活性炭吸附苯酚及其超声波再生效果

研究了颗粒活性炭(GAC)对苯酚的吸附能力,确定GAC的吸附平衡时间,探讨超声波再生吸附苯酚活性炭的影响因素。实验结果表明:6 h后GAC吸附100 mL浓度为250 mg/L的苯酚水样达到平衡,最大平衡吸附量为16.24 mg/g,去除率为70.5%。再生条件为再生液温度30℃,超声再生时间20 min,解析液为0.25 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液,此时GAC再生效果为86.1%。     

硝基苯酚类的快速吸附与降解

以对硝基苯酚(PNP)和邻硝基苯酚(ONP)为主要研究对象,采用粉末活性炭和Fenton试剂快速吸附与降解PNP和ONP溶液,使其浓度降至生活饮用水准许浓度(分别为0.02 mg/L和0.06 mg/L)以下,并比较2种物质的处理效果,为硝基苯酚的水体污染治理和废水处理中的深度降解提供依据。结果表明,用粉末活性炭吸附浓度为1 mg/L和4 mg/L的PNP溶液60 min后,浓度低于0.02 mg/L,长时间跟踪监测,污染物浓度仍控制在0.02 mg/L以下,在pH<6时,粉末活性炭吸附PNP的效果较好;用Fenton试剂处理浓度为10 mg/L的PNP溶液70 min后,可完全降解PNP。粉末活性炭吸附12 mg/L的ONP溶液时,效率高于吸附PNP;Fenton试剂处理浓度为12 mg/L的ONP时,与PNP的处理效果相当。     

三价铁改性活性炭对水中微量砷的吸附特性

研究了三价铁改性对不同活性炭(颗粒和粉末)对水中砷的吸附特性的影响。结果表明,三价铁改性有效提高了活性炭对不同形态砷的吸附性能。其中,对于2种活性炭,As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的最佳铁离子改性浓度分别为0.1和0.05 mol/L。此时,通过Langmuir等温线方程拟合得到:粉末和颗粒活性炭对As(Ⅲ)的最大吸附量qm分别为2.38 mg/g和9.39 mg/g;而对As(Ⅴ)的qm分别为5.12 mg/g和2.32 mg/g。此外,当溶液的p H从3升高到9的过程中,吸附量先增加后有所下降,当p H为7时,改性前后的活性炭对砷的吸附量达到最高。     

3种基质对污水中总磷的吸附性能

以粒径为2～5 mm的无烟煤、活性炭和草炭3种基质为实验材料进行吸附等温线和吸附动力学实验,探讨和对比3种基质对污水中总磷的吸附性能,选用吸附效果最好的无烟煤作为玻璃柱的填料模拟土壤渗滤系统.结果表明,3种填料基质对总磷的吸附均符合Freundlich和Langmuir吸附等温线方程,通过拟合方程得出无烟煤、活性炭和草炭的最大静态吸附量分别为1.249、0.254和0.716 mg/g;用一级动力学方程拟合3种填料基质对总磷的吸附反应过程较好,相关系数都在0.900以上,无烟煤、活性炭和草炭吸附速率分别为0.025、0.023和0.014 mg/(g·h),其中经无烟煤处理过的污水,出水最清澈;在模拟土壤渗滤系统实验中,当进水浓度为3.43～8.43 mg/L,水力负荷为0.08 m3/(m2·d)时,出水中总磷平均浓度为0.08 mg/L,满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》中的一级A标准,对总磷的去除率高达96.48％ ～ 99.19％.     

