不同烟气流速下线板式电除尘器中磁场效应验证

为进一步提高线板式静电除尘器(ESP)的除尘效果、减少细微颗粒物随烟气的逃逸,将磁场引入其中,模拟了特征颗粒粒径2.5 μm、工作电压50 kV条件下的除尘效率,探究了不同烟气流速下磁场对细微颗粒物捕集性能的影响。结果表明：磁场能有效改变带电颗粒的运动轨迹,大幅度提高细微颗粒物的除尘性能;颗粒在低烟气流速条件下,偏向收尘板的趋势更明显,更有利于颗粒物的捕集;外加磁场在高烟气流速时对除尘效率提升作用更显著,且这一提升幅度随着磁感应强度的增大而不断增大并趋于平缓;随着磁感应强度不断减小,烟气流速降低除尘效率的幅度逐步增大,直至无磁场环境时达到最大。以上研究结果可为磁场在静电除尘器的应用提供参考,对改善ESP的除尘性能具有重要意义。     

磁场作用下烟气流速对静电旋风除尘器收集微粒影响的模拟研究

为了提高静电旋风除尘器(ECP)中微粒的除尘效率,利用磁场能有效抑制微粒逃逸的机理,将磁场引入ECP中,建立多场耦合作用下的微粒运动数学模型,利用Fluent软件数值模拟了有无磁场环境下烟气流速对微粒逃逸率的影响。结果表明:磁场的引入有效降低了ECP中微粒的逃逸率;低烟气流速更有利于微粒在ECP内的捕集;微粒的除尘效率随着磁感应强度的增加而增大,但这一过程中磁场的贡献量逐步减小。研究结果可为新型ECP的设计提供技术参考。     

脉冲变频电磁场对水华鱼腥藻生长的效应

对脉冲变频电磁场作用下,扫描频率和磁感应强度的变化对水华鱼腥藻细胞活性和生长的影响进行了研究。结果显示,扫描频率从25~27 Hz增大到1~60 kHz时,磁场对藻细胞活性的抑制作用减小,但增大到60 kHz以上,磁场对藻细胞产生强烈抑制作用,累积水力停留时间4 min的藻样在48 h培养时间内已失去活性停止生长。扫描频率为50~100 Hz和1~60 kHz时,累积水力停留时间2 min的藻样,细胞受到磁场刺激生长加快;只有累积水力停留时间＞6 min,才表现出对藻活性的抑制作用。磁感应强度增大至120 G,磁场对细胞活性产生明显抑制作用,增大磁感应强度有利于对细胞活性和生长的抑制。     

氧化还原电位对活性污泥合成聚3-羟基丁酸-co-3-羟基戊酸酯组分的影响

分析了低DO下,乙酸钠、丙酸钠或葡萄糖作碳源,不同氧化还原电位(ORP)对活性污泥合成聚3-羟基丁酸-co-3-羟基戊酸酯(PHBV)的组分和产量的影响.结果显示,ORP从-30mV(厌氧)增加到 100mV(好氧),PHBV共聚物的产量增加,PHBV共聚物中3-羟基戊酸(HV)单体的摩尔分数降低,细胞生长量和碳源利用量增加;乙酸钠作单一碳源,ORP为-30mV时,PHBV共聚物中HV摩尔分数达到21.0%,ORP为 30mV时,PHBV共聚物在细胞内的质量分数达到35.0%.因此,DO是影响活性污泥合成PHBV共聚物的产量以及PHBV共聚物中HV摩尔分数的重要影响因素.     

SBR工艺活性污泥比耗氧速率与控制参数的关系

活性污泥的比耗氧速率(SOUR)是表征污泥生物活性的重要参数之一,从微生物呼吸速率角度反映了活性污泥生理状态和基质代谢状况.通过监测SBR工艺活性污泥的SOUR,考察了SBR工艺中活性污泥SOUR的变化规律,研究了活性污泥的SOUR与各项控制参数之间的相关关系.试验结果表明,活性污泥的SOUR可以有效地表征SBR工艺的生化反应进程,并与DO、氧化还原电位(ORP)和pH之间存在良好的相关关系.     

