传物质变异相关联,因此成为生态毒理学研究的新热点．文中还讨论了生物标志物的缺陷和不足,并展望了该领域的应用前景．     

极谱分析在环境分析中的应用

本文叙述了近几年来国内外有关极谱分析在环境分析研究工作中的进展。内容包括概述，无机物及有机物的分析。共引用文献117篇。     

宏转录组学在环境微生物生态学中的应用

系统总结了宏转录组学实验操作及数据分析流程,概述了宏转录组学在环境微生物生态学的研究策略和最新进展,并指出其应用前景.宏转录组学在解析环境微生物群落功能上具有广阔的前景,为了解微生物群落的动态演化及其与环境因素和生态系统功能的关系提供了强有力的工具.     

生物监测在环境监测中的应用

论述动物监测、植物监测、微生物监测在各环境监测中的作用,及它们在环境监测中的优越性和发展状况,提出生物监测存在的一些不足之处。展望生物监测在环境监测中的发展前景。     

环境工程在航天型号研制中的应用

介绍了环境工作目前在航天型号研制生产中存在的问题。阐述了采用环境工程技术规范型号环境工作的意义,介绍了环境工程在航天型号中的应用情况和进一步设想。     

Public ecology: an environmental science and policy for global society

Public ecology exists at the interface of science and policy. Public ecology is an approach to environmental inquiry and decision making that does not expect scientific knowledge to be perfect or complete. Rather, public ecology requires that science be produced in collaboration with a wide variety of stakeholders in order to construct a body of knowledge that will reflect the pluralist and pragmatic context of its use (decision context), while continuing to maintain the rigor and accountability that earns scientific knowledge its privileged status in contemporary society. As such, public ecology entails both process and content. The process is that of a post-modern scientific method: a process that values the participation of extended peer communities composed of a diversity of research specialists, professional policy-makers, concerned citizens and a variety of other stakeholders. The content of public ecology is a biocultural knowledge of dynamic human ecosystems that directly relates to and results from the participatory, democratic processes that distinguish public ecology as a citizen science. The primary goal of public ecology is to build common ground among competing beliefs and values for the environment. The purpose of this paper is to help unify and establish public ecology as a distinctive approach to environmental science and policy in global society.     

客观分析在海洋环境监测业务中的应用

客观分析是资料同化的一个主要内容.本文结合我国海洋环境监测业务数据资源开发利用现状,将客观分析引入到环境监测数据的分析处理中.在研究当前几种常用客观分析方法的基础上,提出了适合于海洋生态环境监测数据客观分析方案的研究思路,为提高监测数据资源开发利用水平奠定基础.     

漆酶在环境保护领域中的研究及应用进展

对漆酶催化活性中心的结构与功能进行分析,总结了漆酶活力检测及影响因素,介绍了漆酶在工业中的应用,详细阐述了在环境保护领域中的应用与研究。     

Towards better integration of environmental science in society: Lessons from BONUS,the joint Baltic Sea environmental research and development programme

Integration of environmental science in society is impeded by the large gap between science and policy that is characterised by weaknesses in societal relevance and dissemination of science and its practical implementation in policy. We analyse experiences from BONUS, the policy-driven joint Baltic Sea research and development programme (2007–2020), which is part of the European Research Area (ERA) and involves combined research funding by eight EU member states. The ERA process decreased fragmentation of Baltic Sea science and BONUS funding increased the scientific quality and societal relevance of Baltic Sea science and strengthened the science-policy interface. Acknowledging the different drivers for science producers (academic career, need for funding, peer review) and science users (fast results fitting policy windows), and realising that most scientists aim at building conceptual understanding rather than instrumental use, bridges can be built through strategic planning, coordination and integration. This requires strong programme governance stretching far beyond selecting projects for funding, such as coaching, facilitating the sharing of infrastructure and data and iterative networking within and between science producer and user groups in all programme phases. Instruments of critical importance for successful science-society integration were identified as: (1) coordinating a strategic research agenda with strong inputs from science, policy and management, (2) providing platforms where science and policy can meet, (3) requiring cooperation between scientists to decrease fragmentation, increase quality, clarify uncertainties and increase consensus about environmental problems, (4) encouraging and supporting scientists in disseminating their results through audience-tailored channels, and (5) funding not only primary research but also synthesis projects that evaluate the scientific findings and their practical use in society – in close cooperation with science users − to enhance relevance, credibility and legitimacy of environmental science and expand its practical implementation.