麻质活性炭的制备及其对Cu~(2+)的吸附研究

以废麻为原料,KOH为活化剂制备粉状活性炭,通过静态吸附实验研究了活性炭对Cu2+的吸附性能,探讨了溶液起始pH值、活性炭投加量、吸附时间、起始Cu2+质量浓度等对Cu2+吸附效果的影响。结果表明,溶液pH和活性炭投加量对吸附效果有较大影响,活性炭对Cu2+的吸附率在60 min内超过50%,初始浓度在10~50 mg/L时,活性炭对Cu2+的吸附量与起始浓度近似成正比。采用Langmuir、Freundlich吸附等温式对吸附平衡数据进行了拟合,结果表明吸附等温线符合Frenudlich模型。采用傅立叶红外光谱法(FT-IR)分析了活性炭的表面官能团,分析表明活性炭表面酸性官能团可能是吸附Cu2+的活性中心。     

麻质活性炭的制备及其对Cu2＋的吸附研究

以废麻为原料,KOH为活化剂制备粉状活性炭,通过静态吸附实验研究了活性炭对Cu2＋的吸附性能,探讨了溶液起始pH值、活性炭投加量、吸附时间、起始Cu2＋质量浓度等对Cu2＋吸附效果的影响。结果表明,溶液pH和活性炭投加量对吸附效果有较大影响,活性炭对Cu2＋的吸附率在60 min内超过50%,初始浓度在10~50 mg/L时,活性炭对Cu2＋的吸附量与起始浓度近似成正比。采用Langmuir、Freundlich吸附等温式对吸附平衡数据进行了拟合,结果表明吸附等温线符合Frenudlich模型。采用傅立叶红外光谱法（FT-IR）分析了活性炭的表面官能团,分析表明活性炭表面酸性官能团可能是吸附Cu2＋的活性中心。     

麦秆对水中扑草净的吸附性能研究

农业秸秆富含纤维素、木质素等组分,是良好的吸附材料。采用麦秆作为吸附剂,其对浮油及溶解油具有良好吸附效果。选用麦秆为吸附剂,探究其对扑草净的吸附效果。主要考察麦秆粒径、投加量、振荡频率、扑草净初始质量浓度4种因素对吸附的影响,研究麦秆对扑草净的吸附等温线和吸附动力学过程,并采用正交实验对影响吸附的因素进行优化。结果表明:(1)麦秆可有效降低废水中扑草净浓度,在振荡频率150r/min、麦秆粒径250~500μm、投加量0.500 0g、吸附300min时,扑草净初始质量浓度由5.20mg/L降至3.22mg/L,去除率为38.08%。(2)单因素吸附平衡实验表明,随麦秆粒径增加(150~4 000μm),其比表面积减小,平衡吸附量随之减小,麦秆粒径150~250μm时平衡吸附量为0.192 0 mg/g,显著大于1 700~4 000μm时的平衡吸附量(0.059 3mg/g);随麦秆投加量增加(0.100 0~1.000 0g),去除率随之提高,平衡吸附量与之相反,0.100 0g投加量时平衡吸附量为0.222 0mg/g;随着振荡频率加剧,麦秆在水中扩散增强,与扑草净碰撞几率增加,振荡频率250r/min时平衡吸附量为0.191 0mg/g;随扑草净初始质量浓度增加(1.03~6.18mg/L),平衡吸附量随之增加,初始质量浓度为6.18mg/L,平衡吸附量为0.226 0mg/g。(3)分别以Henry型、Langmuir型、Freundlich型吸附等温式进行拟合,资料表明,以Henry型吸附等温式较适宜描述该吸附过程。(4)采用伪一级动力学方程、伪二级动力学方程、Elovich经验方程、颗粒内扩散方程分析吸附动力学过程,以伪二级动力学方程较符合。(5)在振荡频率为150r/min、初始质量浓度为2.00mg/L、麦秆粒径为250~500μm、投加量为0.700 0g时,扑草净最佳去除率为47.80%。     

凹凸棒土对腐殖酸的低温吸附性能研究

首次研究凹凸棒土对饮用水中腐殖酸的低温吸附性能,考察5℃条件下,吸附时间与腐殖酸初始浓度、吸附剂投加量、pH对凹凸棒土吸附腐殖酸的影响,确定吸附剂的吸附等温线、吸附动力学和热力学等相关理论参数,研究凹凸棒土对腐殖酸的吸附性能与机理。结果表明,江苏盱眙凹凸棒土在温度5℃、pH=4、水中腐殖酸初始浓度为5 mg/L,投加量为15 g/L的条件下,吸附180 min后对腐殖酸的去除率可达97.26%。凹凸棒土对腐殖酸的吸附符合二级吸附动力学方程与Freundlich吸附等温式,吸附过程由孔隙内扩散过程控制,吸附为自发的吸热过程,包括物理吸附与化学吸附。根据Fre-undlich吸附等温式拟合计算,5℃、pH=7时理论最大吸附量为9 mg/g,说明凹凸棒土对于低温饮用水中腐殖酸具有良好的吸附效果。     