磁场处理对市政污泥脱水性能的影响

为研究磁场对市政污泥脱水性能的影响,通过自主研制的磁场装置,开展了4种不同含水率(99.15%、97.41%、95.52%和93.73%)的市政污泥的磁场处理实验。实验结果表明:市政污泥经过磁场处理后脱水性能显著改善;高含水率下的污泥在磁场作用下脱水性能改善效果比低含水率好,在4种含水率下市政污泥的毛细吸水时间最大依次降低了90.5%、65.8%、61.6%和51.6%;通过实验数据优化分别得出4种含水率下污泥的最佳磁场处理强度和最佳磁场作用时间,且磁场强度、磁场作用时间与市政污泥含水率均呈二次多项式的关系;磁场处理对污泥离心脱水有影响,市政污泥经过磁场处理比未经过磁场处理的离心脱水含水率降低了约0.6%;建议在市政污泥脱水工艺中可考虑磁场与其他预处理工艺联合处理的方法以前达到更好的脱水效果。     

盐度对活性污泥硝化功能的影响

利用批量试验研究了盐度对常规活性污泥(非耐盐污泥)硝化功能的影响;通过逐步提高试验水的NaCl浓度驯化活性污泥,考察了驯化污泥的硝化功能;并进一步研究了适应于某NaCl浓度的耐盐硝化菌在受到盐度冲击时,其硝化功能的变化.结果表明,常规活性污泥中的硝化菌对盐度较敏感,当试验水中的NaCl质量浓度达到10.0 g/L时,污泥比硝化速率降低86%;通过逐步提高试验水的NaCl浓度对活性污泥进行长期驯化,可以驯化出耐盐硝化菌,耐盐污泥的比硝化速率接近于常规活性污泥的比硝化速率;适应于某NaCl浓度的耐盐硝化菌在受到盐度冲击时,NaCl浓度突然增加会对其产生更强的抑制作用.     

不同温度对SBR腐殖活性污泥系统运行效能的影响

在10～22℃范围内,通过实验考察了温度对腐殖土间歇式活性污泥处理(SBR)系统的运行特性的影响.实验结果表明,降低温度对SBR腐殖活性污泥系统去除COD影响不大,当温度降至10℃时,COD去除率仍可达到80%以上;在22～14℃范围内,SBR腐殖活性污泥系统对NH+4-N和TN的去除影响不大,温度降至10℃时,NH+...     

活性污泥法处理过程中泡沫问题的产生与控制

活性污泥法运行过程中经常受泡沫问题的影响,导致处理效果的降低以及运行费用的提高.大量研究表明,污泥中某些丝状菌或放线菌的过度增殖是造成活性污泥工艺中泡沫问题的主要原因.讨论了活性污泥过程中泡沫的产生原因、已知的发泡微生物的种类、影响发泡的环境因素和过程参数及常用的泡沫控制技术,并对污泥消化过程中的泡沫问题作了简单的介绍.     

高效代谢解偶联剂的筛选及对SBR系统综合运行效能的影响

活性污泥法是最常用的污水处理技术,但它同时会产生大量的剩余污泥,需要进行额外的处理和处置.活性污泥的解偶联代谢能有效地减少剩余污泥的产量.比较了5种代谢解偶联剂,即2,4-二硝基苯酚(DNP)、邻氨基苯酚(AP)、2,4,6-三氯苯酚(TCP)、3,3',4,5-四氯水杨酰苯胺(TCS)、丙二酸的污泥减量效果和对COD去除能力的影响.结果表明,当它们在各自的最佳质量浓度20、1 5、4、1.2、15 mg/L时,污泥的表观增长系数分别降低了62.39%、63.75%、59.40%、34.58%和53.75%,而COD去除率仅有轻微下降.重点研究了15 mg/L的丙二酸和4 mg/L的TCP对SBR系统运行效能和污泥沉降性能的影响.发现在长期运行过程中,两者都能有效降低系统的污泥产量,而对COD去除率的影响较低,但使用丙二酸6 d后极大地影响了污泥的沉降性能,而TCP对污泥的沉降性能影响很小.     

