磷酸改性凹凸棒粘土对Pb2+的吸附研究

研究了不同浓度磷酸改性凹凸棒粘土的比表面积、孔结构性质以及其对水中Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附.结果表明,凹凸棒粘土磷酸改性后比表面积明显增大,具有明显的中孔分布;9 mol/L磷酸改性处理的凹凸棒粘土吸附能力最佳,在改性凹凸棒粘土加入量为20～30 g/L,水样pH=5条件下,废水中Pb(Ⅱ)的被吸附率接近99%.     

有机改性成都粘土预处理垃圾渗滤液

以成都粘土为原料,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)为改性剂制备有机改性土,并将其应用于垃圾渗滤液的预处理。采用单因素静态吸附实验,以粘土对垃圾渗滤液COD和氨氮的去除率作为考查指标,初步探究有机改性土预处理垃圾渗滤液的适宜条件;并对有机改性粘土及原土进行性能表征,初步分析其吸附机理。研究结果表明,有机土的处理效果明显优于原土,处理效果上比原土提高了1.6~2.3倍;有机土预处理垃圾渗滤液适宜条件为:投加量120 g/L、搅拌速度200 r/min、搅拌时间50 min、pH=7、静置时间为6 h。     

有机复合粘土颗粒处理乳化含油废水的研究

研究了有机凹凸棒石复合粘土颗粒吸附剂对乳化含油废水的处理及吸附剂投加量、吸附时间、振荡强度等因素对除油效果的影响.结果显示,在平衡浓度与吸附剂投加量之间符合Freundlich吸附等温式,平衡浓度与初始油浓度间符合Langmuir吸附等温式.对有机凹凸棒石复合粘土颗粒吸附剂与再生吸附剂、颗粒活性炭、未改性粘土进行了比较,发现有机复合粘土颗粒吸附剂对乳化含油废水的处理效果显著好于颗粒活性炭,并对此进行了解释.     

粘土吸附剂在废水处理中的应用

粘土类矿物因具有独特的层状结构而表现出良好的吸附和离子交换性能 ,在废水处理中有广阔的应用前景。本文在介绍了膨润土、蒙脱土、凹凸棒土、硅藻土和海泡石等粘土矿物的结构和性质的基础上 ,对其作为吸附剂在废水处理中的应用研究情况进行了综述 ,并对其以后的发展进行了讨论     

凹凸棒粘土对水中亚甲蓝的吸附性能

用焦磷酸钠和盐酸纯化了地产凹凸棒粘土,SEM、XRD和FT-IR表征其结构。研究了凹凸棒粘土对亚甲蓝的吸附性能及热力学和动力学特征,考察了吸附时间、温度、初始浓度、pH和离子强度下对亚甲蓝吸附的影响。结果表明,不同实验条件下,吸附过程均符合准二级动力学特征。凹凸棒粘土对亚甲蓝是放热的物理吸附过程,吸附符合Langmuir模式,在303 K时最大吸附量为114.02 mg/g。与其他吸附材料相比,凹凸棒粘土对亚甲蓝有较快的吸附速率和较大的吸附量,可以作为价廉的吸附剂用于亚甲蓝的消除。     

凹凸棒粘土接枝聚丙烯腈的条件优化及吸附性能研究

采用自由基聚合的方法在硅烷偶联剂改性凹凸棒粘土表面接枝聚合丙烯腈,优化了反应条件:引发剂浓度[K2S2O8]=1.5×10-3mol/L,单体浓度40%(w/w),聚合温度60℃、聚合时间5 h、凹凸棒粘土的添加量2%;并考察了复合材料特性粘数及凹凸棒粘土添加量对其吸附性能的影响。结果表明,随着复合材料特性粘数的增加,复合材料对Pb2+的平衡吸附量先降低后增加;随着凹凸棒粘土添加量的增加,复合材料对Pb2+的平衡吸附量先增加后减小。     

磷酸改性凹凸棒粘土对Pb^2＋的吸附研究

研究了不同浓度磷酸改性凹凸棒粘土的比表面积、孔结构性质以及其对水中Pb（Ⅱ）的吸附.结果表明,凹凸棒粘土磷酸改性后比表面积明显增大,具有明显的中孔分布;9 mol/L磷酸改性处理的凹凸棒粘土吸附能力最佳,在改性凹凸棒粘土加入量为20～30 g/L,水样pH=5条件下,废水中Pb（Ⅱ）的被吸附率接近99%.     

海藻酸钠包埋凹凸棒土颗粒吸附剂的制备及其对单宁酸的吸附

利用海藻酸钠和氯化钙成球原理,包埋制备有机凹凸棒土颗粒(GOAT)吸附剂,通过SEM图和红外谱图进行表征,通过批量实验考察了凹凸棒土颗粒吸附剂对水体天然有机质单宁酸的吸附行为,结果表明,凹凸棒土颗粒吸附剂内部形貌和粉体吸附剂(POAT)相比无明显变化;平衡吸附量(142 mg/g)稍低于粉体吸附剂(148 mg/g);吸附速率较快,100min时吸附趋于平衡,吸附行为符合准二级动力学方程;吸附等温线符合Freundlich等温方程,吸附为放热反应;p H为6时吸附性能最佳。     