污泥活性炭对次甲基蓝废水的吸附

立足于污泥的资源化,利用化学活化法制得的污泥基活性炭,处理次甲基蓝染料废水.考察了污泥活性炭的粒径以及染料废水的pH值对染料脱色效果以及活性炭的吸附量的影响,并对吸附过程进行等温吸附线和吸附动力学分析.结果表明,在本研究的范围内,污泥活性炭的粒径越小、染料废水的pH值越高,则污泥活性炭对染料废水的吸附效果越好.当粒径在200目以上时,去除率及吸附量分别为88.2％和136.7 mg/g;当pH值为11时,去除率和吸附量分别为90.4％和91.9 mg/g.污泥活性炭对次甲基蓝染料的吸附脱除符合Langmuir吸附等温线和Lagergren准二级动力学方程.     

磁性活性炭处理含铜废水

利用自制磁性活性炭对水中Cu(Ⅱ)的去除进行静态吸附研究,考察了吸附时间、Cu(Ⅱ)初始浓度以及磁性活性炭投加量对铜离子去除率的影响。结果表明,磁性活性炭投加量为3 g/L时,对铜离子的去除率达92.6%;磁性活性炭对铜离子的吸附在最初的20 min是一个快速吸附,去除率达到总去除率的90%以上;随着Cu(Ⅱ)初始浓度的增大,Cu(Ⅱ)的去除率逐渐减小,磁性活性炭吸附铜离子可用Langmuir吸附等温式和Freundlich方程描述;利用磁铁对溶液中磁性活性炭进行回收,回收率达到87%。     

褐煤活性炭吸附处理焦化废水

研究褐煤活性炭吸附处理焦化废水的性能,为褐煤活性炭用于废水处理提供理论依据和技术指导。以河南某气化厂的焦化废水为吸附原水,进行褐煤活性炭对酚吸附性能的静态和动态实验。静态实验表明,褐煤活性炭对酚的吸附性能符合弗兰德里希（Freundlich）吸附方程式。在室温条件下,对于150 mL焦化废水,当活性炭的用量为10 g,吸附反应时间为1 h,酚的去除率可达92%以上。动态实验研究表明,当进水酚浓度为3 800 mg/L,吸附1.5 h,活性炭的吸附容量可达21.38 mg/g。水处理的实验研究表明,利用褐煤制备的活性炭,对焦化废水具有良好的处理效果。     

新型水处理活性炭选型技术

活性炭依其原料不同、生产工艺不同,而有不同的吸附性能.使用简易的活性炭选型方法,可以减少应用测试时的备选炭型,从而大大降低活性炭水处理技术的运行成本.以碘值、甲基蓝值、苯酚值和丹宁酸值4种吸附容量性能指标为依据的活性炭选型技术,可以有效地预测活性炭对于水中各种大小不同污染物的去除能力.BET测试结果证明了这4项指标数据对于活性炭孔径分布预测的准确性.2,4-二氯苯酚和腐殖酸等目标化合物的吸附容量实验结果也都验证了这4项指标的预测功用,说明这种简便的活性炭选型技术有着广泛的应用价值.     