Changes in toxicity and genotoxicity of industrial sewage sludge samples containing nitro- and amino-aromatic compounds following treatment in bioreactors with different oxygen regimes

Goals, Scope and Background

From 2005, deposition of organic waste will be banned in Sweden. Likewise, in Germany and Austria, similar bans are being planned, and further countries will probably follow. Thus, there is a need to develop new methods and to refine established techniques for sludge management in the whole of the European Union. For this end, there is also an urgent need for appropriate ecotoxicological approaches to elucidate and assess the hazard potential of sewage sludge. Therefore, the present study was designed to assess the capacity of various established sludge treatment methods using different oxygen regimes to degrade recalcitrant nitro-substituted organic compounds and reduce their toxicity. Sewage sludge samples from a wastewater treatment plant in Sweden (Cambrex Karlskoga AB, industrial area Björkborn) receiving wastewater from industries manufacturing pharmaceutical substances, chemical intermediates and explosives were processed with different sludge treatment methods. Among other treatment methods, bioreactors (for anaerobic and aerobic sludge treatment) were used. In the present investigation, a battery ofin vitro bioassays was employed to compare the cytotoxic and genotoxic potentials of different fractions of sludge samples in order to elucidate whether the treatments were suitable to reduce the toxicity of the sludge.

Methods

In order to investigate the cytotoxicity of the extracts of treated and untreated sludge samples, the acute cytotoxicity test with the permanent cell line RTL-W1 was used. Genotoxicity was tested by means of the comet assay (single cell gel electro-phoresis) with RTL-W1cells, and mutagenicity was assessed with the Ames test using the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA98NR and TA100. Sludge toxicity was tested in different fractions of organic extracts produced by acetone and hexane extractions. The subsequent clean-up procedure (silica gel chro-matography and elution with hexane and dichloromethane) resulted in two fractions, a lipophilic hexane-fraction and a semi-lipophilic dichloromethane-fraction. For the genotoxicity and mutagenicity tests, these fractions were reunited at equal ratios.

Results and Discussion

The acute cytotoxicity test with RTL-Wl cells revealed a high cytotoxic potential for the semi-li-pophilic DM-fractions of all sludge samples with NR₅₀ values (= effective concentration for 50% cell death in the neutral red test) from 8.9 up to 20 mg sludge d.w./ml medium. A low cytotoxic potential for the hexane fractions of the untreated sludge samples (NR₅₀ 400 to < 400 mg sludge d.w./ml medium) was observed, whereas the hexane fractions of the treated sludge samples showed elevated cytotoxicity increasing further with treatment in the bioreactors. The comet assay indicated that three out of eight of the reunited fractions had a significant genotoxic potential. Whereas the genotoxic potential of one sample treated anaerobically was very high with an induction factor of 11.6, a similar sample (taken from the same anaerobic reactor four months later) and one untreated sample showed lower potentials. The samples treated in another anaerobic bioreactor as well as the samples treated aerobically showed no genotoxic potential. Results indicate that aerobic treatment was basically adequate for reducing the genotoxicity of the sludge, whereas anaerobic treatment was only partly useful for reduction of genotoxicity. The Ames test revealed a very high mutagenic potential for the reunited fractions of the untreated sludge samples with strain TA98 (maximum induction factors (IF_max up to 45) and a relatively high potential for one of the samples treated aerobically (S2, IF_max = 18 (TA98, S9-)), thus documenting the suitability of both anaerobic and aerobic treatments to reduce the mutagenicity of the samples, however, with the aerobic treatment being less effective. Conclusions. Overall, none of the microbiological treatments for wastewater sludge in bioreactors was found to be ideal for general toxicity reduction of the sludge samples. Whereas cytotoxicity of the sludge increased or levelled off in most cases following either treatment, genotoxicity both increased or decreased after anaerobic treatment, depending on the specific sample. However, mutagenicity could generally be reduced by anaerobic treatment and, to a lesser degree, by aerobic treatment. Recommendationsand Perspectives. The complex modification of the diverse damage potentials of sludge sample extracts by use of anin vitro biotest battery following treatment for toxicity reduction in bioreactors showed that considerations of different toxicological endpoints is essential for an adequate hazard assessment. Whereas in the case of cytotoxicity reduction, the reactors proved ineffective, mutagenicity could be reduced significantly at least in some cases in this case study.