凹凸棒土对腐殖酸的低温吸附性能研究

首次研究凹凸棒土对饮用水中腐殖酸的低温吸附性能,考察5℃条件下,吸附时间与腐殖酸初始浓度、吸附剂投加量、pH对凹凸棒土吸附腐殖酸的影响,确定吸附剂的吸附等温线、吸附动力学和热力学等相关理论参数,研究凹凸棒土对腐殖酸的吸附性能与机理。结果表明,江苏盱眙凹凸棒土在温度5℃、pH=4、水中腐殖酸初始浓度为5 mg/L,投加量为15 g/L的条件下,吸附180 min后对腐殖酸的去除率可达97.26%。凹凸棒土对腐殖酸的吸附符合二级吸附动力学方程与Freundlich吸附等温式,吸附过程由孔隙内扩散过程控制,吸附为自发的吸热过程,包括物理吸附与化学吸附。根据Fre-undlich吸附等温式拟合计算,5℃、pH=7时理论最大吸附量为9 mg/g,说明凹凸棒土对于低温饮用水中腐殖酸具有良好的吸附效果。     

有机改性凹凸棒土的制备表征及其对4-氯苯酚的吸附

利用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（HDTMA）对凹凸棒土进行有机改性,并通过SEM、XRD、FT—IR、表面积及孔径分析对改性前后的凹凸棒土进行结构表征,结果表明,利用HDTMA对凹凸棒土改性仅是表面的负载修饰,并未改变凹凸棒土的内部结构;改性凹土对4-氯苯酚的吸附实验表明,吸附速率很快,30min即达到吸附平衡,吸附符合准二级动力学方程,吸附等温线符合H型吸附等温方程,在pH为中性的环境下有利于吸附。     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.     

Kinetic and structural relationships of transition monomeric and oligomeric carboxyl- and choline-esterases

The kinetic and structural relationships of eight electrophoretically pure mammalian serum and liver serine carboxylesterases (CE) and cholinesterases (ChE) have been studied. Eight CE's and ChE's, which were fully resolved but only partially purified, provided additional information. Five of the electrophoretically pure esterases were monomeric, and of these, four belonged to a new and widely distributed class. These four monomeric esterases hydrolyzed choline esters, but at widely differing rates. Thus two were termed monomeric butyrylcholinesterases, mBuChE I and II, and two were monomeric CE's (mCE). The rabbit liver mCE was not a subunit of the oligomeric CE (oCE), although the oCE also hydrolyzed choline esters at a very low rate. The complex kinetics of the mCE's, mBuChE's, oCE's, and of the oligomeric BuChE's of horse and human serum could be interpreted according to a single reaction scheme involving an allosteric site and the equation derived from it. Thus activation and inhibition at high substrate concentrations, together with sigmoidal activity versus substrate concentration plots, all of which characterize the reactions of these esterases, could be interpreted by a single scheme and equation. Structural and kinetic comparisons showed a progressive transition of properties from the oCE's through the mCE's to the oBuChE's. One of the purified mCE's was from horse serum, and it exhibited physical and kinetic properties unlike those of the liver mCE's or oCE's.     

Persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in onion and soil

The persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on onion were studied after application of their combination formulation at a standard and double dose of 75 + 150 and 150 + 300 g a.i. ha^?1. The fungicides were extracted with acetone, cleaned-up using activated charcoal (trifloxystrobin) and neutral alumina (tebuconazole). Analysis was carried out by gas chromatograph (GC) and confirmed by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The recovery was above 80% and limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.05 mg kg^?1 for both fungicides. Initial residue deposits of trifloxystrobin were 0.68 and 1.01 mg kg^?1 and tebuconazole 0.673 and 1.95 mg kg^?1 from standard and double dose treatments, respectively. Dissipation of the fungicides followed first-order kinetics and the half life of degradation was 6–6.6 days. Matured onion bulb (and field soil) harvested after 30 days was free from fungicide residues. These findings suggest recommended safe pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 14 and 25 days for spring onion consumption after treatment of Nativo 75 WG at the standard and double doses, respectively. Matured onion bulbs at harvest were free from fungicide residues.     

Sorption and desorption behavior of chloroanilines and chlorophenols on montmorillonite and kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Sorption and Desorption Behavior of Chloroanilines and Chlorophenols on Montmorillonite and Kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Bacterial and archaeal diversity in oil fields and reservoirs and their potential role in hydrocarbon recovery and bioprospecting

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Hydrocarbon is a primary source of energy in the current urbanized society. Considering the increasing demand, worldwide oil productions are declining...     

Synthesis and characterization of m- and p-methylbenzyl-mercapturic acids derived from m- and p-xylenes

Chemical synthesis and physical properties of two mercapturic acids suggested as urinary metabolites of m- and p-xylenes ace described. These compounds may be used for the identification and quantivative determination by high-performance liquid chromatography of the corresponding mercapturic acids in urine.     

Sources and fate of PCDD and PCDF

PCDD and PCDF were found in urban air particulates from St. Louis and Washington, D.C., and in sediments from the Great Lakes and Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale. The similarity between the PCDD and PCDF found in air particulates and sediment samples and the presence of PCDD and PCDF in sediment from Siskiwit Lake (a location which can receive only atmospheric inputs) suggest that these compounds are emitted to the atmosphere from combustion sources. The historical input of PCDD and PCDF to dated sediment cores shows a strong increase since 1940, and this suggests that the incineration of chlorinated organic compounds is an important source of PCDD and PCDF to the environment.     

畜禽养殖业污染与循环经济

解决畜禽养殖业的污染问题要以充分利用资源为根本出发点，通过对污染全过程控制及废物综合利用，达到畜禽粪便的减量化、无害化、资源化，走循环经济的发展道路。