Selective removal of diclofenac from contaminated water using molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres

A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized by precipitation polymerization using diclofenac (DFC) as a template. Binding characteristics of the MIP were evaluated using equilibrium binding experiments. Compared to the non-imprinted polymer (NIP), the MIP showed an outstanding affinity towards DFC in an aqueous solution with a binding site capacity (Q_max) of 324.8 mg/g and a dissociation constant (K_d) of 3.99 mg/L. The feasibility of removing DFC from natural water by the MIP was demonstrated by using river water spiked with DFC. Effects of pH and humic acid on the selectivity and adsorption capacity of MIP were evaluated in detail. MIP had better selectivity and higher adsorption efficiency for DFC as compared to that of powdered activated carbon (PAC). In addition, MIP reusability was demonstrated for at least 12 repeated cycles without significant loss in performance, which is a definite advantage over single-use activated carbon.     

改性污泥活性炭对水中镉离子的吸附性能

以城市污水处理厂的剩余污泥为原料,氯化锌为活化剂制备污泥活性炭,对一部分污泥活性炭用6.0 mol/L的硝酸进行改性,并研究了未改性和改性的污泥活性炭对Cd2＋的吸附行为的影响。结果表明,在pH为5.0、Cd2＋初始浓度为100 mg/L、吸附剂投加量为2.0 g/L、反应温度为25℃时,未改性的污泥活性炭吸附容量为8.45 mg/g,硝酸改性的污泥活性炭吸附容量达到了23.35 mg/g。改性和未改性的污泥活性炭对Cd2＋都有较好的吸附容量,硝酸改性大幅度提高了污泥活性炭对Cd2＋的吸附性能。常温下改性污泥活性炭对Cd2＋的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温式。     

Electrochemical and FTIR studies of the mutual influence of lead(II) or iron(III) and phenol on their adsorption from aqueous acid solution by modified activated carbons

Cyclic voltammetry and spectral FTIR studies of the influence of activated carbon surface modification on the co-adsorption of metal cation (lead or iron) and phenol from aqueous acidic solution were carried out. The diversity in surface chemical structure was achieved by applying different procedures of inorganic matter removal and by modifying the carbon samples in various ways: heating under vacuum, aminoxidation in an ammonia-oxygen atmosphere, oxidation with concentrated nitric acid. The quantities of adsorbed metal ions (Pb(2+) or Fe(3+)) and phenol from solutions containing cation or phenol separately or in a mixture were determined. The adsorption capacity from acidic aqueous acidic solution depends on the chemical properties of the activated carbon surface (e.g., decrease in phenol adsorption with relative lower basicity of the adsorbent). The electrochemical parameters of electrodes made from the carbon samples were estimated, and some possible electrochemical reactions were determined from voltammograms recorded in acid electrolyte solution containing adsorbed species (separately or as a mixture). Relationships were found between metal ion adsorption and electrochemical behavior of Pb(2+)/Pb(4+) and Fe(3+)/Fe(2+) couples on the one hand, and the presence of phenol in the solutions tested and the influence of surface chemistry of the carbon electrodes on electrochemical processes on the other. The changes in adsorption capacity with respect to the adsorbates used and the changes in FTIR spectra of the carbons as a result of adsorption and/or coupling phenol molecules are discussed.     

Organic compounds adsorption onto activated carbon: the effect of association between dissolved humic substances and pesticides

The quantitative determination of pesticide binding to dissolved humic substances is relevant to both water treatment operation using activated carbon adsorption process and the application of transport models that predict the environmental distribution patterns of a given hydrophobic contaminant. In this study and in a first set of experiments, the extent of binding between (i) three pesticides of environmental concern, aldicarb, lindane and pentachlorophenol, and (ii) dissolved commercial humic acid and soil extracted fulvic acid, was determined using dialysis experiments and water solubility enhancement tests. In a second set of experiments, the influence of dissolved humic substances or pesticide on the retention of the other co-adsorbate onto activated carbon was investigated in binary systems. It was found that association was negligible for aldicarb and that the pesticide sorption onto activated carbon was not affected by humic acid (8.5 mg liter(-1) DOC). The association constants K for lindane and pentachlorophenol were identical in the presence of fulvic acid (logK=4.1) but lower than that observed with humic acid. In the presence of humic acid, binding affinity for pentachlorophenol (logK=4.6) was higher than the one observed for lindane (logK=4.4), despite its much higher water solubility. This observation suggests that the aromatic character of the pentachlorophenol molecule contributes to association interactions with humic acid. From co-adsorption experiments onto activated carbon it was found that fulvic acid (7.7 mg litre(-1) DOC) slightly enhances sorption kinetics of pentachlorophenol. Lindane (1 mg litre(-1)) does not affect sorption kinetics for fulvic acid but markedly enhances both the sorption kinetics and adsorptive capacity for humic acid. Activated carbon retention of dissolved humic substances or pesticide appears to be enhanced by the association potential that exists between these co-adsorbates in some binary systems.     