     

采用阳离子聚丙烯酰胺改善污泥水解液的脱水性能

针对市政污泥水解液脱水困难的问题,研究了阳离子聚丙烯酰胺（CPAM）的投加量、水解液pH值、调理温度、搅拌转速等对污泥水解液脱水性能的影响。结果表明,当CPAM投加量为0.1%,水解液pH值为12.5,调理温度为50 ℃,搅拌转速为100~150 r·min-1时,污泥水解液的脱水效果最佳,无锡和天津两地污泥水解液的毛细吸水时间（CST）分别下降98.43%和98.01%,调理前后,污泥粒径、Zeta电位、污泥黏度及絮体形态也获得明显改善,同时95%以上的污泥蛋白质保留在清液中,有利于污泥蛋白质的后续回收。     

污水厂污泥流变特性变化规律

污泥流变特性是影响其传质效果的重要因素,对污泥管道输送、搅拌、混合以及热交换等处理处置单元的设计和运行均起到重要作用。本研究利用旋转黏度计测定了污水处理厂含水率分别为90%、93%和96%时污泥的流动曲线和黏度曲线,并分析了污泥含水率、温度对污泥流变特性的影响。实验结果表明,污泥属于典型的假塑性流体,其流变特性可以用Ostwald de Vaele模型,即幂律模型τ=K(D)n来拟合。污泥黏度随含水率的减小而增加,且剪切速率越小,这种增加趋势越明显;污泥黏度随温度升高呈现降低趋势,且这种趋势在低剪切速率时表现的比较明显,在高剪切速率时变化幅度很小。     

活性污泥脱水性能与电化学阻抗谱参数的关联特性

为探究FeCl₃混凝调理过程中活性污泥脱水性能与电化学阻抗谱参数的关联关系,选取北京3座污水处理厂的剩余活性污泥,研究不同调理投药量下活性污泥的毛细吸水时间(CST)、比阻(SRF)、抽滤含水率、Zeta电位、电导率以及电化学阻抗等指标的变化,通过Pearson相关性分析讨论污泥脱水性能与阻抗谱参数(d_s/f_c)的相关性,并探讨d_s/f_c预测污泥脱水性能的可行性。实验结果表明,FeCl₃调理活性污泥的较适投加量为100 mg·g^-1;超过100 mg·g^-1时,活性污泥CST、SRF、抽滤含水率基本不再下降,Zeta电位却缓慢升高;电化学阻抗Z则随着投加量的增加而持续下降,且Nyquist图中高频区半圆面积减小,这表明电子更易转移、污泥更易导电。相关性分析表明,活性污泥的脱水性能均与d_s/f_c呈显著正相关(r > 0.639,p < 0.01);3种活性污泥CST、SRF、抽滤含水率分别与d_s/f_c的线性回归结果显示它们之间呈线性关系,且线性方程斜率为正值(R² > 0.921,p < 0.01)。上述研究结果表明,活性污泥的d_s/f_c参数可以作为指示脱水性能的潜在指标。本研究结果可为污泥减量化技术提供参考。     

Landfill leachate treatment by immediate one-step lime precipitation,carbonation, and phytoremediation fine-tuning

The high pollutant load of sanitary landfill leachates poses a huge challenge in the search for efficient and environment friendly solutions for their treatment. The objective of this work was to study an integrated solution of environmentally friendly technologies — immediate one-step lime precipitation (IOSLP), carbonation (CB), and phytoremediation (Phyt) — to treat a sanitary landfill leachate. In the leachate sample treatment by IOSLP, the influence of CaO concentration (18.2–33.3 g_CaO L^?1) and stirring time (2–60 min) on the sludge sedimentability and pollutant removal was studied. Organic load and ammonia nitrogen (AN) removal increases with CaO added, as well as sludge volume. Stirring time has a small influence on organic load and AN removal, presenting a minimum for sludge volume. Thus, the best operational conditions were chosen as 27.6 g_CaO L^?1, and 40-min stirring time, with 64% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. Sludge humidity was 2.1%, making dewatering needless. IOSLP supernatant was submitted to CB by atmospheric CO₂, and 100% removals in AN and hardness were attained. Effluents from IOSLP and IOSLP?+?CB were utilized in Phyt tests, with Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty). The best COD removal (37%) during Phyt was attained for the samples treated by IOSLP?+?CB.