Effects of organic acids on adsorption of lead onto montmorillonite,goethite and humic acid

Adsorption isotherms for Pb onto six soil components (quartz, feldspar, kaolinite, montmorillonite, goethite and humic acid) were studied. The influence of pH, EDTA and citric acid on the adsorption of Pb onto montmorillonite, goethite and humic acid were considered. Results indicate that the experimental data fit the Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm. The adsorption capacity for Pb at pH 6 was found to be in the order: humic acid (22.7 mg g(-1)) > goethite (11.04 mg g(-1)) > montmorillonite (10.4 mg g(-1)) > kaolinite (0.91 mg g(-1)) > feldspar (0.503 mg g(-1)) > quartz (0.148 mg g(-1)). Generally, the amount of Pb adsorbed onto montmorillonite, goethite and humic acid decreased with increasing concentrations of EDTA and citric acid and with increases in alkality. However, there were two exceptions: (1) addition of citric acid increased the amount of Pb adsorbed onto humic acid; and (2) the amount of Pb adsorbed onto goethite decreased with increasing pH in the presence of EDTA. Some mechanisms involved in the adsorption reactions are discussed.     

Effects of humic substances on the decomposition of 2,4-dichlorophenol by ozone after extraction from water into acetic acid through activated carbon

The objectives of this study are to clarify the behavior of humic substances throughout the processes of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) adsorption on granular activated carbon (GAC) from water and extraction into acetic acid, and the influence of the extracted humic substances on the decomposition of 2,4-DCP by ozone in the acetic acid. The adsorption capacity of GAC for 2,4-DCP was not influenced by the humic substances preloaded to have equilibrium concentration of 24.9mg Cl(-1) (14.5mg Cg(-1)). The adsorption capacity of GAC for 2,4-DCP decreased to one tenth of new GAC after the first adsorption-extraction step because of only 16% desorption in the first step. However, 2,4-DCP adsorbed on GAC was completely extracted after the second step suggesting that GAC can be used as adsorbent to transfer 2,4-DCP from water to acetic acid. The concentration ratio of 2,4-DCP from water into acetic acid was around 2x10(5), whereas the concentration ratio of humic substances was about 3.5, indicating that 2,4-DCP was selectively adsorbed and extracted by this system. The first order degradation rate constant for 2,4-DCP by ozone in acetic acid increased with the addition of humic substances. The rate constant with 16mg Cl(-1) of humic substances was 2.6 times as high as that without humic substances. Humic substances behaved as a promoter for the degradation of 2,4-DCP by ozone.     

木棉基活性炭纤维吸附性能的研究

采用浸渍(NH₄)₂HPO₄化学活化法650℃时制备得到3种新型木棉基活性炭纤维,即只浸渍不预氧化方法处理的AK1(activated kapok),先浸渍后预氧化的AK-2和先预氧化后浸渍的AK-3。利用制备得到的活性炭纤维处理苯酚和亚甲基蓝的模拟废水,AK-2具有苯酚最大吸附量(137.00 mg/g),AK-1具有亚甲基蓝最大吸附量(274.11 mg/g)。吸附苯酚时,在静态平衡实验中,更符合Freundlich吸附等温线;在动力学实验中,更符合准一级反应。吸附亚甲基蓝时,在静态平衡实验中,AK-1更符合Langmuir模型,AK-2 、AK-3更符合Freundlich吸附等温线;在动力学实验中,更符合准二级反应。