     

加药量和水力搅拌速度对雨水混凝效果的影响

为降低分流制雨水中悬浮颗粒物及其他污染物浓度,减轻城市景观河道的水体富营养化程度,对取自泵站的雨水进行混凝沉淀工艺优化实验。以PAC为混凝剂,采用Zeta电位仪、激光粒度仪和iPDA在线监测技术对混凝过程进行监测,考察了混凝剂投加量和水力搅拌速度对絮体形成和分流制雨水处理效果的影响,结果表明,混凝剂投加量和混合水力搅拌速度直接影响絮体Zeta电位和聚沉特性;混合搅拌速度控制混凝反应速率,絮凝速度梯度影响絮体形成粒径。FI曲线特征参数对控制混凝工艺具有指导意义。PAC投加量为35 mg/L,混合阶段搅拌速度800 r/min,搅拌30 s,絮凝阶段采用150、108和60 r/min的转速各自搅拌5 min,沉后水中剩余颗粒总数最少,浊度、COD和总磷去除效果最佳。     

污泥调理对给水污泥脱水性能的影响

为了研究污泥调理对给水厂污泥脱水性能的影响,对不同水厂的污泥进行了特性研究及调理实验。实验结果表明：2个水厂污泥中有机物含量及Zeta电位差别较大,大庆某水厂污泥中不溶性大分子有机物和腐殖酸等亲水性物质含量较多,使得污泥的脱水过程受到影响。2种污泥在污泥比阻、沉降比、毛细吸水时间（CST）上的差异均可说明南通某水厂污泥的脱水性能远优于大庆某水厂污泥。经过污泥调理过程,二者的脱水性能均得到改善。对于南通某水厂污泥,高效聚合氯化铝（HPAC）的调理具有较为明显的优势,聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）对其脱水性能的改善作用次之,聚合氯化铝（PACl）调理效果最弱;对于大庆某水厂污泥,PACl、HPAC在提高污泥脱水性能方面效果欠佳,而使用阴离子型PAM虽然会增加体系中TOC含量,但其强大的吸附架桥能力可以有效地使污泥颗粒聚沉,使得污泥脱水性能得到较大幅度的提升,表现出最优的污泥调理效果。     

CPAM调质浓缩污泥脱水的影响因素及其机理研究

污水处理厂剩余污泥的处置是当前业界的热点。研究了阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)调质浓缩污泥脱水的一些影响因素,如药剂投加量、污泥pH值、环境温度、搅拌条件等。同时,还对污泥絮凝脱水机理进行了一定的探讨。研究表明：阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)作为浓缩污泥脱水剂,在优化投加量下、污泥pH值在5.0～7.5、低速搅拌时,有较好的脱水效果。环境温度对污泥的脱水效果也有一定的影响,夏天处理优于冬天处理。     

河湖疏浚淤泥的表征、絮凝和脱水

以无锡锡山湿地公园河道淤泥及太湖贡湖湾疏浚底泥为研究对象,对比分析了两种淤泥的矿物组成、粒径分布及泥微粒表面基团、ζ电位等理化特性。以聚丙烯酰胺类聚合物(polyacrylamide,PAM)为絮凝剂,对比分析了其在2种底泥絮凝分离、真空抽滤脱水过程中的作用特征,并对相关影响因素进行了探讨。结果表明,两种淤泥样具有相近的主体矿物组分、有机基团及ζ电位值,但有机质含量稍高的淤泥样中大颗粒所占比例相对较高。相比阳离子型PAM,阴离子型PAM在较少用量下即可获得较大絮团,但上清液浊度较高。絮凝泥在抽滤过程受絮团尺寸影响较大, PAM不同类型基团间的差异对其影响较小,但对趋于平衡后的泥饼含水率略有影响。